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	Neanderthal - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Neanderthal is now spelled two ways: the spelling of the German word Thal, meaning "valley or dale", was changed to Tal in the early 20th century, but the former spelling is often retained in English and always in scientific names, while the modern spelling is used in German.
		Dental enamel hypoplasia is an indicator of stress during the development of teeth and records in the striations and grooves in the enamel periods of food scarcity, trauma or disease.
		The Neanderthals were fully bipedal and had a slightly larger average brain capacity than a typical modern human, though it is thought the brain structure was organised differently.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Neanderthal (3371 words)

	Neanderthal - Wikipedia
		Neanderthals or Neandertals were a species of genus Homo who inhabited Europe and parts of what is now western Asia during the last ice age.
		The distinction arises because Cro-Magnons and Neanderthals are both believed to have lived in a way we would now call nomadic, whereas in those genocides of the colonial era in which differential disease susceptibility was most significant, it resulted from the contact between colonisers with a long history of agriculture and nomadic hunter-gatherer peoples.
		The Neanderthals were fully bipedal and had a slightly larger average brain capacity than that of a typical modern human (though the brain structure was organised somewhat differently).
	wikipedia.findthelinks.com /ne/Neanderthal.html (870 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Neanderthals were stout and extraordinarily powerful, with cranial capacities as large or larger than Cro-Magnons.
		In popular idiom the word Neanderthal is sometimes used as an insult, to suggest that a person combines a deficiency of intelligence and an attachment to brute force.
		Counterbalancing this are sympathetic literary portrayals of Neanderthals as in the novel The Inheritors by William Golding, and in science fiction stories in which a Neanderthal is brought into the present as an application of time travel.
	wikiwhat.com /encyclopedia/n/ne/neanderthal.html (923 words)

	Neanderthal man. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		The unique anatomy of Neanderthals probably reflects the fact that they were the first hominid to spend extensive periods of time in extremely cold environments, having evolved in Europe at the onset of the most recent glaciation of that continent (see Pleistocene epoch).
		Neanderthal phylogeny remains somewhat enigmatic, despite the relative abundance of fossil remains.
		Culturally, Neanderthals are closely associated with a stone-tool tradition known as the Mousterian of the middle Paleolithic.
	www.bartleby.com /65/nn/Nndrtlmn.html (526 words)

	Neanderthal Genome Project Launches
		Neanderthals were a species of the Homo genus who lived in Europe and western Asia from more than 200,000 years ago to as little as roughly 30,000 years ago.
		The Neanderthal project follows scientists' achievement last year in deciphering the DNA of the chimpanzee, our closest living relative, which produced a long list of DNA differences with the chimp and some hints about which ones might be crucial.
		That study suggested that Neanderthals and humans split from a common ancestor a half-million years ago and backed the theory that Neanderthals were an evolutionary dead end.
	www.newsfactor.com /news/Neanderthal-Genome-Project-Launches/story.xhtml?story_id=113004VR2PJZ (511 words)

	Revamping of the Neanderthal race! - Wizards Community
		Neanderthals wear their head hair long and wild and so are their beards which are generally worn by adult males and females alike.
		Scars are often held to be marks of honour and esteemed in Neanderthal society, and are openly displayed both to honour the fallen enemy and to increase that person’s prestige in the eyes of his kin.
		Neanderthals are familiar with the languages of giants and orcs, for these two groups are common enemies that vie for competing land with them.
	boards1.wizards.com /showthread.php?p=9188431 (1976 words)

	Creation Science, Neanderthal Species Distinct from Humans
		Neanderthals can be considered a separate, created species, which did not evolve from previous species, and became extinct 29,000 years ago.
		Neanderthals can be considered one of the branches of hominids that evolved, but due to natural selection died out about 29,000 years ago.
		Neanderthals can be considered created by either evolution or special creation, which died out 29,000 years ago, or before the old world was replaced with the new one.
	www.answersincreation.org /neanderthal.htm (632 words)

	Geist, The Neanderthal Paradigm
		Neanderthal had discovered and made use of one of the two principle means of avoiding harm in combat: get in so close to the opponent, that the latter cannot use its weapons.
		The above reconstruction indicates that Neanderthal was a very different human being, physically enormously strong and able, possibly with a very different psychology from ours as evidenced by the difficulties we have in experimental archeology reconstructing his tools and their wear patterns.
		Neanderthal ecology is based on killing very large creatures, storing large chunks of the carcass under ice, snow, possibly water and under sod and rocks, and thawing out or even cooking large joints in large fires and discarding the bones to the fire.
	cogweb.ucla.edu /ep/NeanderthalParadigm.html (3277 words)

	Neanderthal - Uncyclopedia
		The Neanderthal is a sub-human hominid species that was presumed to be extinct.
		Neanderthals were well-adapted to cold, as shown by their frozen blood — also known as sang-froid — and nearly nonexistent intelligence.
		The latter suggests that Neanderthals were not homosexual; however, recent evidence from sperm collected by White House interns has been interpreted as evidence that Neanderthals were not Homo sapiens at all.
	uncyclopedia.org /wiki/Neanderthal (484 words)

	Molecular analysis of Neanderthal DNA from the northern Caucasus
		The specimen is from one of the eastern-most Neanderthal populations, recovered from Mezmaiskaya Cave in the northern Caucasus.
		Phylogenetic analysis places the two Neanderthals from the Caucasus and western Germany together in a clade that is distinct from modern humans, suggesting that their mtDNA types have not contributed to the modern human mtDNA pool.
		The Neanderthal DNA was also no more similar to the DNA of Europeans than people elsewhere, which might have been expected if Neanderthals had mated in large numbers with their human neighbors in Europe.
	cogweb.ucla.edu /Abstracts/Goodwin_00.html (765 words)

	BBC News \| SCI/TECH \| Meet the Neanderthals
		Reconstructions of Neanderthal skulls add to growing evidence that the creatures were not close relatives of modern humans.
		Neanderthals were an ancient group of hominids that lived in Europe, the Near East, Central Asia, and probably western Siberia more than 100,000 years ago.
		Some believe that the Neanderthals were killed off by a new type of human, which began to take over their hunting grounds during the middle of the last Ice Age.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/sci/tech/1469607.stm (404 words)

	Human Ancestors Hall: Homo neanderthalensis
		Neanderthals are known from Europe and western Asia from about 200,000 years to about 30,000 years ago, when they disappeared from the fossil record and were replaced in Europe by anatomically modern forms.
		The original interpretation of Neanderthal anatomy was one of a primitive early human based on a flawed reconstruction of the nearly complete skeleton of an elderly Neanderthal male found at La Chapelle-aux-Saints, France (second photograph from the top).
		However, Neanderthals and modern humans (Homo sapiens) are very similar anatomically -- so similar, in fact, that in 1964, it was proposed that Neanderthals are not even a separate species from modern humans, but that the two forms represent two subspecies: Homo sapiens neanderthalensis and Homo sapiens sapiens.
	www.mnh.si.edu /anthro/humanorigins/ha/neand.htm (486 words)

	NOVA Online \| Neanderthals on Trial \| Into the Fray
		The field of Neanderthal studies is a famously contentious one.
		I spoke with many Neanderthal experts in the course of making this film, and I found them all to be intelligent, friendly, well-educated people, dedicated to the highest principles of scientific inquiry.
		While this may be true in a few cases, most of them have been friends and colleagues for years, and their disagreements are just the inevitable wrangling that goes on among experts in any field where big ideas are built from small amounts of evidence.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/nova/neanderthals/producer.html (886 words)

	Athena Review 2,4: Modern Human Origins and Neanderthal Extinctions in the Levant
		Neanderthals pursued a different strategy, one in which optimal habitation sites were occupied continuously for prolonged periods (or frequently re-occupied) and provisioned by shifting emphasis among various local food sources.
		Because we know the Neanderthal fossil record so well, relative to other hominid fossils, and because we know they became extinct, there is a tendency to see Neanderthals as inevitable evolutionary “losers.” However, studies of their fossils and their archaeological record point to no obvious defects in their adaptations.
		Neanderthals and their Homo heidelbergensis ancestors evolved and thrived between 300,000-30,000 years ago, nearly a quarter of a million years, in some of the harshest and least hospitable habitats ever occupied by hominids.
	www.athenapub.com /8shea1.htm (2316 words)

	CNN.com - Study: That Neanderthal was not your grandfather - Jan. 26, 2004
		You may think your grandparents act like Neanderthals, but U.S. researchers said on Monday they had strong evidence that modern humans are not descended from them.
		A computer analysis of the skulls of modern humans, Neanderthals, monkeys and apes shows that we are substantially different, physically, from those early humans.
		Their computer analysis showed that the differences measured between modern humans and Neanderthals were significantly greater than those found between subspecies of living monkeys and apes.
	www.cnn.com /2004/TECH/science/01/26/neanderthals.ancestor1.reut/index.html (413 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Science/Nature \| Neanderthal yields nuclear DNA
		This genetic material is contained in structures that power cells; and although the information it holds is very useful, it is more limited in scope than the DNA bundled up at the cell's centre.
		Preliminary analysis shows the bundle of DNA responsible for maleness in the Neanderthal - its Y chromosome - is very different from modern human and chimpanzee Y chromosomes; more so than for the other chromosomes in the genome.
		Neanderthals lived across Europe and parts of west and central Asia from approximately 230,000 to 29,000 years ago.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/science/nature/4986668.stm (493 words)

	Newsvine - Neanderthal Genome Project Launches
		Neanderthals were a species that lived in Europe and western Asia from more than 200,000 years ago to about 30,000 years ago.
		"The Neanderthal is the closest relative to the modern human, and we believe that by sequencing the Neanderthal we can learn a lot," said Michael Egholm, a vice president at 454 Life Sciences Corp. of Branford, Conn., which will use its high-speed sequencing technology in the project.
		Only about 5 percent of the DNA in the samples is actually Neanderthal DNA, Egholm estimated, but he and Rothberg said pilot experiments had convinced them that the decoding was feasible.
	www.newsvine.com /_news/2006/07/20/294631-2-year-neanderthal-genome-project-launches (1075 words)

	Molecular analysis of Neanderthal DNA from the northern Caucasus
		and limited access to Neanderthal remains for destructive analysis have hindered the analysis of additional specimens, but genetic characterization of additional Neanderthals is essential to understand their molecular diversity and the relationship between different Neanderthal populations, and to assess their relationship to modern humans further.
		from 130 mg of the Mezmaiskaya Neanderthal rib fragment was 22% of the average level extracted from modern bones, and the extracted collagen contained 41.6% carbon and 14.7% nitrogen.
		To obtain a more complete picture of the relationship of Neanderthals to modern humans, additional Neanderthals and early modern humans must be analysed, especially from the regions where they may have co-existed.
	www.2think.org /neanderthaldna.shtml (2080 words)

	Amazon.com: Neanderthal: Books: Paul Jordan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Recently genetic testing on original bones from Germany show that the Neanderthal are not our direct ancestors, but rather a hominid off-shoot from a common ancestor shared with homo sapiens, having diverged from our line of evolution at least half a million years ago and doomed to die out during the last ice age.
		Neanderthal brings together under one cover all the research into the Neanderthal, their world, technology, way of life, death rituals, origins, and relationships to modern man. Ideal for the non-specialist general reader, Neanderthal is enhanced with more than one hundred fl and white illustrations and eight pages of color photography.
		The Neanderthals (FYI pronounced Ny-And-Er-Tals) are presented as a complex and successful (for their time) relative of homo sapiens sapiens, enigmatically similar and yet quite different in many respects.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0750919345?v=glance (1971 words)

	NEANDERTHAL: NO RELATION
		To check that the amplified DNA was really Neanderthal, the researchers prepared primers based on their extracted sample and ran them on numerous human DNA samples.
		When the researchers looked at the Neanderthal sequence with respect to 994 human mitochondrial DNA lineages including Africans, Europeans, Asians, Native Americans, Australians and Pacific Islanders, they found the number of base pair differences between the Neanderthal sequence and these groups was 27 or 28 for all groups.
		The trees show that the Neanderthal sequence branches before the divergence of the various human mitochondrial DNA lineages, but after the split from chimpanzees.
	www.accessexcellence.org /WN/SUA10/neander797.html (715 words)

	Neanderthal DNA
		Neanderthals are a group of hominids very close to human beings, and in fact, are often considered to be human beings.
		The DNA results tend to suggest that Neanderthals are intermediate between humans and apes.
		In addition, "some of the Neanderthals get more severe in their archaic morphology as they approach the end of the Neanderthal sequence, the opposite of evolutionary expectations," according to Dr. Marvin L. Lubenow, creationist author of Bones of Contention.
	www.cs.unc.edu /~plaisted/ce/neanderthal.html (589 words)

	Neanderthal Flute
		But the extent of their effect on pitch in the case of this Neanderthal flute seems likely to be nil to very small, and would be only noticeable to a discerning ear.
		The Neanderthal flute could be flipped over, thereby running the distances between holes the opposite way, and the patterns would run the opposite way and differently.
		The notes on the Neanderthal flute, if possible for it to reach the total air-column length of about 42cm (in match #two), are consistent with 4 notes of the minor diatonic scale (flatted 3rd and flatted 6th included).
	www.greenwych.ca /fl-compl.htm (6401 words)

	ScienceDaily: Neanderthal Life No Tougher Than That Of 'Modern' Inuits
		Neanderthal Teeth Grew No Faster Than Comparable Modern Humans' (September 20, 2005) -- Recent research suggested that ancient Neanderthals might have had an accelerated childhood compared to that of modern humans but that seems flawed, based on a new assessment by researchers from Ohio...
		New Study Shows Neanderthals Were Not Our Ancestors (January 27, 2004) -- In the most recent and mathematically rigorous study to date determining whether Neanderthals contributed to the evolution of modern humans, a team of anthropologists examining the skulls of modern...
		Neanderthal -- The Neanderthal or Neandertal was a species of Homo (Homo (sapiens) neanderthalensis) that inhabited Europe and parts of western Asia from about 230,000 to 29,000 years ago, during the Middle...
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2004/09/040903084421.htm (2058 words)

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