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	Neanderthal man. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		The unique anatomy of Neanderthals probably reflects the fact that they were the first hominid to spend extensive periods of time in extremely cold environments, having evolved in Europe at the onset of the most recent glaciation of that continent (see Pleistocene epoch).
		Neanderthal phylogeny remains somewhat enigmatic, despite the relative abundance of fossil remains.
		Culturally, Neanderthals are closely associated with a stone-tool tradition known as the Mousterian of the middle Paleolithic.
	www.bartleby.com /65/nn/Nndrtlmn.html (526 words)

	Tony's HISTORY
		Neanderthal man a subspecies of homo sapien, the species to which contemporary humans belong, known as human neandertalensis after Neanderthal, Germany, the valley where the first specimen was found.
		The unique anatomy of Neanderthals probably reflects the fact that they were the first hominid to spend extensive periods of time in extremely cold environments, having evolved in Europe at the onset of the most recent glaciation of that continent.
		Controversy also persists regarding the fate of Neanderthals, with opinion divided between those who argue that they became extinct and were replaced by modern man and those who argue that their anatomical distinctions were diluted through gene flow with other homo sapien.
	www.angelfire.com /pro/history2/man (360 words)

	FOXNews.com - Neanderthal Genome Project Launches - Science News \| Current Articles
		Neanderthals were a species that lived in Europe and western Asia from more than 200,000 years ago to about 30,000 years ago.
		Neanderthals are believed to have been relatively sophisticated, but lacking in humans'higher reasoning functions.
		That study suggested that Neanderthals and humans split from a common ancestor a half-million years ago and backed the theory that Neanderthals were an evolutionary dead end.
	www.foxnews.com /wires/2006Jul21/0,4670,NeanderthalGenome,00.html (474 words)

	Neanderthal at AllExperts
		Neanderthals had many adaptations to a cold climate, such as large braincases, short but robust builds, and large noses — traits selected by nature in cold climates, as observed in modern sub-arctic populations.
		The Neanderthals were fully bipedal and had a slightly larger average brain capacity than a typical modern human, though it is thought the brain structure was organised differently.
		In popular idiom the word neanderthal is sometimes used as an insult, to suggest that a person combines a deficiency of intelligence and an attachment to brute force, as well as perhaps implying the person is old fashioned or attached to outdated ideas, much in the same way as "dinosaur" or "Yahoo" is also used.
	en.allexperts.com /e/n/ne/neanderthal.htm (3073 words)

	Archaeological Sites (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		It was about 1829 or 1830 when fragments from the skull of a Neanderthal child were found in Belgium, and in 1848 a full skull of an adult was found in Gibraltar.
		Of course this is disputable with the evidence of the average brain size of a Neanderthal compared with that of a modern human.
		Neanderthals seemed to live primarily in Europe and in Western Asia, this is concluded because most of the fossils were found in these areas.
	www.mnsu.edu /emuseum/archaeology/sites/europe/neanderthal.html (525 words)

	Early Histories: Neanderthals (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Early human, Neanderthal man (Homo sapiens neanderthalensis), existed between 230,000 and 30,000 years ago and is generally considered a subspecies of Homo sapiens.
		Neanderthal fossil remains were first found in Neanderthal, W. Germany in 1856.
		The so-called classic Neanderthals were robust and had a large, thick skull, a sloping forehead, and a chinless jaw.
	www.mikedust.com /history/neanderthal.html (176 words)

	Analysis of one million base pairs of Neanderthal DNA : Article : Nature
		Neanderthals are the extinct hominid group most closely related to contemporary humans, so their genome offers a unique opportunity to identify genetic changes specific to anatomically fully modern humans.
		Neanderthals were first recognized as a distinct group of hominids from fossil remains discovered 150 years ago at Feldhofer in Neander Valley, outside Düsseldorf, Germany.
		First, a Neanderthal genome sequence would allow all nucleotide sequence differences as well as many copy-number differences between the human and chimpanzee genomes to be temporally resolved with respect to whether they occurred before the separation of humans from Neanderthals, or whether they occurred after or at the time of separation.
	www.nature.com /nature/journal/v444/n7117/full/nature05336.html (6722 words)

	Human Ancestors Hall: Homo neanderthalensis
		Neanderthals are known from Europe and western Asia from about 200,000 years to about 30,000 years ago, when they disappeared from the fossil record and were replaced in Europe by anatomically modern forms.
		The original interpretation of Neanderthal anatomy was one of a primitive early human based on a flawed reconstruction of the nearly complete skeleton of an elderly Neanderthal male found at La Chapelle-aux-Saints, France (second photograph from the top).
		However, Neanderthals and modern humans (Homo sapiens) are very similar anatomically -- so similar, in fact, that in 1964, it was proposed that Neanderthals are not even a separate species from modern humans, but that the two forms represent two subspecies: Homo sapiens neanderthalensis and Homo sapiens sapiens.
	www.mnh.si.edu /anthro/humanorigins/ha/neand.htm (486 words)

	MYSTERIOUS WORLD: Autumn 2003: Fragments
		Neanderthal man, once thought to be one our immediate ancestors, has now been proven beyond a shadow of a doubt to be not an ancestor of homo sapiens, but a form of mankind that had been created and had developed parallel to homo sapiens.
		Some theorists have discussed the possibility that the Neanderthals may have been at least a partial explanation for the giants that have been described in the myths and legends of various races as having been bred by "the gods" in order to achieve their goals of world domination over other "lesser" races.
		Neanderthal man was in fact very warlike, and was even cannibalistic, so there is little surprise that it was out of this line that the fallen angels bred the giants.
	www.mysteriousworld.com /Journal/2003/Autumn/Fragments (3921 words)

	Neanderthal genome project launches - Science - MSNBC.com
		Neanderthals were a species of the Homo genus who lived in Europe and western Asia from more than 200,000 years ago to as little as roughly 30,000 years ago.
		Neanderthals are believed to have been relatively sophisticated, but lacking in humans' higher reasoning functions.
		The Neanderthal project follows scientists' achievement last year in deciphering the DNA of the chimpanzee, our closest living relative, which produced a long list of DNA differences with the chimp and some hints about which ones might be crucial.
	www.msnbc.msn.com /id/13955661 (658 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Neanderthal, Germany
		The Neanderthal (Neandertal) is a small valley of the river Düssel in the German Federal State of North Rhine-Westphalia, between the cities of Erkrath and Mettmann, near the capital city of North Rhine-Westphalia Düsseldorf.
		In 1856, the area became famous for the discovery of Neanderthal 1.
		The scientific name Homo neanderthalensis or Homo sapiens neanderthalensis for Neandertal man are not affected by this change, because the laws of taxonomy retain the original spelling at the time of naming.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Neanderthal,_Germany (273 words)

	Who was the Neanderthal Man?
		Neanderthal man was first discovered in 1856 by workmen digging in a limestone cave in the Neander Valley near Dusseldorf, Germany.
		Darwinians argued that Neanderthal man was an ape-like creature, while many critical of Darwin (like the great anatomist Rudolph Virchow) argued that Neanderthals were human in every respect, though some appeared to be suffering from rickets or arthritis.
		In their report they commented that: "if he (Neanderthal man) could be reincarnated and placed in a New York subway provided he were bathed, shaved and dressed in modern clothing it is doubtful whether he would attract any more attention that some of its other denizens." (Quarterly Review of Biology, December, vol.
	www.creationevidence.org /fa_questions/neanderthal.html (1209 words)

	Are you part-Neanderthal? » Netscape.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		So the Neanderthals and earlier ape-like species had great memories, but their logical, spatial, and linguistic capabilities didn't even compare to modern humans- to evolution, newer does mean better.
		Neanderthal remains are often found in caves with evidence of the use of fire.
		Neanderthals were hunters of prehistoric mammals, and their cultural remains, though unearthed chiefly in Europe, have been found also in N Africa, Palestine, and Siberia.
	science.netscape.com /story/2006/08/23/are-you-part-neanderthal (1988 words)

	Genetic Study Revises Human Family Tree
		The Neanderthals were large, thick-boned individuals with heavy brows and a brain case as large as that of modern humans but stacked behind the face instead of on top of it.
		Early humans and Neanderthals may have interbred, as some scientists contend, with modern Europeans being descended from both; or the two hominid lines may have remained distinct, with humans displacing and probably slaughtering their rivals.
		The split between Neanderthal and human mitochondrial DNA, which marks the start of the split between the human and Neanderthal lineages, would have occurred between 550,000 and 690,000 years ago, the authors say, while the individual from whom all modern human mitochondrial DNA is descended, would have lived 120,000 to 150,000 years ago.
	www.ou.edu /cas/zoology/Courses/3333/sci-neanderthal-dna.html (1252 words)

	Neanderthal genome unlocks secrets of human evolution
		Neanderthals are the closest hominid relatives of modern humans.
		Their results show that the genomes of modern humans and Neanderthals are at least 99.5-percent identical, but despite this genetic similarity, and despite the two species having cohabitated the same geographic region for thousands of years, there is no evidence of any significant crossbreeding between the two.
		Said Rubin, “We determined that the ancient DNA fragments from Neanderthal in the sample were about 50 to 70 base pairs in length, compared to the hundreds to thousands of base pair lengths of contemporary human DNA that could have contaminated the fossil.
	www.physorg.com /news82818712.html (1588 words)

	LiveScience.com - Neanderthal: 99.5 Percent Human
		Humans and their close Neanderthal relatives began diverging from a common ancestor about 700,000 years ago, and the two groups split permanently some 300,000 years later, according to two of the most detailed analyses of Neanderthal DNA to date.
		The researchers say their achievements mark the "dawn of Neanderthal genomics," and they estimate that further advances in DNA sequencing technology could allow the completion of a very rough draft of the entire Neanderthal genome within two years.
		A reconstructed Neanderthal skeleton, right, and a modern human version of a skelaton, left, are on display at the Museum of Natural History Wednesday, Jan. 8, 2003 in New York.
	www.livescience.com /humanbiology/061115_neanderthal_dna.html (1097 words)

	neanderthal man creation evolution dr jack cuozzo lubenow
		Neanderthal is perhaps one of the best known examples of mans alleged "ape-man" ancestors.
		Neanderthals were not sub-human creatures, but true humans (descendants of Adam and Eve) made in the image of God.
		Neanderthals were truly human (not ape men) and they lived to great ages (hundreds of years) as is seen from their dental attrition and medial migration of their teeth.
	www.angelfire.com /mi/dinosaurs/neanderthal.html (2285 words)

	The Nature and Demise of the Neanderthals (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		In the years immediately after the discovery the favorite explanation for the characteristics of the Neanderthal bones is that they were the result of rickets, a childhood disease resulting from insufficient vitamin D. This contention was dropped when other skeletons were found with the same characteristics, including what appeared to be family groups.
		The first discoveries of Neanderthals took place in Europe but that could be simply because there was more archeological digging going on there in the nineteenth century.
		Later Neanderthal skeletons were found in the Middle East, as far east as Iran.
	www.sjsu.edu /faculty/watkins/neanderthal.htm (408 words)

	Homo neanderthalensis Skulls
		This specimen was excavated in Uzbekistan and represents the eastern most range of the Neanderthals.
		The La Chapelle-aux-Saints specimen was an aged individual excavated in 1908 in France and was the most complete Neanderthal skull found at the time.
		The unusual Tabun 2 Jaw, discovered in 1930 at Mt. Carmel, Israel, possesses a mosaic of modern human and Neanderthal traits leading some researchers to believe it may be a hybrid between the two.
	www.skullsunlimited.com /neanderthal-skulls.htm (281 words)

	Neanderthal man — FactMonster.com
		The unique anatomy of Neanderthals probably reflects the fact that they were the first hominid to spend extensive periods of time in extremely cold environments, having evolved in Europe at the onset of the most recent glaciation of that continent (see
		Culturally, Neanderthals are closely associated with a stone-tool tradition known as the Mousterian of the middle
		Neanderthal - Neanderthal, small valley, W Germany, E of Düsseldorf.
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/society/A0835072.html (480 words)

	Neanderthal DNA
		Neanderthal skulls were first discovered in Engis, Belgium, in 1829, but derive their name from the Neander Valley in Germany, the site of a later find in 1856.
		For many years, the debate has raged as to whether Neanderthals are a predecessor to modern humans.
		Mitochondrial DNA extracted from ancient Neanderthal remains have been typed and found to differ significantly from human mitochondrial DNA.
	www.isogg.org /neanderthaldna.htm (281 words)

	NOVA \| Transcripts \| Neanderthals on Trial \| PBS
		Milford Wolpoff, from the University of Michigan, is one of the staunchest defenders of Neanderthals.
		So Neanderthals fit into this picture of different kinds of human beings, some more human than others, all sort of competing with each other, and the competition led to the best surviving, the fittest surviving in the evolutionary terms and then the others died out.
		And so as they absorbed Neanderthals into their populations the Neanderthals were, in a sense, swamped out, their descendents, their genes were, in a sense, swamped out.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/nova/transcripts/2902neanderthals.html (7031 words)

	Amazon.com: Neanderthal: Books: Paul Jordan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Recently genetic testing on original bones from Germany show that the Neanderthal are not our direct ancestors, but rather a hominid off-shoot from a common ancestor shared with homo sapiens, having diverged from our line of evolution at least half a million years ago and doomed to die out during the last ice age.
		Neanderthal brings together under one cover all the research into the Neanderthal, their world, technology, way of life, death rituals, origins, and relationships to modern man. Ideal for the non-specialist general reader, Neanderthal is enhanced with more than one hundred fl and white illustrations and eight pages of color photography.
		The Neanderthals (FYI pronounced Ny-And-Er-Tals) are presented as a complex and successful (for their time) relative of homo sapiens sapiens, enigmatically similar and yet quite different in many respects.
	www.amazon.com /Neanderthal-Paul-Jordan/dp/0750919345 (2042 words)

	Neanderthal Man
		Eight years later the “original” Neanderthal man was discovered in a limestone quarry in the Neander Valley near Düsseldorf in Germany (“Neanderthal” literally means “Neander’s Valley”).
		The Neanderthal man was subsequently reinterpreted by the scientists of the 19th century who came to see him as a sort of ape-man, an evolutionary link between man and ape.
		The Neanderthals were known to bury their dead (whose bodies they covered in flowers), they used tools, worked with animal hides, took care of each other and generally acted like humans act.
	www.allaboutcreation.org /neanderthal-man-faq.htm (567 words)

	Homo neanderthalensis
		Neanderthals lived from approximately 150,000 years ago, up until 30,000 years ago throughout Europe and Asia.
		Physically, Neanderthals are short, and very robust and heavily built, especially in the facial area.
		The type specimen of Homo neanderthalensis is the Neanderthal 1 cranium, from the Neander Valley, in Germany.
	www.msu.edu /~heslipst/contents/ANP440/neanderthalensis.htm (355 words)

	Pravda.RU Was Neanderthal Man Our Ancestor?
		The central question of them all is the extent of our relation with Neanderthal man. Scientists of the whole world have been truing to answer this question since the day the first Neanderthal man was found in 1856 in Germany (on the Neanderthal plain, not far from Dusseldorf).
		Neanderthal man was destined to become extinct in the competition with homo sapiens.
		Neanderthal man’s resemblance to homo sapiens made people ascribe horrible vices to the creature More details...
	newsfromrussia.com /main/2003/04/04/45622.html (3942 words)

	World InfoZone - The Baltic Gateway - Germany
		Countries in the Baltic Sea Region are Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Russia and Sweden.
		Neanderthal man was named after the Neander Valley near Dusseldorf.
		A network of over one hundred and fifty temples, built between 4800 BC and 4600 BC, has been discovered beneath the countryside and cities of Germany, Austria, the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Hungary.
	www.worldinfozone.com /features.php?section=BalticGermany (258 words)

	Neanderthal Man (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		This past summer, Paabo announced that he and his co-workers were going to take the next—and biggest—step, in their effort to resurrect the genome of the Neanderthal, our distant evolutionary cousin, who went extinct 30,000 years ago.
		The first scientist to analyze segments of DNA from Neanderthal bones, Paabo now wants to re-create the entire DNA sequence of a Neanderthal and compare it with our own, looking for the reasons that one evolutionary experiment failed and the other succeeded.
		Paabo is director of the genetics department at the gleaming new Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany.
	www.smithsonianmag.com /issues/2006/october/neanderthal.php (909 words)

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