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Topic: Near infrared

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	Infrared Spectroscopy
		Photon energies associated with this part of the infrared (from 1 to 15 kcal/mole) are not large enough to excite electrons, but may induce vibrational excitation of covalently bonded atoms and groups.
		Infrared spectrometers, similar in principle to the UV-Visible spectrometer described elsewhere, permit chemists to obtain absorption spectra of compounds that are a unique reflection of their molecular structure.
		Infrared spectra may be obtained from samples in all phases (liquid, solid and gaseous).
	www.cem.msu.edu /~reusch/VirtualText/Spectrpy/InfraRed/infrared.htm (1310 words)

	Infrared spectroscopy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Infrared spectroscopy (IR Spectroscopy) is the subset of spectroscopy that deals with the Infrared part of the electromagnetic spectrum.
		The infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum is divided into three regions; the near-, mid- and far- infrared, named for their relation to the visible spectrum.
		Infrared spectroscopy is widely used in both research and industry as a simple and reliable technique for measurement, quality control, and dynamic measurement.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Infrared_spectroscopy (1315 words)

	Infrared Waves
		"Near infrared" light is closest in wavelength to visible light and "far infrared" is closer to the microwave region of the electromagnetic spectrum.
		The longer, far infrared wavelengths are about the size of a pin head and the shorter, near infrared ones are the size of cells, or are microscopic.
		Infrared film 'sees' the object because the Sun (or some other light source) shines infrared light on it and it is reflected or absorbed by the object.
	imagers.gsfc.nasa.gov /ems/infrared.html (1181 words)

	Near, Mid and Far-Infrared
		The main factor that determines which wavelengths are included in each of these three infrared regions is the type of detector technology used for gathering infrared light.
		Infrared radiation is emitted by any object that has a temperature (ie radiates heat).
		The infrared light that we observe in this region is not thermal (not due to heat radiation).
	www.ipac.caltech.edu /Outreach/Edu/Regions/irregions.html (1221 words)

	Haunted Chicago Infrared Photography Experiment
		Infrared photographic film is also sensitive in part to the portion of infrared light called near-infrared, and so it should allow a similar ability to capture any anomalous activity that is associated with the near-infrared spectrum of light when used in conjunction with a standard 35mm SLR camera.
		Due to the nature of the infrared light wavelength, some photography with infrared film will require focus adjustment of at least several percent, depending on the distance from the subject, regardless of what is seen through the viewfinder.
		Infrared images however are in perfect focus on a different plane that that of visible light, slightly behind the plane of the negative.
	www.hauntedchicago.com /infrared.htm (1300 words)

	Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous (NEAR)
		Launched on February 17, 1996, the Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous (NEAR) mission is to be the first of NASA's Discovery missions, a series of small-scale spacecraft designed to proceed from development to flight in under three years for a cost of less than $150 million.
		The spacecraft will be equipped with an X-ray/gamma ray spectrometer, a near infrared imaging spectrograph, a multispectral camera fitted with a CCD imaging detector, a laser altimeter, and a magnetometer.
		The ultimate goal of the mission is to rendezvous with and achieve orbit around the near Earth asteroid 433 Eros in February, 1999, and study the asteroid for approximately one year.
	www.solarviews.com /eng/near.htm (261 words)

	Infrared Photography by Thom Hogan
		Infrared is a spectrum of light beyond that which we normally see.
		Infrared light focuses at a slightly different point than visible light, so make sure that you use an aperture in Step 6 that has a decent depth of field.
		Once you’ve taken an infrared shot, you’ll probably want to manipulate it a bit to make it better emulate the look of infrared film, which has unusual "color" (white foliage, for example) and a bit of graininess and bloom to edges.
	www.bythom.com /infrared.htm (1122 words)

	Infrared - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Telescopes equipped with infrared sensors are used in infrared astronomy to penetrate dusty regions of space, such as molecular clouds; detect low temperature objects such as planets orbiting distant stars, and to view highly red-shifted objects from the early history of the universe.
		Infrared spectroscopy is the examination of absorbtion and transmission of photons in the infrared energy range, based on their frequency and intensity.
		Infrared radiation is popularly known as "heat" or sometimes "heat radiation," since many people attribute all radiant heating to infrared light, but this is a widespread misconception.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Infrared (2523 words)

	What is Infrared Radiation? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		A rainbow shows the optical (visible) part of the Electromagnetic Spectrum and infrared (if you could see it) would be located just beyond the red side of the rainbow.
		Astronomers have found that infrared radiation is especially useful when trying to probe areas of our universe that are surrounded by clouds of gas and dust.
		Because of infrared's longer wavelength, it can pass right through these clouds and reveal details invisible by observing other types of radiation.
	www.gemini.edu /public/infrared.html (393 words)

	Near Infrared Digital Photography Tutorial
		Plant life looks completely white because it reflects almost all infrared light (because of this effect, infrared photography is commonly used in aerial photography to analyze crop yields, pest control, etc.) The sky is a stark fl because no infrared light is scattered.
		Infrared photography has been around for at least 70 years, but until recently has not been easily accessible to those not versed in traditional photographic processes.
		You will need one infrared photograph and one full color photograph taken from the exact same place (again, a tripod is ideal), a photograph of a filter, frame, or similar object, and Adobe Photoshop.
	www.echeng.com /photo/infrared/tutorial (2379 words)

	EYE SAFETY WHEN NEAR INFRARED ILLUMINATORS
		As Rainbow CCTV introduces its new line of infrared illuminators, we are making every effort to educate CCTV users of the safe installation and operation of infrared illuminators.
		Infrared gives a heating effect, which we sometimes use to keep us warm, but too much on the skin can cause blistering.
		The infrared lamp should always be installed where it cannot be touched by passers-by, and positioned so that passers-by cannot stare at the lamp from closer than the Safe Working Distance (SWD) in Table 1.
	www.rainbowcctv.com /ir/eye_safety.html (913 words)

	SPACE.com -- First Pictures from Hubble Telescope's Revived Infrared Camera
		The revived Near Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer (NICMOS) aboard NASA's Hubble Space Telescope has penetrated layers of dust in a star-forming cloud to uncover a dense, craggy edifice of dust and gas.
		The revived Near Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer (NICMOS) aboard NASA's Hubble Space Telescope has pierced the dusty disk of the edge-on galaxy NGC 4013 and peered all the way to the galactic core.
		Because infrared light is not visible to the human eye, colors are applied to the various wavelengths that are recorded in the NICMOS observations.
	www.space.com /scienceastronomy/astronomy/nicmos_first_020605.html (970 words)

	Infrared Astronomy Resources
		The Infrared Space Observatory (ISO) is an ESA (European Space Agency) mission with the participation of ISAS (Japan) and NASA (USA).
		The Near Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer (NICMOS, Univ. of Arizona) is a second-generation instrument to be installed on the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) during the February 13, 1997 on-orbit servicing mission.
		VISTA is the Visible and Infrared Telescope for Astronomy: a 4-m Wide Field Survey telescope for the Southern Hemisphere, being built at Cerro Paranal, close to ESO VLT, by a consortium of 18 UK universities.
	cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr /astroweb/infrared.html (6812 words)

	The Near Infrared Research Corporation
		The Near Infrared Research Corporation is a source of assistance for anyone using near infrared spectroscopy for chemical analysis and the associated techniques of mathematics of spectroscopic data (Chemometrics).
		The Near Infrared Research Corporation specializes in providing hardware and software for NIR spectroscopic analysis, and consulting services for a wide range of scientific problems relating to spectroscopy.
		Spectroscopy, and especially Near Infrared Spectroscopy has many uses, but our interest is in helping people use Near-Infrared to do chemical analysis.
	www.nearinfrared.com (461 words)

	Near-Infrared Galaxy Morphology Atlas
		Galaxies may be "classified" using alternative wavelength imagery, for example at infrared wavelengths, but the contrast between morphological classes is not as clearly defined as that seen in the optical.
		A "composite" infrared Hubble sequence is first presented showing the seven categories of galaxies types: elliptical, spiral, compact, dwarf, irregular/peculiar, and Seyfert/AGN, with the main atlas images to follow.
		Compared to visual-band imaging, ground-based infrared imaging (e.g., 2MASS) is not as sensitive to low surface brightness emission from galaxies due to the high backgrounds inherent to the 1-2 µm atmospheric windows.
	spider.ipac.caltech.edu /staff/jarrett/papers/morph/nir_morph.htm (7144 words)

	Workshop on Near Infrared Spectroscopy in Infants and Children: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		This technology utilizes light in the near infrared range to determine cerebral oxygenation, blood flow, and metabolic status of the brain.
		The method is based on the fact that light in the near infrared range (700 to 1000 nm) can pass through skin, bone, and other tissues relatively easily, especially in the neonatal head.
		The strengths and weaknesses of several different methods of using near infrared light to detect cerebral oxygenation, blood flow, and energy status were presented.
	www.ninds.nih.gov /news_and_events/proceedings/nirs_workshop.htm (2850 words)

	Infrared Photography Experiment with Agfa ePhoto 1280 camera
		This is simply a brief report, illustrated with a set of photographs, designed to demonstrate the capability (or lack thereof) of the Agfa ePhoto 1280 camera to record images in the near infrared.
		All indications at the time were that the camera was very well filtered to eliminate infrared from the CCD sensor and even when I flashed an electronic flash directly into the lens which was covered with an 87C filter, the sensor produced a barely detectable image on the camera's LCD screen.
		The result of this somewhat cursory experiment was rather discouraging in terms of being able to use the camera for near infrared photography but it was reassuring to know that the infrared was well filtered out and did not contribute at all to the capture of standard color images.
	www.rit.edu /~andpph/text-agfa-1280-ir.html (686 words)

	Shutterbug: Infrared Digital Style
		Most have CCDs that are sensitive to that part of the spectrum known as "near infrared." Put the right filter in front of the lens to block visible light and the camera will automatically adjust its focus and exposure, showing you the resulting infrared image on your cameras LCD in real time.
		When I go looking for infrared images, I'll often walk with one eye to the LCD viewfinder and the other open to see what's around me. I shoot lots of images, as there are no expensive film and processing costs to deal with.
		Stung by sensationalist reports in the media about how its infrared capable video cameras could see through clothing, (some kinds of material, especially wet bathing suits, tend to be somewhat translucent to IR light), Sony has limited the Cyber-shot's exposure range.
	www.shutterbug.net /features/0202sb_infrared (1551 words)

	Notes on the macroscopy of insect mounts using near infrared illumination.
		In an earlier article I described some trials I made using near infrared microscopy inspired by the reports of other microscopy enthusiasts, notably Tony Dutton (see ref. 1 and Acknowledgements).
		For greater convenience of using near IR, I retrofitted a bulb in a spare microscope lamp with a near IR emitting LED which has proved useful for both macroscopy and microscopy.
		For near IR microscopy, the lamp is used in its normal way by seating it in the base of the Biolam stand.
	www.microscopy-uk.org.uk /mag/artapr04/dwir2.html (1279 words)

	GLOSSARY N
		NEAR INFRARED - The portion of the infrared spectrum band between 0.75 and 3.00 microns.
		NEAR REAL TIME (NRT) - Delay caused by automated processing and display between the occurrence of an event and the reception of the data at some other location.
		NEAR SPACE - Altitudes between 18 and 23 miles.
	www.sew-lexicon.com /gloss_n.htm (2772 words)

	How to Shoot IR
		For those who experimented with infrared films in the past this is nothing short of a miracle.
		You should be able to see the infrared beam from the remote as a point of light.
		All the images in the Vizcaya Gallery were taken with a Sony DSC-F707, a Harrison and Harrison 88a filter, and two.6 ND filters (reducing the exposure by 4 stops).
	www.infrareddreams.com /how_to_shoot_ir.htm (1603 words)

	ECHENG.COM: Eric Cheng, Digital Infrared Photography
		CCDs had been used in security cameras long before consumer digital cameras started using them, and are roughly as sensitive to near infrared as they are to visible light (when unfiltered).
		I found that the Nikon Coolpix 950 was capable of producing high quality infrared images when used in conjunction with #87 and #87C filters.
		When the Nikon Coolpix 990 was released, it was discovered that Nikon (or the CCD supplier) had improved the hot mirror filters in the camera, necessiting the use of different filters to effectively capture infrared light (#88A or #89B filters).
	www.echeng.com /photo/infrared (905 words)

	MissileThreat :: Near Field Infrared Experiment (NFIRE) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		The experiment will improve the ability of infrared sensors to detect and track incoming ballistic missiles in their boost phase, and test the accuracy of kill vehicles against live target missiles.
		Data from these tests will be used to improve (1) the ability of infrared sensors to detect and track ballistic missiles’ boost-phase exhaust plumes; (2) the accuracy of navigation and guidance systems on interceptor missiles; and (3) the capability of kill vehicles as they approach their targets.
		MDA is also reportedly planning to begin the Near Field InfraRed Experiment (NFIRE) in FY2007, an experimental satellite that would collect data on ballistic missile plumes.
	www.missilethreat.com /systems/nfire_usa.html (1068 words)

	Spectroscopy : Near Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy
		Near infrared spectroscopy is a spectroscopic method utilizing the near infra-red (NIR) region of the electromagnetic spectrum (from about 1000nm to 2500nm).
		Common incandescent or quartz halogen light bulbs are most often used as broadband sources of near infrared radiation.
		In fact light bulbs are the most common radiation sources for the NIR based analytical applications.
	www.camo.com /rt/Resources/spectroscopy.html (288 words)

	Top Story - HUBBLE'S INFRARED CAMERA IS BACK IN BUSINESS -- NEW IMAGES RELEASED - June 05, 2002 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		After more than three years of inactivity, and thanks to a new cryogenic refrigerator, the Hubble Space Telescope's Near Infrared Camera and Multi Object Spectrometer (NICMOS) today debuts various breathtaking views of galaxies in several stages of development.
		Installed on Hubble in February 1997, NICMOS used infrared vision to probe dark, dusty, never-before-seen regions of space with the optical clarity that only Hubble can provide.
		Its infrared detectors operated at a very cold temperature (minus 351 degrees Fahrenheit, which is minus 213 degrees Celsius or 60 degrees Kelvin).
	www.gsfc.nasa.gov /topstory/20020605nicmos.html (1105 words)

	near infrared Comparison Table (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		physical object > natural object > particle > boson > carrier boson > photon > infrared > near infrared
		Next infrared: far infrared Up: infrared Previous infrared: mid infrared
		The region from 1 to 5 µm is the near infrared: 5-30 is the mid infrared and 30-200 µm is the far infrared.
	www.site.uottawa.ca:4321 /astronomy/nearinfrared_table.html (76 words)

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