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Topic: Nebulae and Star Clusters

	Star clusters
		The NGC 6530 cluster (in the Lagoon nebula)
		The NGC 2244 cluster in the Rosette nebula
		The clusters NGC 2244 and Trumpler 5 in Monoceros
	www.aao.gov.au /images/general/clusters.html (250 words)

	Star clusters
		Star clusters are both the youngest and oldest easily recognisable objects in the Galaxy.
		Globular clusters, like the magnificent southern naked-eye cluster 47 Tucanae (alongside) are the oldest star clusters known, with ages comparable with the age of the Universe itself.
		The clusters NGC 2264 and Trumpler 5 in Monoceros
	www.aao.gov.au /images/general/clusters_1.html (224 words)

	Star Clusters
		Globular clusters are particularly useful for studying stellar evolution, since all of the stars in the cluster have the same age (about 15 billion years), but cover a range of stellar masses.
		Stars with a mass as high as that of our Sun have already completed their evolution and have faded away as white dwarfs, too faint to be seen even in the Hubble image.
		Globular clusters are among the oldest clusters of stars in the universe.
	www.cosmiclight.com /imagegalleries/starclusters.htm (5396 words)

	Types of Nebulae
		Reflection nebulae are clouds of dust which are simply reflecting the light of a nearby star or stars.
		Reflection nebulae and emission nebulae are often seen together and are sometimes both referred to as diffuse nebulae.
		Dark nebulae are clouds of dust which are simply blocking the light from whatever is behind.
	astro.nineplanets.org /twn/types.html (667 words)

	Nebulae and Star Formation
		The proplyds which are closest to the hottest stars of the parent star cluster are seen as bright objects, while the object farthest from the hottest stars is seen as a dark object.
		The massive stars in A1 and A2 must have formed within the last 10,000 years, since their natal gas shrouds are not yet disrupted by the powerful radiation of the newly born stars.
		This stunning picture of the center of the Omega Nebula, a hotbed of newly born stars wrapped in colorful blankets of glowing gas and cradled in an enormous cold, dark hydrogen cloud, was taken on April 1 and 2, 2002 by the newly installed Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS) aboard NASA's Hubble Space Telescope.
	faculty.rmwc.edu /tmichalik/NebandStar.htm (6462 words)

	Nebulae
		Some of the young stars are often very massive and so hot that their high energy radiation can excite the gas of the nebula (mostly hydrogene) to shine; such nebula is called emission nebula.
		Most "nebulae" known at that time have been shown to be open star clusters.
		The first of these classes typically includes clouds of interstellar matter of a mass of several 100 or several 1,000 stars, while the latter is related to one specific star in advanced state of evolution, at or just beyond the end of its nuclear life.
	seds.lpl.arizona.edu /messier/nebula.html (731 words)

	Star Clusters and Nebulae within 10000 light years (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		This is a map of the major star clusters and nebulae within 10000 light years.
		Nearly all of the most famous star clusters and nebulae are labeled on the map.
		The molecular clouds (marked in red) are nebulae of various types where stars are being born.
	www.atlasoftheuniverse.com /nebclust.html (534 words)

	Astronomers report mysterious giant star clusters
		"The super nebulae are gas clouds heated by intense ultraviolet light from young super star clusters," said Chao-Wei Tsai, UCLA astronomy graduate student and leader of the team.
		Super star clusters pack a huge number of bright and blue stars into a very small volume of space, with a density of stars up to a million times higher than near the sun.
		The researchers obtained their radio and infrared images of the super nebulae using the Very Large Array of the National Radio Astronomy Observatory, a facility of the National Science Foundation, and the W. Keck Observatory in Hawaii, operated jointly by the University of California and the California Institute of Technology, with support from NASA.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2006-01/uoc--arm011006.php (344 words)

	nebulae and star clusters
		• Double Cluster (h and Chi Persei; NGC 869 and NGC 884)
		• Little Dumbbell Nebula (M76, NGC 650 and 651)
		• Veil Nebula (NGC 6960, NGC 6979, NGC 6992/5)
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/N/nebulae_and_star_clusters.html (102 words)

	Exploring Spring Deep Sky Objects
		Star clusters and nebulae belong to our galaxy the Milky Way, and for the most part lie in or near the milky band.
		In the south of Cancer lies one of the oldest open clusters, and one which is physically quite far from the galactic plane.
		In the telescope it is a rich and compact cluster that is 2500 light years away and 1500 light years from the plane of the Milky Way.
	ourworld.compuserve.com /homepages/bmoler/SPRNGDSO.HTM (884 words)

	BBC - Science & Nature - Space - Nebulae Picture Gallery
		The Latin word for cloud, nebula is a term used to describe cosmic gas and dust among the stars.
		Emission nebulae are the most colourful of all, glowing with the energy released from the stars within them.
		The NGC project is a collaboration between professional and amateur astronomers to correctly identify all nebulae and star clusters.
	www.bbc.co.uk /science/space/myspace/yourgallery/nebulae.shtml (266 words)

	[No title]
		The nebula is very, very small and very hard to see even with a telescope.
		Stars are born, live out their lives, and die.
		The Globular Cluster M-13 in the constellation Hercules.
	darkskyinstitute.org /stars.html (249 words)

	ScienceDaily: Astronomers Report Mysterious Giant Star Clusters
		Orphaned Star Clusters Roam The Universe (July 29, 2003) -- US and UK astronomers have discovered a population of previously unknown star clusters in what was thought to be the empty space between galaxies.
		Star Cluster Baby Pictures Leave Astronomers Beaming (January 13, 2000) -- Peering deep into a distant galaxy, astronomers have obtained a glimpse of what may be the youngest massive star clusters ever observed.
		Massive Star Clusters Swaddled In Huge Cocoons During Infancy (June 22, 2001) -- New observations with the Gemini North Telescope in Hawaii indicate three of the youngest massive star clusters yet detected each are swaddled in dust cocoons at least 600 trillion miles across,...
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2006/01/060110230109.htm (1747 words)

	Charles Messier's Personal Catalog of 1780 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Messier has observed with the utmost care, the Nebulae and Star clusters which one can detect over the horizon of Paris; he has determined their Right Ascension and Declination and given their diameters, together with circumstantial details for each one: a work which was missing in astronomy.
		(June 20, 1764) `A cluster of small stars in the neighborhood of the two previous clusters [M23 and M24], between the head and the end of the bow of Sagittarius: the nearest known star to this cluster is 21 Sagittarii, 6th magnitude, according to Flamsteed.
		Messier mistook this nebula for the Comet of 1779, on the 5th, 6th and 11th of May; on the 11th he recognized that this was not the Comet, but a nebula which was located on its path and in the same point [place] of the sky.'
	www.obspm.fr /messier/xtra/history/m-cat80.html (4853 words)

	Messier's Nebulae and Star Clusters - Cambridge University Press (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Charles Messier's catalogue of nebulae and star clusters, published in 1784, marked the start of a new era of deep sky astronomy.
		Today this tradition of observing galaxies and clusters is kept alive by serious amateur astronomers who study the objects of the deep sky.
		Many, such as the Crab Nebula and the Andromeda galaxy, are among the most fascinating objects in the universe.
	www.cambridge.org /uk/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521370795 (218 words)

	New General Catalogue of Nebulae and Star Clusters (NGC)
		New General Catalogue of Nebulae and Star Clusters (NGC)
		An important catalogue of nebulae, star clusters, and galaxies, the original version of which was published in Ireland in 1888 under the authorship of John Dreyer; it contained 7,840 northern-sky objects and was a revised and enlarged version of the General Catalogue of Nebulae and Clusters published in 1864 by John Herschel.
		Errata compiled by Dreyer and by subsequent workers have been incorporated into the new version and the object types have been updated with information from modern astronomy; descriptions given by Dreyer (often cryptic) have been retained.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/N/NGC.html (210 words)

	RedShift / News
		A brief description of star clusters by Dr. Louis Strous from the Utrecht University.
		Our neighbor galaxy, M31, has at least seven star clusters that appear to be in a class by themselves.
		The new clusters each contain at least 100,000 stars, bearing a resemblance to globular clusters, but are much larger and much more spread out.
	www.maris.com /content/news/news.php3?cur=126 (456 words)

	Document: Watch Star Clusters and Nebulae through Binoculars
		Globular clusters and smaller open clusters are groups of faint stars relatively close to each other.
		Here again, technology follows the pattern of nature: The star clusters projected to the planetarium dome are also composed of a number of very faint stars.
		Similar to a half-tone screening reproduction, the digital image is transferred to the chrome coating of the star masks by means of a laser gun and illuminated through a thicker fiber.
	www.zeiss.de /de/planetarium/home_e.nsf/78be232b5368b1b2c12566fe003b2602/aa8c56b40df15b26c125694300644e14?OpenDocument (217 words)

	Charles Messier's Personal Catalog of 1781
		(February 9, 1781) `Nebula without star, near the preceding [M81]; both are appearing in the same field of the telescope, this one is less distinct than the preceding; its light faint and [it is] elongated: at its extremity is a telescopic star.
		It contains no star; the center is clear and brilliant, surrounded by nebulosity and [it] resembles the nucleus of a large Comet: its brightness, its size, approach much that of the nebula which is in the girdle of Hercules.
		Near this nebula he has seen another one, [the position of] which has not yet been determined [M108], and also a third which is near Gamma of the Great Bear [M109 near Gamma Ursae Majoris].' (diam.
	www.maa.agleia.de /Messier/E/Xtra/History/m-cat81.html (6876 words)

	Charles Messier's Original Catalog
		(May 23, 1764) `Star cluster more considerable than the preceding [M6]; this cluster appears to the naked eye like a nebulosity; it is little distant from the preceding, placed between the bow of Sagittarius and the tail of Scorpius.
		The nebula is between two stars of seventh and of eighth magnitude.
		It appeared to me amazing that this faint nebula has escaped [the discovery by] the astronomers and myself, since the discovery of the great [nebula] by Simon Marius in 1612, because when observing the great [nebula], the small is located in the same field [of view] of the telescope.
	www.seds.org /messier/xtra/history/m-cat.html (8357 words)

	Astronomers Report Mysterious Giant Star Clusters... 1/10/2006
		The fl dots, revealed in radiographs, are young super star clusters in the process of forming.
		D.C. These star clusters are the likely precursors to the familiar globular clusters of the Milky Way; however in our galaxy, globular clusters are all believed to be older than 10 billion years — close to the age of the universe itself — and none are forming.
		"The super star clusters hidden within these super nebulae are probably a lot like globular clusters in our own Milky Way, only younger, and they can contain up to a million young stars," said Jean Turner, UCLA professor of physics and astronomy, and a member of the team, along with Sara C. Beck of
	newsroom.ucla.edu /page.asp?RelNum=6744 (662 words)

	Introduction to The Web Nebulae (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		This document is concerned exclusively with gaseous nebulae; galaxies and other stellar aggregates are not included.
		The appendices to this document include a list of the sources from which these images were collected; an extensive list of images sorted by object; and an index and glossary.
		If you enjoyed "The Web Nebulae" you might want to take a look at The Nine Planets, my WWW tour of the Solar System.
	astro.nineplanets.org /twn (397 words)

	The Night Sky - Canberra Space Dome & Observatory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The bright Moon this week washes out many of the fainter nebulae and star clusters, but brighter objects are still visible.
		The Orion nebula and various star clusters in the Canis Major and Centaurus regions are bright enough to hold their own against the Moon.
		The bright Moon this week washes out many of the fainter nebulae and star clusters, but brighter objects are still visible, particularly in the Southern Cross and Centaurus regions.
	www.ctuc.asn.au /Planetarium/NightSky.html (419 words)

	Messier's Nebulae and Star Clusters (Practical Astronomy Handbooks) by Kenneth Glyn Jones [ISBN: 0521370795] - Find ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Charles Messier's catalog of nebulae and star clusters, published in 1784, marked the start of a new era of deep-sky astronomy.
		Today, this tradition of observing galaxies and clusters is kept alive by dedicated amateur astronomers.
		Nearly all the objects are visible in a small telescope, and many, such as the Crab Nebula and the Andromeda galaxy, are among the most fascinating objects in the universe.
	www.gettextbooks.com /isbn_0521370795.html (158 words)

	Space Guide - Messier Objects
		It comprises 110 deep sky objects which were often mistaken as comets by early astronomers; the objects include galaxies, nebulae and star clusters.
		Three objects cannot genuinely be described as deep sky objects at all: M24 is a star cloud, while M40 and M73 are "asterisms" (multiple stars).
		This resource from SEDS (Students for the Exploration and Development of Space) provides the text of Charles Messier's Catalogue of Nebulae and Star Clusters together with a brief history of the catalogue and a biography of Charles Messier.
	www.psigate.ac.uk /newsite/spaceguide/messier (725 words)

	Deep Sky (Nebulae, Star Clusters, etc.) - Dark Sky Pix (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		M 42, the Great Orion Nebula with an exposure time of 75 seconds.
		The core of the nebula as well as some of the diffuse nebulae are visible.
		Notice the faint "central star" in the center, and the faint "lobes" on the top and bottom of the ring.
	www.darkskypix.com /deepsky.html (112 words)

	The Kopernik Observatory Collection of Pictures of Messier's Nebulae & Star Clusters
		A Color STL-1301E CCD image; aka “The Eagle Nebula”, or “The Star Queen Nebula”.
		Color and fl and white CCD images of the central "Swan Nebula" region.
		A color CCD image taken with ST-9E/AO-7; this is an unusual low density globular cluster.
	www.kopernik.org /images/archive/messierindex.htm (1108 words)

	History of Astronomy: Topics: Nebulae and Star Clusters (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		History of Astronomy: Topics: Nebulae and Star Clusters
		Lacaille's Catalogue of Nebulae of the Southern Sky, 1751-52, by Hartmut Frommert
		Charles Messier's Catalogue of Nebulae and Star Clusters, 1774-84, by Hartmut Frommert
	www.astro.uni-bonn.de /~pbrosche/hist_astr/ha_items_nebula.html (89 words)

	Amazon.com: Messier's Nebulae and Star Clusters (Practical Astronomy Handbooks): Books: Kenneth Glyn Jones (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Amazon.com: Messier's Nebulae and Star Clusters (Practical Astronomy Handbooks): Books: Kenneth Glyn Jones
		Messier's Nebulae and Star Clusters (Practical Astronomy Handbooks) (Hardcover)
		I Give You The Sun, The Moon and The Stars: A list by B.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0521370795?v=glance (876 words)

	Amazon.com: Star Clusters, Nebulae & Places in Devon/The Song of the White Horse: Music: David Bedford,John ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Amazon.com: Star Clusters, Nebulae & Places in Devon/The Song of the White Horse: Music: David Bedford,John Alldis,Steuart Bedford,Nash Ensemble
		Star Clusters, Nebulae & Places in Devon/The Song of the White Horse [IMPORT]
		Star Clusters, Nebulae & Places in Devon - London Philharmonic Orchestra
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/B0000259U1?v=glance (421 words)

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