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Topic: Necessitarianism

	Laws of Nature [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		According to some Necessitarians, physical necessity is a property of the Laws of Nature (along with truth, universality, etc.); according to other Necessitarians, physical necessity inheres in the very woof and warp (the stuff and structure) of the universe.
		Necessitarians lay claim to a number of examples which, they say, can be explicated only by positing a sixth necessary condition for laws of nature, viz.
		Necessitarianism requires that one imagine that a certain privileged class of propositions impose their truth on events and states of affairs.
	www.utm.edu /research/iep/l/lawofnat.htm (6187 words)

	The Doctrine of Necessity Examined
		(3) When I ask the necessitarian how he would explain the diversity and irregularity of the universe, he replies to me out of the treasury of his wisdom that irregularity is something which from the nature of things we must not seek to explain.
		Secondly, the necessitarian may say there are, at any rate, no observed phenomena which the hypothesis of chance could aid in explaining.
		Then, there is the very fact the necessitarian most insists upon, the regularity of the universe which for him serves only to block the road of inquiry.
	www.danmahony.com /peirce1892a.htm (4759 words)

	Regularity Theory
		It is a mark of just how peculiar the Necessitarian account of physical laws is that the theory of truth it presupposes has been so little examined in the philosophical literature that it does not even bear an accepted name.
		On the Necessitarian view, the way the universe unfolds depends on two 'factors': on the 'initial state' of the universe and on the nomological laws of the universe.
		The standard, necessitarian, account of physical laws is so much a part of the contemporary metaphysics in which modern science is pursued that it is difficult to discern its existence and perhaps even more difficult to imagine abandoning that view.
	www.sfu.ca /philosophy/physical-law/regularity_theory.htm (7558 words)

	Kinds, Essences, Laws
		The case for Necessitarianism is, so far, weak or underdetermined resting, as it does, on an apparently uncritical acceptance of Kripke’s (1972, 1980) essentialism as it is extended to natural kinds.
		Necessitarianism unfairly exaggerates the contrast with contingent natural necessitation theories such as those of Dretske (1977), Tooley (1977) and Armstrong (1983) — the DTA theory.
		The same reasoning does not suggest that one should be a necessitarian about the properties of kinds (Kripkean essentialism) but, rather, that one should be necessitarian about the kind membership (the axiom of extensionality from set theory is being applied in both cases).
	www.nottingham.ac.uk /philosophy/staff/Mumford/kindsessences.htm (1434 words)

	[No title]
		Necessitarianism and the relationship between substance and modes Spinoza is a determinist; he explicitly denies some sense of contingency in EIP29 and EIP33S1.
		A second recent interpretation of the status of finite modes has been termed ‘moderate necessitarianism.’ According to this view, finite modes are only relatively necessary, as they depend not only upon the causal laws that follow from God, but also depend upon certain background conditions.
		The first way of conceiving things likewise deals with things as individuals; note that the main proposition used to defend moderate necessitarianism begins with the locution ‘every individual thing.’ Under moderate necessitarianism, all of the finite modes are not viewed as a single unit, but rather divided according to time and place.
	ucsu.colorado.edu /~krizan/Spinoza.doc (9594 words)

	ISSN 1393-614X Minerva - An Internet Journal of Philosophy Vol (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		According to necessitarianism, all truths are logically necessary, and the modal doctrine of a necessitarian philosopher is in a sharp contrast with something that seems manifest—the view that there are contingent truths.
		A necessitarian philosopher does not allow logically contingent truths, and her modal doctrine is therefore in a sharp contrast with our ordinary modal beliefs.
		For an explanatory rationalist, the occurrence of the entire causal chain cannot be a mere brute contingent fact, and she must either explain the occurrence of the chain through something external to that chain, or else she must deny that the chain is contingent.
	www.ul.ie /~philos/vol9/Libertarian.html (11616 words)

	Huenemann’s Compromise: Is it a Necessary One
		While all critics agree that Spinoza is some sort of necessitarian, there is considerable debate about whether he is a modest necessitarian or a strict necessitarian.
		Since the moderate necessitarian thinks that causal interactions among finite modes are governed by laws of nature, which do follow from an infinite modification of God and which are therefore strictly necessary, he admits of no worlds where, given a determinate finite mode, there can be other possible outcomes.
		As they argue in the postscript of “Spinoza’s Necessitarianism Reconsidered,” the totality of particular facts cannot be explained because it is simply not a candidate for explanation, since it is incompatible with the structure of Spinoza’s model of scientific explanations.
	acs.ucsd.edu /~jmessina/Spinoza.html (3925 words)

	Strong Necessitarianism: the Nomological Identity of Possible Worlds (abstract) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The resulting necessitarian conception of laws comes in a weaker version, which allows differences between possible worlds as regards which laws hold in those worlds and a stronger version that does not.
		The main aim of this paper is to articulate what is involved in accepting the stronger version, most especially the consequence that all possible properties exist in all worlds.
		For example, Armstrong's instantiation condition on universals entails that according to strong necessitarianism every property is instantiated in all possible worlds.
	eis.bris.ac.uk /~plajb/research/papers/Strong_Nec_abst.html (238 words)

	Philosophy Papers Online: Paper Display
		Necessitarian accounts of the laws of nature have an apparent difficulty in accounting for counterlegal conditionals because, despite appearing to be substantive, on the necessitarian thesis they are vacuous.
		I argue that the necessitarian may explain the apparently substantive content of such conditionals by pointing out the presuppositions of counterlegal discourse.
		The typical presupposition is that a certain conceptual possibility has been realized; namely, that necessitarianism is false.
	phonline.org /paper.php?keynum=309 (134 words)

	Explorations in Politics
		Unfortunately, this word has lost its original meaning (at least in the United States), so that it now refers to something akin to egalitarianism or a watered-down version of socialism.
		Libertarianism in political philosophy (sometimes also called classical liberalism) espouses the right of individuals to act in whatever way they please, so long as they do not initiate force or fraud against other people; sometimes libertarianism verges on anarchism.
		[References from accidentalism, anarchism, capitalism, determinism, egalitarianism, liberalism, necessitarianism, and voluntarism.] Pacifism (Idea and Movement in politics) - Pacifism holds that the highest political or social value is peace, which must be sought at all costs.
	interzone.com /~cheung/SUM.dir/polit1.html (964 words)

	Amazon.ca: Philosophical & Literary Essays: Books: Gregory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The issue free will and determinism is one of the oldest controversies in philosophy.
		During the second half of the eighteenth century, the two dominant advocates of determinism -- or necessitarianism as it was then called -- were David Hume and Joseph Priestley.
		A year after Gregory’s book appeared, a young teacher and original philosopher named Alexander Crombie (1762--1840) attacked Gregory in An Essay on Philosophical Necessity (1793), a work which even now is among the most articulate defences of the necessitarian doctrine.
	www.amazon.ca /exec/obidos/ASIN/1855068796 (385 words)

	Societas Christiana » Gotta Get Rid of the Finitude, Part II
		A central point of Gunton’s book is the antithesis between the Christian doctrine of creation ex nihilo and the intrinsic metaphysical necessitarianism of the Greek view.
		For Trinitarian theology, specifically in the form advocated by Irenaeus, creation by “the two hands of God” (the Son and the Spirit) simply bypasses all perceived intellectual need for uncreated and necessitarian intermediates (like the Plato’s Forms and Aristotle’s Essences) and thus presents a radical challenge to the intellectual idolatry of the Greeks.
		Creation is freely mediated by the Creator Himself and not by anything that is either outside of Him (classical doctrine of the Forms) or within Him (Augustinian doctrine of the Forms) and which necessarily brings about certain rational results.
	www.societaschristiana.com /?p=111 (2102 words)

	[No title]
		Such a temporal reference involves the temporal decree that entails the law of its concrete existence realized under the form of the set of predicates that will make up a substance.
		That strongly necessitarian interpretation of existence seems to be borne out by Leibniz's claim (quoted by Knecht in [K1], p.230): `Existere nihil aliud esse quam harmonicum esse...'
		On the other hand, if whatever is clearly conceivable and coherent exists, we would be espousing a strictly Spinozian necessitarianism, despite Leibniz's hopes to keep clear of it.
	www.sorites.org /lp/articles/historia/essexlei.htm (5421 words)

	FanFiction.Net : Dictionary & Thesaurus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		3 definitions found From The Collaborative International Dictionary of English v.0.48 : Necessitarian *\Neces`sita"rian\**, a.
		Of or pertaining to the doctrine of philosophical necessity in regard to the origin and existence of things, especially as applied to the actings or choices of the will; -- opposed to libertarian.
		One who holds to the doctrine of necessitarianism.
	www.fanfiction.net /dictionary.php?word=necessitarian (103 words)

	OUP: UK General Catalogue
		The book identifies the main problems that the Stoics addressed and reconstructs the theory, and explores how they squared their determinism with their conceptions of possibility, action, freedom, and moral responsibility, and how they defended it against objections and criticism by other philosophers.
		It shows how the Stoics distinguished their causal determinism from ancient theories of logical determinism, fatalism, and necessitarianism.
		Along the way an authoritative account is given of many other related aspects of Stoic thought, including their views on the predictability of the future, the role of empirical sciences, the determination of character, and moral freedom.
	www.oup.com /uk/catalogue/?ci=9780199247677 (518 words)

	The Prosblogion: Leibniz, Necessity, and God's Freedom
		If God's choices are metaphysically necessary given God's necessary nature but are not logically necessary, then it seems the Principle of Sufficient Reason can be satisfied by God's choices being metaphysically necessary.
		Then in his responses to necessitarianism Leibniz can say that the necessitarianism he's avoiding is a logical necessitarianism.
		He doesn't mind if everything that happens follows of metaphysical necessity from God's nature.
	prosblogion.ektopos.com /archives/2004/06/leibniz_necessi.html (1614 words)

	Oxford Scholarship Online: Of Liberty and Necessity
		David Hartley ends the first part of his Observations on Man with an argument for necessitarianism that emphasises the obvious influence of motives upon choice, and that straightforwardly, and unusually, denies that we experience ourselves as free in our choices.
		Hartley’s style of philosophizing is taken up by Abraham Tucker and Joseph Priestley.
		Priestley deploys the rhetoric of Newtonian natural philosophy in his writings on free will, and seeks to establish that necessitarianism is the only position compatible with a ‘scientific’ approach to human action.
	www.oxfordscholarship.com /oso/public/content/philosophy/0199268606/acprof-0199268606-chapter-8.html (168 words)

	[No title]
		From the authors ambition t6 say something of every sub- ject, more or less connected with his particular science, we were surprised that he has interwoven no remarks upon Deli- rium, Hypochondriasis, Liberty and Necessity, and a few others.
		An evident vein of Necessitarianism runs through all his speculations.
		That doctrine may be pretty directly deduced from his views of Cause and Effect, as well as from his favorite statements of the operations of the mind.
	lcweb2.loc.gov /ndlpcoop/nicmoas/nora/nora0021.sgm (19629 words)

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