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Topic: Neel temperature

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Superparamagnetism

Curie temperature

Antiferromagnetism

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Magnetic susceptibility

Diamagnetism

Paramagnetism

Ferromagnetism

Curie constant

Magnetism

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	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Antiferromagnetism (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Generally, antiferromagnetic materials exhibit antiferromagnetism at a low temperature, and become disordered above a certain temperature; the transition temperature is called the Neel temperature.
		Above the Neel temperature, the material is typically paramagnetic.
		The Neel temperature, TN, is the temperature at which an antiferromagnetic material becomes paramagnetic - that is, the thermal energy becomes large enough to upset the magnetic ordering within the material.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Antiferromagnetism (898 words)

	Simultaneous fixation of the magnetization direction in a dual GMR sensor's pinned layers - Patent 6181533
		In the situation where the Neel temperature of the antiferromagnetic layer of the first spin valve is substantially greater than the Neel temperature of the antiferromagnetic layer of the second spin valve, the dual GMR sensor is heated to a temperature greater than the Neel temperature of the antiferromagnetic layer of the first spin valve.
		In the case where the Neel temperature of the antiferromagnetic layer of the second spin valve is greater than the Neel temperature of the antiferromagnetic layer of the first spin valve, the dual GMR sensor is first heated to a temperature greater than the Neel temperature of the antiferromagnetic layer of the second spin valve.
		The second magnetic field is then applied while the temperature ofthe dual GMR sensor is reduced to a temperature lower than the Neel temperature of the antiferromagnetic layer of the second spin valve, yet greater than the Neel temperature of the antiferromagnetic layer of the first spin valve.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /6181533.html (4328 words)

	Néel temperature - Biocrawler
		, is the temperature at which an antiferromagnetic material becomes paramagnetic — that is, the thermal energy becomes large enough to upset the magnetic ordering within the material.
		The Néel temperature is analogous to the Curie temperature, T
		It is named after Louis Néel (1904-2000), who received the 1970 Nobel prize in physics for his work in the area.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/N%E9el_temperature (85 words)

	Neel temperature (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Neel temperature, T N, is the temperature at which an antiferromagnetic material becomes paramagnetic - that is, the thermal energy becomes large enough to upset the magnetic ordering withinthe material.
		The Neel temperature is analogous to the Curie temperature, TC, for ferromagnetic materials.
		It is named after Louis Néel (1904-2000),who received the 1970 Nobel prize in physics for his work in the area.
	www.therfcc.org /neel-temperature-122986.html (81 words)

	Encyclopedia :: encyclopedia : Cobalt (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Curie temperature is of 1388 K with 1.6~1.7 Bohr magnetons per atom.
		Metallic cobalt commonly presents a mixture of two crystallographic structures hcp and fcc with a transition temperature hcp→fcc of 722 K. Common oxidation states of cobalt include +2, and +3, though +1 is also seen.
		Oxides are antiferromagnetic at low temperature CoO (Neel temperature: 291 K) and Co (Neel temperature: 40 K).
	www.hallencyclopedia.com /Cobalt (1023 words)

	Introduction to Magnetochemistry
		The temperature at which paramagnetic behavior is seen called the Curie temperature for ferromagnetic and ferrimagnetic materials and called the Neel temperature for antiferromagnetic materials.
		The source of variation of magnetic properties with temperature is the disruption of the alignment of molecular magnetic moments due to the thermal motion of the atoms.
		This is done by plotting X(T)/X(Tn) vs T/Tn where X(T) is the magnetic susceptibility at a given temperature, X(Tn) is the magnetic susceptibility at the Neel temperature, T is the temperature and Tn is the Neel temperature.
	server.ccl.net /cca/documents/dyoung/topics-orig/magnet.html (2840 words)

	[No title]
		The accompanying graph illustrates the change of Js with temperature of each class of grain, A, B and C. The Curie points of the A- and S-grains are almost 530 C. and 230 C, respectively, and the Jt-T curve for (7-grains is similar to the resultant of the superposition of that of A and J5.
		Experiment shows that the thermo-remanent magnetization of both A- and B-grains has the normal direction, being parallel to the applied magnetic field, at atmospheric temperature, while that of the AB-gmins in the same condition is the reverse.
		The plausibility of the latter argument may be verified by comparing the steep temperature gradient of Js in the case of the B-constituent with the small gradient of the.-constituent, shown in the graph.
	www.nature.com /nature/journal/v172/n4379/ris/172630a0refs.ris (819 words)

	Louis Eugène Félix Néel Summary
		When the temperature of antiferromagnetic substances is raised, the spontaneous magnetization slightly deforms the antiparallel arrangement of the two sets of atoms, leaving one set slightly stronger than the other, previously equal, set.
		There are two classes of creep, one due to temperature changes and the other due to the redistribution of atoms in the crystal that accompanies spontaneous magnetization.
		Louis Eugène Félix Néel (November 22, 1904 – November 17, 2000), a French physicist born in Lyon, was corecipient (with the Swedish astrophysicist Hannes Alfvén) of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1970 for his pioneering studies of the magnetic properties of solids.
	www.bookrags.com /Louis_Eugene_F%C3%A9lix_N%C3%A9el (647 words)

	Solid State Simultions - "neel" (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In "neel" the easy axis may be oriented either in the plane of the array of spins or perpendicular to it.
		Here are portions of three displays from "neel" showing three different equilibrium phases, two with antiphase grain boundaries and one with an orientational grain boundary.
		In the later frames, the temperature is doubled and the sampling more sparse to illustrate the annealing and grain growth in the lamellar phase.
	www.physics.cornell.edu /sss/neel/neel.html (363 words)

	Paramagnetism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		If there is sufficient exchanergy between neighbouring dipoles they will interact, and may spontaneously align or anti-align and form magnetic domains, resulting in ferromagnetism (permanent magnets) or antiferromagnetism, respectively.
		This law indicates that the susceptibiliy of paramagnetic materials is inversely proportional to their temperature.
		However, Curie's law is only valid under conditions of low magnetisation, since it does not consider the saturation of magnetisation that occurs when the atomic dipoles are all aligned in parallel (after everything is aligned, increasing the external field will not increase the total magnetisation since there can be no further alignment).
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Paramagnetism (547 words)

	Transdomain Remanent Magnetizations
		At very high temperatures (i.e., close to the Neel or Curie temperature), the conventional picture of domains breaks down because the various anisotropy energies, such as magnetocrystalline and magnetostriction anisotropy, become insignificant compared to the exchange energy [e.g., Moskowitz, 1993].
		Even closer to the Neel temperature, the thermal fluctuations cause the magnetic spins to form clusters.
		Regardless of whether the details of this method are supported by future work, they point out that if thermal fluctuations close to the Neel temperature are responsible for the wide range of observed LEM states, then there may be important consequences for paleomagnetism.
	www.agu.org /revgeophys/merril00/node5.html (617 words)

	Superparamagnetism (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Normally, coupling forces in magnetic materials cause the magnetic moments of neighboring atoms to align, resulting in very large internal magnetic field s.
		The energy required to change the direction of magnetization of a crystallite is called the Crystalline anisotropy energy and depends both on the material properties and the crystallite size.
		As the crystallite size decreases, so does the Crystalline anisotropy energy, resulting in a decrease in the temperature at which the material becomes superparamagnetic.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Superparamagnetism.html (317 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Antiferromagnetism
		Generally, antiferromagnetic materials exhibit antiferromagnetism at a low temperature, and become disordered above a certain temperature; the transition temperature is called the Néel temperature.
		The antiferromagnetic behaviour at low temperature usually results in diamagnetic properties, but can sometimes display ferrimagnetic behaviour, which in many physically observable properties is more similar to ferromagnetic interactions.
		The magnetic susceptibility of an antiferromagnetic material will appear to go through a maximum as the temperature is lowered; in contrast, that of a paramagnet will continually increase with decreasing temperature.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Antiferromagnet (374 words)

	Cobalt - InfoSearchPoint.com (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Curie temperature is of 1388 K with 1.6~1.7 Bohr momentums per atom.
		Metallic cobalt commonly presents a mixture of two cristallographic structures hcp and fcc with a transition temperature hcp->fcc of 722 K. Common oxidation states of cobalt include +2, and +3, though +1 is also seen.
		Oxides are both antiferromagnetic at low temperature] CoO (Neel temperature: 291 K) and Co (Neel temperature: 40 K).
	www.infosearchpoint.com /display/Cobalt (931 words)

	Introduction to Magnetochemistry
		The advantage of using effective magnetic moments for describing paramagnetic behavior is that it is a measure of the materials magnetic behavior which is not dependent upon either the temperature or the magnitude of the external field.
		As temperature increases, the magnetic susceptibility of a paramagnetic substance decreases.
		This is done by plotting M(T)/M(0) vs T/Tc where M(T) is the magnetization at a given temperature, M(0) is the magnetization at absolute zero, T is the temperature and Tc is the Curie temperature.
	www.ccl.net /cca/documents/dyoung/topics-orig/magnet.html (2840 words)

	materials science 01
		C were first cooled down to the lowest temperature of 1.5 K and then heated in narrow temperature steps of 0.15 K up to 10 K. In Fig.
		In (e) the intensities of the magnetic excitation at 1.8 meV and of the quasielastic scattering are shown.
		This correlates for all three samples only with the temperature dependence of the incommensurate a-axis modulated structure which is indicated by the arrows in Fig.
	www.ill.fr /AR-97/page/14magnet.htm (1034 words)

	materials science 01
		With increasing temperature the peak shifts to higher Q values due to an increasing turn angle.
		For this thin film we measure a Néel temperature of only 105 K which is considerably lower than in the bulk.
		In the inset the magnetic-order parameter is plotted as a function of temperature.
	www.ill.fr /AR-99/page/61thin.htm (942 words)

	Superparamagnetism (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In this even though the temperature is below the or Neel temperature and the thermal energy not sufficient to overcome the coupling forces neighboring atoms the thermal energy is sufficient change the direction of magnetization of the crystallite.
		The energy required to change the direction magnetization of a crystallite is called the anisotropy energy and depends both on the properties and the crystallite size.
		As the size decreases so does the Crystalline anisotropy resulting in a decrease in the temperature which the material becomes superparamagnetic.
	www.freeglossary.com /Superparamagnetism (234 words)

	Superparamagnetism (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Superparamagnetism is a phenomenon by which magnetic materials may exhibit a behavior similar to paramagnetism at temperaturesbelow the Curie or the Neel temperature.
		At temperatures above the Curie temperature (or the Neel temperature for antiferromagnetic materials), the thermal energy is sufficient to overcome thecoupling forces, causing the atomic magnetic moments to fluctuate randomly.
		The energy required to change the direction of magnetization of a crystallite is called the Crystallineanisotropy energy and depends both on the material properties and the crystallite size.
	www.therfcc.org /superparamagnetism-127534.html (210 words)

	Dynamical aspects of exchange-coupled NiO/Co bilayers
		This implies that the reversal of the F layer depends on the magnetic history of the AF layer [10].
		They were grown at room temperature in zero field on corning glass substrates in a multisource sputtering chamber [14].
		At room temperature, the coercive field is strongly enhanced with respect to a single Co thin film, but there is no significant shift of the hysteresis loops.
	lab-neel.grenoble.cnrs.fr /themes/dichro/NiOdyn-en.html (1878 words)

	Dexter Magnetic Technologies
		The Curie temperature refers to the transition temperature above which ferromagnetic materials lose their useful magnetic properties.
		Ferrite materials are actually ferrimagnetic materials [a similar but distinctly different type of magnetic material], and thus this transition temperature in ferrite cores is more correctly referred to as the Néel temperature.
		When the Néel temperature is surpassed the core is rendered useless in the circuit.
	www.dextermag.cn /Soft-Magnetics-FAQs.aspx (449 words)

	Geotimes - July 2003 - Highlights - Mineralogy
		The frequency and temperature dependence of mechanical loss yields an activation energy for domain wall motion of 0.72 electron volts (72 kilojoules/mole), close to that observed for the diffusion of oxygen vacancies in perovskite.
		Given reasonable estimates for the activation volume of oxygen vacancy diffusion, it is possible that domain walls play a significant role in determining the seismic properties of perovskite in the lower mantle.
		The hematite-rich phase has a high Néel temperature but is only weakly magnetic.
	www.geotimes.org /july03/high_mineralogy.html (1045 words)

	Classes of Magnetic Materials
		At normal temperatures and in moderate fields, the paramagnetic susceptibility is small (but larger than the diamagnetic contribution).
		Unless the temperature is very low (<<100 K) or the field is very high paramagnetic susceptibility is independent of the applied field.
		The Curie temperature is also an intrinsic property and is a diagnostic parameter that can be used for mineral identification.
	www.geo.umn.edu /orgs/irm/hg2m/hg2m_b/hg2m_b.html (1459 words)

	Neel Biotech (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The main objective in monitoring the temperature inside a greenhouse, is to keep the humidity level from significant change and vice-versa.
		Neel Biotech offers control systems that integrate these components and synchronize them accordingly.
		Acidity and Electric Conductivity, are the 2 parameters to control the fertigation process and the solution that was generated.
	www.neelbiotech.com /automation/greenhouse.htm (187 words)

	Geotimes - July 2003 - Highlights - Mineralogy
		The frequency and temperature dependence of mechanical loss yields an activation energy for domain wall motion of 0.72 electron volts (72 kilojoules/mole), close to that observed for the diffusion of oxygen vacancies in perovskite.
		The hematite-rich phase has a high Néel temperature but is only weakly magnetic.
		The ilmenite-rich phase has the potential to be strongly ferrimagnetic, but its Néel temperature is well below room temperature.
	www.agiweb.org /geotimes/july03/high_mineralogy.html (1045 words)

	Magnetism
		Superconductors are perfect diamagnets and when placed in an external magnetic field expel the field lines from their interiors (depending on field intensity and temperature).
		Paramagnetism refers to the tendency of the atomic magnetic dipoles in a material that is otherwise non-magnetic to align with an external magnetic field.
		Superparamagnetism is a phenomena by which magnetic materials may exhibit a behavior similar to paramagnetism at temperatures below the Curie or the Neel temperature.
	www.rare-earth-magnets.com /magnet_university/magnetism.htm (1719 words)

	Physics Today October 2001
		Then, assuming that short-range interactions could be antiparallel, Néel developed the concept of antiferromagnetism, in which two interpenetrating atomic lattices are treated in a molecular field approximation.
		These proposals, made in 1936, were confirmed in 1938 on manganese oxide, an insulator with no possible contributions from metallic paramagnetism.
		When smaller than the thickness of Bloch walls, each grain is a single domain; at low temperatures, its form factor blocks its magnetization along a specific axis.
	www.physicstoday.org /vol-54/iss-10/p88.html (926 words)

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