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	African Writers Index: Negritude; Articles
		Cesaire writes, "Negritude, not a cephalic index, or a plasma, or a soma, but measured by the compass of suffering." Both the term and the subsequent literary and cultural movement that developed equally emphasized the possible negation of that subjugation via concerted actions of racial affirmation, of which the Haitian Revolution (1791-1804) is the prototype.
		Negritude as a concept encompassed and distilled a wide range of previous historical moments, in turn generating a diverse field of debate that has, in its use of the term, extended, and at times even contradicted, Cesaire's original intervention.
		Senghor's Negritude is, to use his own term, an ontology, or study of the being of fls in the world, a fundamentally ahistorical, transcultural determination of the constituents and commonalities of "flness" in African diasporic societies.
	www.geocities.com /africanwriters/origins.html (4136 words)

	Negritude and the future (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		IF one accepts the definition of negritude as an ideological movement, the expression in literature and the human sciences (particularly ethnology and history) of African nationalism, one must ask what will be its role now that independence has been achieved.
		The theoretical and practical assertion of white supremacy is the thesis; negritude's role as an antithetical value is the negative stage.
		Negritude is destined to destroy itself; it is the path and not the goal, the means but not the end”.
	nigerdeltacongress.com /narticles/negritude_and_the_future.htm (2748 words)

	Negritude (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Negritude, originally a literary and ideological movement of French-speaking fl intellectuals, reflects an important and comprehensive reaction to the colonial situation.
		The external factor defining the fl man in modern society is colonialism and the domination by the white man, with all the moral and psychological implications.
		Negritude rehabilites Africa and all fls from European ideology that holds the fl inherently inferior to the white -- the rationale for Western imperialism.
	www.scholars.nus.edu.sg /landow/post/poldiscourse/negritude.html (518 words)

	MELVIN EDWARDS' LYNCH FRAGMENTS: NEGRITUDE AND THE BATTLE FOR CIVIL RIGHTS IN AMERICA
		Negritude members, nevertheless, explored the depths of their ancestors' heritage which they deemed was contaminated by its contact with the West.
		He argued that the sources of Negritude reside within the "African," in his "feelings...myth and the images that expressed them, indeed [in] the thoughts of all fl people who are segregated, hungry, humiliated, yet with an inextinguishable cry demanding their human dignity" (Bà 1973, v).
		Negritude authors acknowledged that the African as an "exotic" subject was deeply rooted in the French and the Western psyche, and went at least as far back as Baudelaire and Rimbaud.
	www.ijele.com /vol1.2/irbouh.html (5770 words)

	Mots Pluriels Kwaku Asante-Darko
		The flora and fauna of negritude poetry: an ecocritical re-reading
		To negritude, land is both an object of physical sustenance and the abode of departed spirits who are believed to be in these elements of nature such as trees of the forest, rivers, some wildlife, and mountains.
		Negritude is aesthetically attached to the rural, pre-colonial African society and its values.
	www.arts.uwa.edu.au /MotsPluriels/MP1199kad.html (2860 words)

	T. Denean Sharpley-Whiting. Negritude Women - Book Review African American Review - Find Articles
		Negritude, the term coined by the Martinican poet Aime Cesaire in the mid-1930s, signifies a new cultural and literary movement among Francophone African and Caribbean intellectual diasporas living in Paris.
		Starting her discussions of Negritude several years earlier than the general understanding of the birth of the movement, Sharpley-Whiting recovers "Negritude women" and documents the formulation of philosophical and theoretical concepts which directly influenced the "founding fathers" of the movement.
		Sharpley-Whiting begins her discussions of Negritude women with an examination of the social and cultural milieu of Paris after World War I. In postwar Paris, under aggravated living conditions, moral corruption, xenophobia, racism, and paternalism threateningly prevailed, and the frustrations of the fl Francophone people at racial discrimination and French colonial policies accelerated.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m2838/is_4_37/ai_113646036 (759 words)

	Léopold Senghor
		Sartre's Introduction to Senghor's ANTHOLOGIE DE LA NOUVELLE POÉSIE NÉGRE ET MANGACHE (1948), found in his Orphée noir, defined the Negritude in terms of his existentialist philosophy as "a weak stage of a dialectical progression: the theoretical and practical affirmation of white supremacy is the thesis".
		According to Senghor, it is "the sum total of the values of the civilization of the African world" - not an antithesis but a fundamentally different culture.
		Senghor has argued that African mode of experience is far from irrational, the experience that proceeds from intuition is fuller and more comprehensive than that derived from a discursive approach.
	kirjasto.sci.fi /senghor.htm (1400 words)

	The Harvard Crimson :: News :: A Theory of Negritude
		To understand the significance of the negritude movement, one must understand how Cesaire succeeded in expressing revolutionary ideas in the rigid structure of the French language.
		Negritude, at first merely a stylistic definition, came to reflect the political dilemma of newly-liberated African and Caribbean countries.
		Yet Cesaire's poetry of negritude, in its tension between form and content, transcends the particular and is thus an essential chapter in Black history and literature.
	www.thecrimson.com /printerfriendly.aspx?ref=227455 (1061 words)

	Negritude Women
		The Negritude movement, which signaled the awakening of a pan-African consciousness among fl French intellectuals, has been understood almost exclusively in terms of the contributions of its male founders: Aimé Césaire, Léopold Sédar Senghor, and Léon G. Damas.
		In Negritude Women, T. Denean Sharpley-Whiting offers a long-overdue corrective, revealing the contributions made by the women who were not merely integral to the success of the movement, but often in its vanguard.
		Through such disparate tactics as Lacascade's use of Creole expressions in her French prose writings, the literary salon and journal founded by the Martinique-born Nardal sisters, and Roussy-Césaire's revolutionary blend of surrealism and Negritude in the pages of Tropiques, the journal she founded with her husband, these four remarkable women made vital contributions.
	www.upress.umn.edu /Books/S/sharpley-whiting_negritude.html (205 words)

	Campus Echo Online - Campus News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		“Negritude” was a literary movement that lasted from the 1930’s through the 1950’s.
		It began as a rebellion among the French-speaking Africans and Caribbean French-speakers to protest French rule and assimilation.
		The reason these people where important to the Negritude movement was because they fought against the European culture that believed “Africa was a blank slate that had no culture or history, and that it had done nothing to contribute to world’s culture,” according to Hammond.
	www.nccu.edu /campus/echo/archive8-0001/c-negritude.html (474 words)

	afrol News - Francophone Literature: From Negritude to Realism
		Its a generation which has put aside the authorative influence of the cultural phenomenon known as Negritude, flourishing in the Thirties, and as fundamental as it is controversial in the culture of the francophone part of the continent.
		The founders of Negritude were Léopold Sédar Senghor, Senegalese, and Aimé Césaire, Caribbean.
		They stated that everybody could be proud of their negritude, their development, their form of expression, and offer it to the world as part of the universal human heritage.
	www.afrol.com /features/11117 (1451 words)

	Caribbean Women Writers
		Negritude- a movement that sought to recover and define the richness of fl cultural values in reaction to the dominant values of European colonialism.
		The movement emerged specifically as a protest against French colonial rule and the French policy of assimilation.
		Negritude implies the total acceptance of African heritage.
	www.english.ucf.edu /publications/lit3930/movements.html (266 words)

	Francophone Literature: From Negritude to Realism
		With this term they intended to refer to the culture characteristic to all Africans and all members of the African Diaspora, also including those the Europeans forcefully took to the Americas.
		The common objective of this new generation is finally to portray the realities of the Caribbean identity, which Césaire did in his ideas of the negritude, with the means of a French all too classical, which didn't result sufficiently appropriate to tell the story about the Creole reality.
		An assimilation which might remind us of that wish of the founders of Negritude, "assimilating, not being assimilated", which it seems that this new generation of writers has managed with great ability.
	www.afrol.com /archive/francoph_lit.htm (1363 words)

	Research in African Literatures--Theater and the Rites of Post-Negritude Remembering
		And therefore, as the argument goes, all our work, like that of our Negritude predecessors, is assumed to be dedicated to the deconstruction of this racist myth, through the demonstration of the value and plenitude of our past, and the recovery of our autonomous identity.
		But unlike Negritude, post-Negritude does not, however, believe in, or promote, a wilful mystification of the African past, the blanket exoticization of which people like Senghor were often guilty (and which still bedevils Molefi Asante's "Afrocentricism").
		Again, like Negritude, it does not reject wholesale the use of the inherited colonial language as a language of national communication and of artistic creation; but it also recognizes the validity of our local languages, and advocates the promotion of all of these in equal measure with the adopted national lingua franca.
	iupjournals.org /ral/ral30-1.html (4499 words)

	Ralph Dumain: "The Autodidact Project": Review: For Rene Menil, Caribbean Surrealist-Philosopher
		While I personally am uninterested in Negritude as a subject, the fact that Menil was a philosopher interests me, and I have long been interested in the appropriation of Hegel in the Caribbean, about which I know little beyond C.L.R. James but have been told there is much more.
		I'll pass over the translated essay on colonial exoticism and another essay on problems of Caribbean culture. This first section, titled "Elements D'Identite" ends with an essay from 1980, "Mythologies antillaises", which appears to be an attack on fl racial mysticism. I can't remember more except for a mention of Angela Davis's afro (p.
		The second section comprises Menil's scathing attacks on the notion of Negritude. In "Sens et non-sens" Menil attacks not only the usual suspects but a number of European thinkers, both those related to the promulgation of Negritude and those not. Sartre of course belongs to the former (p.
	home.thirdage.com /education/ralphdavid/menil1.html (617 words)

	Poets
		It would be beyond the scope of this brief introduction to discuss all of the various contributions that the first three generations of Francophone African poets have made.
		These three poets developed negritude as a "literary and cultural movement with the fundamental objective of defining fl aesthetics and fl consciousness against a background of racial injustice and discrimination around the world" (Elimimian 1991:23).
		Senghor in particular was a driving force as both a poet and a statesman in recognizing the way in which feminism, and female sensuality in particular, leads to moral virtue, and consequently the rise of hope and the human spirit.
	www.uflib.ufl.edu /cm/africana/poets.htm (974 words)

	Negritude (Literary movement) books, find the lowest prices (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The Negritude Poets : An Anthology of Translations from the French
		Negritude : Eine Kulturelle Emanzipationsbewegung in Der Sackgasse
		Modernism and Negritude : The Poetry and Poetics of AimGE CGEsaire
	www.allbookstores.com /Negritude_(Literary_Movement)_p3sd.html (164 words)

	Calls for Presentations, Papers, Publications: Negritude (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The Department of Language, Linguistics and Literature of the University of the West Indies, Cave Hill Campus (Barbados) organizes a colloquium from October 26-27, 2006 entitled "Negritude: Legacy and Present Relevance".
		Le professeur Abiola IRELE, editeur des Selected Poems of Leopold Sedar Senghor (1977), celebre auteur de The African Experience in Literature and Ideology (1981) et de The African Imagination: Literature in Africa and the Black Diaspora (2001), sera l'orateur invite special du Colloque Senghor.
		To commemorate the centennial of Leopold Sedar Senghor's birth, this colloquium aims to present different aspects of Negritude, analyzing the work and thought of Senghor and the other members of the Negritude movement, focusing on the history, the thought, the culture and the present francophone literatures with regard to their connection to Negritude.
	www.unm.edu /~loboblog/mort/archives/007246.html (484 words)

	Carolina Academic Press: Dialogues of Negritude
		In this new offering, Popeau demonstrates that Negritude, a literary and philosophical movement inaugurated in the 1930s by a group of Blacks studying in Paris, is the manifestation of a dialogue between Blacks and Western culture and an internal dialogue amongst Blacks themselves.
		The second part of the book examines Negritude as a counter-discourse to the discourse on the Negro in Western culture by focusing on the works of AimÃÂ© CÃÂ©saire and LÃÂ©opold Senghor, the two principal founders of Negritude.
		The ideas of Wilson Harris, the West Indian writer, are discussed as a counter to the ideology of Negritude.
	www.cap-press.com /books/1056 (315 words)

	Negritude Jr. - Free Music Downloads, Videos, CDs, MP3s, Bio, Merchandise and Links
		Negritude Júnior is a group in the style pagode, the romantic pop derivation of samba.
		Their explosive performance in six recorded albums made the group one of the most important in this style, having several hits in the top charts and excellent sales, reaching gold, platinum, and double-platinum records.
		The group was created in 1985 by Nenê, Wagninho, and Claudinho.
	www.artistdirect.com /nad/music/artist/bio/0,,571021,00.html (289 words)

	AllRefer.com - nEgritude (Miscellaneous French Literature) - Encyclopedia
		You are here : AllRefer.com > Reference > Encyclopedia > Miscellaneous French Literature > nEgritude
		Adherents of nEgritude included Leopold SEdar Senghor, LEon Damas, and AimE CEsaire, who is said to have coined the term.
		Characteristic of nEgritude are a denunciation of Europe's devastation of Africa, a decrying of the coldness and stiffness of Western culture and its lack of the humane qualities found in African cultures, and an assertion of the glories and truths of African history, beliefs, and traditions.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/N/negritud.html (205 words)

	Rhapsody Music: Download, Listen, Play & Burn Negritude Junior (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Rhapsody Music: Download, Listen, Play and Burn Negritude Junior
		Click here to start listening to Negritude Junior and thousands of other artists FREE for 14 days with Rhapsody.
		Play your music wherever you want: on your PC, straight from your browser, or on your portable player
	www.real.com /dmm/rhapsody/artist/?artistid=10268317 (65 words)

	négritude
		The Co-Centrality of Racial Conciliation in Negritude Literature.(Critical Essay)
		Race, culture and identity; Francophone West African and Caribbean literature and theory from negritude to creolite.(Brief Article)(Book......
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	www.infoplease.com /ce6/ent/A0835134.html (128 words)

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