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Topic: Negro League

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	Negro Leagues Baseball History
		Negro Americans played baseball throughout the 1800’s, and by the 1860’s notable fl amateur teams such as the Colored Union Club, in Brooklyn and the Pythian Club, in Philadelphia had formed.
		The first successful organized Negro League was established on February 13, 1920, at a YMCA in Kansas City, Missouri.
		As a result of his leadership role in the early years of the leagues, Foster is known as "the father of fl baseball." This first league was known as the Negro National League with member teams in the South and Midwest.
	www.nlbpa.com /history.html (808 words)

	Negro League Baseball Dot Com - The Online Home of Negro League Baseball History
		The Negro League luminaries will be inducted during ceremonies to be held at the Hall of Fame in Cooperstown, NY on July 30.
		The Negro League-Cuban League baseball connection was a very important factor in the development of the game in both countries, and we can think of no better repository of the history than the recollections of Monte Irvin and Connie Marrero.
		With fan interest in Negro League baseball history reaching higher and higher levels during the past few years, it is good to see some attention being focused on Cuba--a home away from home for many Negro League stars in the pre-Castro years.
	www.negroleaguebaseball.com (1083 words)

	Negro Leagues Baseball Museum
		In a way the Negro Leagues were a cracked mirror of the white major leagues – cracked in the sense that they lacked the financial base and resources of their white counterparts.
		But with respect to the level of play in the Negro Leagues, those white fans who were not blinded by racial animosity knew that dozens of its players could have easily been starters on any major league baseball team.
		Perhaps the best known of the Negro Leagues players who were denied their shot at a place in the major league record books was Leroy Robert “Satchel” Paige (he picked up the “Satchel” moniker during a stint as a railroad baggage handler).
	www.theculturedtraveler.com /Museums/Archives/Negro_Leagues.htm (958 words)

	The Rise and Fall of Jim Crow. Jim Crow Stories . National Negro Business League \| PBS
		Washington was hoping that the League would encourage fls to start their own businesses, thus proving that they were as capable as whites of economic success.
		The League's membership included a number of successful fl businessmen (and women) and professionals and a large number of the fl middle class "strivers" who hoped to start their own businesses.
		League meetings were held to allow small businessmen to make contact with each other, and share stories of their struggles and successes.
	www.pbs.org /wnet/jimcrow/stories_org_business.html (335 words)

	Negro League Baseball (Reference) - TeacherVision.com
		Negro League legends David Barnhill and Buck O'Neil were members of the Clowns, and the team's legitimacy was proven in 1941 when it joined the established Negro American League.
		Negro League records are widely incomplete, but the 6'1", 210 pound Gibson's accomplishments are legendary.
		Currently 16 Negro League players are members of the National Baseball Hall of Fame, and the Negro Leagues now have their own museum in Kansas City.
	www.teachervision.fen.com /lesson-plan/african-americans/4619.html (1726 words)

	A A World . Reference Room . Articles . Negro League \| PBS
		The principal Negro leagues were the Negro National League (1920–1931, 1933–48), the Eastern Colored League (1923–28), and the Negro American League (1937–1960).
		Initially the leagues were centred in cities such as Chicago, New York City, Detroit, St. Louis, and Kansas City, which had large and growing fl populations as a result of the 20th-century northward fl migration.
		The beginning of the decline of the Negro leagues was in 1945, when the Monarchs' rookie shortstop Jackie Robinson was signed by the Brooklyn Dodgers organization.
	www.pbs.org /wnet/aaworld/reference/articles/negro_league.html (740 words)

	David Marasco's Negro Leagues Writing
		The Negro Leagues Baseball Museum Redux - A return visit to the Negro Leagues Baseball Museum in Kansas City.
		In the end, the League title was determined in the House That Ruth Built.
		John McGraw and the Negro Leagues - Little Napoleon and his efforts to break the color barrier.
	www.thediamondangle.com /marasco/nlart.html (911 words)

	Negro National League (the first) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Negro National League (NNL) was one of the several Negro Leagues which were established during the period in the United States in which organized baseball was segregated.
		The war between the two leagues came to end in 1924, when they agreed to respect one another's contracts and arranged for the Negro League World Series between their champions.
		The Negro American League, founded in 1937 and including several of the same teams that played in the original Negro National League, would eventually carry on as the western circuit of fl baseball.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Negro_National_League_(the_first) (367 words)

	Life in the Negro Leagues
		During the early twentieth century the Negro Leagues were home to the best fl baseball players in the country at a time of widespread racial segregation.
		The Negro League season often lasted 200 games, compared to the present Major League schedule of 162 and the older schedule of 154.
		Negro League Baseball.Com provides comprehensive background and many stories about this era in baseball history.
	www.riverdeep.net /current/2002/02/022502_negroleagues.jhtml (1221 words)

	Negro Baseball
		This was a western-based league consisting of eight teams: the Giants and American Giants of Chicago, the Dayton Marcos, the Detroit Stars, the ABC's, the Kansas City Monarchs, the St. Louis Giants and a traveling Cuban Squad called the Stars.
		The reappearance of leagues in 1932 came with the formation of the Negro Southern League and the East-West League.
		The impact on the Negro leagues could not be reversed and by 1960 the Negro American League officially ceased operations.
	www.fcps.edu /westspringfieldhs/projects/im98/im981/spo.htm (963 words)

	Negro League Baseball Blog
		Negro League Baseball: The Rise and Ruin of a Black Institution
		The 39 candidates were nominated for induction as a result of an intensive study of Negro League baseball commissioned by the Hall of Fame and conducted by a research team of 50 historians and researchers headed by former baseball commissioner Fay Vincent.
		The Hilldale Giants, a Negro league baseball team from Delaware County that won the league's world series championship in 1925, may be honored with a historical marker.
	blog.negroleaguebaseball.com /negro_league_blog (1443 words)

	DISCOVERING THE SPEED: COLLECTING NEGRO LEAGUE MEMORABILIA
		A living Negro League veteran’s signature on a modern baseball can start at $35 on the open market, while the signatures of deceased Negro Leaguers, especially those who areenshrined in the Baseball Hall of Fame in Cooperstown, can sell for as much as $300.
		Players on Negro League teams were usually issued two complete uniform sets (for home and away games), one glove, one cap and one pair of shoes.
		The Negro League Baseball Players Association, an organization dedicated to honoring the veterans of fl baseball (http://www.nlbpa.com), is offering a series of replica jerseys and caps at selected JCPenney stores, with a portion of the proceeds earmarked for Negro League alumni.
	www.21stcenturyradio.com /articles/03/0310180.html (2244 words)

	Baseball and Jackie Robinson - Baseball, the Color Line, and Jackie Robinson (American Memory from the Library of ...
		Negro League competition featured speed, surprise, and more showmanship than in organized baseball.
		After 1947, when major league teams began integrating, the Negro League teams lost many of their best players, and the League folded entirely in 1960.
		Most of the contemporary coverage of the Negro Leagues at the Library of Congress is in newspapers published by the fl press, for example, the Pittsburgh Courier and the Chicago Defender.
	memory.loc.gov /ammem/collections/robinson/jr1900s.html (572 words)

	Negro League Baseball Museum
		The Negro League Baseball Museum in Kansas City is the centerpiece of historical renaissance of Negro Leagues Baseball throughout the nation.
		The Negro Leaguesâ Kansas City connection began in 1920, when Rube Foster, owner of the Chicago American Giants organized a meeting in Kansas City that resulted in the formation of the Negro National League.
		The Negro Leagues Baseball Museum in Kansas Cityâs 18th and Vine historic district, recreates the look, sound and feel of baseball in the height of the Negro Leagues.
	www.kauffman.org /items.cfm?itemID=524 (334 words)

	Negro Leaguers in Cooperstown
		He later became a leadoff hitter and stolen base artist for three Negro leagues dynasties: the St. Louis Stars of the late 1920s, the Pittsburgh Crawfords of the 1930s and the Homestead Grays of the mid-1940s.
		A tall, lanky fireballer, he was arguably the Negro leagues' hardest thrower, most colorful character and greatest gate attraction.
		In his youth, Foster was a star pitcher of the dead ball era, and later as owner-manager of the Chicago American Giants, the burly Texan instilled in his players the daring, aggressive, yet disciplined style of play for which the Negro leagues became famous.
	userwww.sfsu.edu /~mpmott/public_html/negro_leaguers_in_cooperstown.htm (889 words)

	NEGRO LEAGUE LEGENDS AND BARNSTORMERS BASEBALL HISTORY
		Negro League Legends P.O. Box A3738 Chicago, IL 60690-3738 Automated Credit Card Payments: Your credit card number is not retained by PGC MarketlInk / Negro League Legends.
		Charles "Goolash" Johnson, one of the oldest surviving Negro League baseball players and an activist who successfully challenged the Illinois Central RR's exclusionary hiring practices, died Saturday in his sleep at Manor Care Nursing Home in Oak Lawn.
		The Giants were a source of pride to fl Chicagoans, often winning the Negro National League championship and occasionally outdrawing the all-white Cubs and White Sox, according to Mitchell.
	www.negroleaguelegends.org /about (1808 words)

	VINTAGE NEGRO LEAGUE BASEBALL GAME
		During their existence, the Negro Leagues played eleven World Series (1924-27, 1942-48) and created their own All-Star game (1933-48) that became one of the biggest African-American sports events in the country.
		The Negro Leagues also enjoyed an important social and cultural role during their existence, with many players becoming important figures in the African-American communities that supported them — both locally and nationally.
		The Bristol Barnstormers are a team created for Vintage Live: Negro League Baseball, inspired by the Major League barnstorming teams often comprised of all-stars that traditionally toured the coutnry during the off-season periods in the 1930s and 1940s.
	media.espn.com /MediaZone/PressKits/vintage_baseball.htm (1849 words)

	New Negro League Hall planned in D.C. 12/04/03
		There already is a Negro Leagues Baseball Museum in Kansas City, Mo., and the history of fl baseball is well documented in the Baseball Hall of Fame in Cooperstown, N.Y. The new Hall of Fame will supplement those, focusing more on individual players.
		The Negro National League in 1920 was the first fully organized fl league, followed by the Eastern Colored League in 1923.
		Sims noted Negro League players are "not getting one dime" from the sales of throwback Negro League hats and jerseys, which can cost hundreds of dollars.
	www.cjonline.com /stories/120403/lsp_negroleague.shtml (874 words)

	What are the Negro Leagues (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Josh Gibson was one of the many great fl players who played in the Negro Leagues during the first half of the 20th century.
		For instance, a great Negro League shortstop named John Henry Lloyd was compared to the immortal, Honus Wagner.
		A new Negro National League was formed in 1933 and the Negro American League was born in 1937.
	library.thinkquest.org /3427/data/negroint.htm (453 words)

	OUPblog: Negro Leagues: Cool Papa Bell
		When Jackie Robinson played in the Negro Leagues with the Kansas City Monarchs, he was a shortstop, but knowledgeable observers knew that it was not his best position and that if he wanted to break into the major leagues he would have to change position.
		With the demise of the league, the 1932 season was one of chaos, as players scrambled to earn a spot on the roster of a surviving solvent franchise.
		In 1943 he joined the Homestead Grays, the dominant team in the Negro National League, and batted.356 as the Grays won the pennant and defeated the Negro American League's Birmingham Black Barons in the Negro World Series.
	blog.oup.com /oupblog/2006/10/negro_leagues_c.html (1780 words)

	Pitch Black Negro League site FAQs
		Negro League history has gained more and more recognition lately, but is still not a subject many know much about.
		When Negro League teams put their best players on the field, they not only were Major League calibre, but in exhibitions against Major League teams they dominated, winning more than 60% of the time.
		Negro League teams played a more daring type of game, stealing bases, hit-and-running and bunting, while Major League teams tended to play for home runs and big innings, which can be traced to the popularity of Babe Ruth.
	www.pitchblackbaseball.com /faq.html (1052 words)

	Negro League Baseball - Gone But Not Forgotten
		He retired with a.376 batting average, and in 1976 was inducted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame in Cooperstown, New York.
		He is just one of literally thousands of exceptional ball players that segregation robbed of the recognition and the opportunities they richly deserved.
		Throughout the 1880's, despite a prevalence of segregation, many fl players suited up for minor league teams and finally in 1884, Moses "Fleetwood" Walker became the first fl baseball player to reach the majors when his Toledo Blue Stockings joined the majors' American Association.
	www.netheadsports.com /negroleaguebaseball.htm (423 words)

	National Negro Busines League
		Membership in the League was open to "any member of the race in good standing in his or her community," whether the person was in business, professional or private life.
		The National Negro Business League can be understood as a manifestation of the dual, separate system of social and business life which structured the experience of most fl and white people in the nation.
		The network of the National Negro Business League, radiating out to state and local leagues, was akin to and in many places operated parallel to the U.S. Chamber of Commerce network that united and gave a voice and an identity to white businesses across the country.
	lcweb2.loc.gov:8081 /ammem/amrlhtml/dtnegbus.html (1059 words)

	Amazon.com: Negro League Baseball: Books: Ernest C. Withers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Negro League Baseball: The Rise and Ruin of a Black Institution by Neil Lanctot
		Long before fls gained entrance into major league baseball, some of the greatest athletes ever to play the game were performing remarkable feats in the Negro Leagues.
		This treasure trove of images by Ernest Withers, the unofficial team photographer for the Memphis Red Sox, captures the peak of Negro League action through the years of groundbreaking integration, as well as the community in which fl baseball was played.
	www.amazon.com /Negro-League-Baseball-Ernest-Withers/dp/0810955857 (1253 words)

	Negro League Baseball \| Lanctot, Neil
		Negro League Baseball: The Rise and Ruin of a Black Institution presents the extraordinary history of a great African American achievement, from its lowest ebb during the Depression, through its golden age and World War II, until its gradual disappearance during the early years of the civil rights era.
		Though aware of the threat, Negro League owners failed to develop any plan to prepare for the possibility of integrated professional baseball, and in 1945, when Branch Rickey of the Brooklyn Dodgers signed Kansas City Monarch infielder Jackie Robinson, it was a triumph for the nation's African Americans but an embarrassment for industry officials.
		The decline of fl baseball from that point on was inevitable, and by the early 1960s the leagues had ceased to exist.
	www.upenn.edu /pennpress/book/14028.html (669 words)

	SABR :\|\| Negro Leagues Committee \| Negro Leagues Committee
		The Negro Leagues Committee was formed in 1971 in an effort to research and preserve the history of fls in baseball before the re-integration of the game, and to support efforts to give them recognition.
		The committee also compiles Negro League statistics, interviews former players and provides a network for research in the area.
		A Negro League Bibliography has been initiated in conjunction with the Bibliography Committee.
	www.sabr.org /sabr.cfm?a=cms,c,259,5,0 (145 words)

	Negro League Baseball Sportswear (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The first organized Negro League charter was established on February 13, 1920, at a YMCA in Kansas City, Missouri by Andrew "Rube" Foster.
		Foster was a visionary and an excellent business man. He played ball for earlier teams before forming the 1st Negro League.
		The Homestead Grays won nine straight league pennants from 1937-1945 in the Negro League.
	www.urbanhop.com (199 words)

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