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Topic: Neo Darwinism

	Darwinism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Darwinism is a term used for various processes related to the ideas of Charles Darwin, particularly concerning evolution and natural selection.
		Also, Darwinism may be used to contrast it with other, discredited mechanisms of evolution that were historically thought possible, such as Lamarckism or mutationism.
		To say that Darwinism is often used by biologists is an understatement that verges on bathos; Darwinian random variation and subsequent selection is occasionally used by mathematicians to describe evolutionary processes that resemble the evolution of life, such as the development of software with genetic algorithms.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Darwinism (638 words)

	God, Humanity and the Cosmos Topic: From Darwinism to Neo-Darwinism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		One of the great difficulties of Darwin’s evolutionary scheme was that, knowing nothing of the mechanisms of heredity, he thought parental characteristics were transmitted in the blood.
		Darwin continued to admit the ‘laws of use and disuse’ - direct influence of experience on inheritance in the way that
		The problem was certainly a factor in the lack of acceptance of Darwinism in the late 19th Century.
	www.meta-library.net /ghc-evo/fromd-body.html (267 words)

	Modern evolutionary synthesis - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The modern evolutionary synthesis (often referred to simply as the modern synthesis or the evolutionary synthesis), neo-Darwinian synthesis or neo-Darwinism, generally denotes the combination of Charles Darwin's theory of the evolution of species by natural selection, Gregor Mendel's theory of genetics as the basis for biological inheritance, and mathematical population genetics.
		The biometric school, led by Karl Pearson followed Darwin's idea that small differences were important for evolution.
		The synthesis as it exists now has extended the scope of the Darwinian idea of natural selection, specifically to include subsequent scientific discoveries and concepts unknown to Darwin such as DNA and genetics that allow rigorous, in many cases mathematical, analyses of phenomena such as kin selection, altruism, and speciation.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Neo-Darwinism (943 words)

	Neo-Darwinism
		Neo-Darwinism is the modern version of Darwinian evolutionary theory: the synthesis of Mendelian genetics and Darwinism.
		Darwin knew very little about the mechanism of variation; he merely recognized that whatever its source, phenotypic variation allowed for natural selection to operate.
		Darwin In the Genome by Lynn Helena Caporale
	www.iscid.org /encyclopedia/Neo-Darwinism (175 words)

	The Modern Synthesis of Genetics and Evolution
		Darwin's theory of natural selection helped to convince most people that life has evolved and this point has not been seriously challenged in the past one hundred and thirty years.
		It summarized all of the evidence in favor of the idea that all organisms have descended with modification from a common ancestor, and thus built a strong case for evolution.
		We have learned much since Darwin's time and it is no longer appropriate to claim that evolutionary biologists believe that Darwin's theory of Natural Selection is the best theory of the mechanism of evolution.
	www.talkorigins.org /faqs/modern-synthesis.html (756 words)

	What is Darwinism?
		This means that negative criticism of Darwinism, however devastating it may appear to be, is essentially irrelevant to the professional researchers.
		And in fact Darwinism is unbeatable as long as one accepts the thought categories of scientific naturalism that I have been describing.
		Darwinism is a theory of empirical science only at the level of microevolution, where it provides a framework for explaining such things as the diversity that arises when small populations become reproductively isolated from the main body of the species.
	www.origins.org /pjohnson/whatis.html (4143 words)

	Development of Neo-Darwinism
		Darwinism, for better or worse, happened to have become the chief representative of the scientific alternative to religious dogma.
		Darwinism, as developed by Weismann and other "Neo-Darwinists," came to the conclusion that the source of evolutionary change is within the organism (random genetic mutation), not in the environment.
		Classical Darwinism was the means by which the old paradigm elitists of the middle nineteenth century "took over" science.
	www.trufax.org /avoid/neodarw.html (2299 words)

	MacroDevelopment Definitions
		Darwinism The theory that natural selection operates on variations in older species to produce offspring that can be called new species, and that this explains the appearance of all species - see neo-darwinism.
		Unlike what most people think, Darwin did not claim the variations were random, nor does the theory assume the starting material was non-living matter.
		Neo-darwinism Adds to darwinism that the source of the variation on which natural selection works is random molecular accidents in the genetic code.
	www.macrodevelopment.org /defns.html (650 words)

	DARWINISM: SCIENCE OR PHILOSOPHY? Chapter 1
		Ruse proclaims proudly that Darwinism reflects "a strong ideology," and "one to be proud of." According to Ruse, contemporary Darwinians "show a strong liberal commitment" in both their politics and their sexual morality.
		Upholding Darwinism is therefore an important way of protecting political liberalism, feminism, and the sexual revolution of the 1960s.
		As Darwin himself put it, if Darwinism is true the Precambrian world must have "swarmed with living creatures" many of which were ancestral to the Cambrian animals.
	www.leaderu.com /orgs/fte/darwinism/chapter1.html (5170 words)

	Goldsmith: Evolution, neo-Darwinism and the paradigm of science.
		Their failure to do so is clearly not out of allegiance to Darwin nor to the fathers of neo-Darwinism - but rather because they are still wedded to the 'paradigm of science' itself, which neo-Darwinism so slavishly reflects.
		It is only by insisting on that arbitrary dichotomy that the idea of natural selection, closely associated as it is with the 'struggle for survival' (Darwin suggested the two might be different terms for the same thing) can possibly be postulated as the basic mechanism of evolution.
		Darwin at one time actually envisaged the 'tree of life' as growing, as preposterous as this may seem, by competition among its branches and twigs.
	www.edwardgoldsmith.com /page82.html (4966 words)

	Cancer and Wisdom of the Body: Decline of Darwinism
		Darwin illustrated his theory by metaphors, and his followers took them as facts.
		Darwin attempted to explain the prolific diversity of life-forms and their complexity.
		Darwin maintained that the different forms of life had developed gradually from a common ancestry, and that the driving force of this process was the struggle for existence and the survival of the fittest.
	www.what-is-cancer.com /papers/DarwinismDecline.html (789 words)

	Evolutionblog: *Where Can I Learn to be This* Shameless?**
		Darwinism is actually an archaic term that is used generically to refer to the concept of “macro-evolution”.
		As we saw before, the heart of Darwin's theory is generally regarded to be the claim that all modern species are the result of descent with modification of prexisting species, coupled with the assertion that natural selection is the primary shaper of that descent.
		Darwinism has nothing whatever to say about the origin of the universe ot the origin of life, and it is simply wrong to use the term in conjunction with these questions.
	evolutionblog.blogspot.com /2005/09/where-can-i-learn-to-be-this-shameless.html (6319 words)

	Darwinism
		Following the brilliant success of reason and method in physics and chemistry -- especially in medicine -- it was natural for science to seek to apply the same analytical tool to the most intractable and complex problems: human society and economic affairs; human psychology; and even the origin and development of life itself.
		Unlike Marx and Freud, Darwin himself remains esteemed both as a highly original thinker and as a careful researcher (his study of fossil barnacles remains a text book example for palaeontologists).
		Marxist, Freudian and neo-Darwinist systems of thought ultimately failed for the same reason; that they sought to use mechanistic reductionism to explain and predict systems that we now know are complexity-related, and cannot be explained as the sum of their parts.
	www.alternativescience.com /darwinism.htm (2080 words)

	The Structure of Evolutionary Theory (S.J. Gould). Book review.
		His analysis enables him to distinguish the core and the rest of Darwinism and consequently to distinguish between criticism that is compatible or incompatible with the core of Darwinism.
		Darwin: "If it could be demonstrated that any complex organ existed, which could not possibly have been formed by numerous, successive, slight modifications, my theory would absolutely breakdown".
		Darwin inherited the concept of adaptation from Paley, and explained it by natural selection, whereas Paley interpreted adaptation as direct proof of the creator.
	home.wxs.nl /~gkorthof/korthof63.htm (2571 words)

	Materialism and the Concept of the Primacy of DNA
		The triumph of Darwinism in the last century is that it effectively replaced the Bible at the level of basal paradigm, and this is the principal reason why (in this century) Darwinism has been so unassailable.
		Darwinism acquired the reputation of being a refutation of the God concept.
		The "Neo-" component of Neo-Darwinism is a doctrine called "the Primacy of the DNA." In a few words, this doctrine maintains that the DNA in the genetic structure (genome) is the primary factor underlying all biological expression.
	www.trufax.org /avoid/matdna.html (2412 words)

	A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE THEORY
		Darwin's theory entered into a deep crisis because of the laws of genetics discovered in the first quarter of the 20th century.
		If they had been discovered before Darwin put forward his theory, Darwin might easily have recognised that his theory was totally unscientific and might not have attempted to advance such meaningless claims.
		If Darwin had had the chance to view the cell with an electron microscope, he would have witnessed the great complexity and extraordinary structure in the organelles of the cell.
	www.evolutiondeceit.com /chapter3_1.php (1477 words)

	Neo-Darwinism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Darwin's theory originated with the observation that organisms are exquisitely adapted to their environments.
		Darwin claimed that all living things on Earth are descended, with modification, from one or a small number of simple original forms.
		While Darwin himself was willing to accept that evolutionary changes may also be brought about by other causes (such as the effects of use and disuse), the neo-Darwinist position sees natural selection as the only relevant mechanism by which evolution leads to adaptation.
	homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk /timt/papers/thesis/html/node12.html (295 words)

	Darwinism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		''This article is about Darwinism as a philosophical concept; see evolution for the page on biological evolution; modern evolutionary synthesis for neo-Darwinism; evolutionism for the advocacy of such, and also evolution (disambiguation).
		The 19th century term "survival of the fittest" coined by Herbert Spencer was a distortion of Darwin's views.
		Spencer and others developed "evolutionary" views of society, termed "Social Darwinism," which eventually discredited many of the extensions of Darwin's ideas in inappropriate contexts, in philosophy and the social sciences.
	www.yotor.com /wiki/en/da/Darwinism.htm (314 words)

	[No title]
		As the philosopher Daniel Dennett (1995) writes, “Darwin’s dangerous idea is reductionism incarnate, promising to unite and explain just about everything in one magnificent vision.” (He is not, it should be added, being ironic.) This development has not, however, been universally welcomed.
		This is Darwinism; neo-Darwinism is obtained by adding the theory of Mendelian genetics, according to which the passage of characters from one generation to another occurs through the effects of discrete entities called genes, and the variations are caused by random mutations, i.e., changes in the genes.
		One of the most strongly held tenets of Darwinism is that evolutionary change is gradual, and that, in particular, the major changes have occurred by the accumulation of small ones.
	www.mth.kcl.ac.uk /staff/pt_saunders/BricksStraw_ForWeb.doc (6392 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The debate between creationism and Darwinism is often depicted as a dispute between naive biblical literalists, who ignore the overwhelming evidence for evolution, and scientifically enlightened intellectuals.
		The earth was created in a single week of six 24-hour days no more that 10,000 years ago; the major features of the geological record were produced by Noah’s flood; and there have been no major innovations in the forms of life since the beginning.
		Darwinism is a theory of empirical science only at the level of microevolution, where it provides a framework for explaining phenomena such as the diversity that arises when small populations become reproductively isolated from the main body of the species.
	www.equip.org /free/DE382.htm (4326 words)

	Can Neo-Darwinism Survive?: The Evidence Against Evolution (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Darwin proposed a scientific system which threatened the common belief that nature was designed in such a way to have means adapted to ends.
		In addition to his assumption that the fossil record would support his theory, Darwin also worked under the assumption that cellular life was not complex.
		In other words, in order for the the building blocks of life (cells) to exist, they must come into existence with irreducible complexity (that is, wholly formed in their complex functioning form).
	apologetics.johndepoe.com /evolution.html (2614 words)

	Andre Ariew (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		A central feature of Darwin's natural selection is that it explains exquisite adaptations by citing conditions that determine whether a variant will become prevalent in a population.
		Two additional features of Darwin's theory are its generality or near universality (setting inheritance of acquired characteristics and sexual selection to one side), and that it is a causal/mechanical theory.
		Consequently, neo-Darwinian theory, as opposed to Darwin's theory, decouples an explanation of spread from a theory of adaptation.
	www.ishpssb.org /ocs/viewabstract.php?id=176 (313 words)

	Pearcey, Nancy. World Magazine: Creation Mythology:Defenders of Darwinism resort to suppressing data and teaching ...
		When defenders of Darwinism are willing to suppress data and teach outright falsehoods, you know they're in trouble.
		Darwinism has become our culture's official creation myth, protected by a priesthood as dogmatic as any religious curia.
		Darwinism and design theory are not two different subjects; they are competing answers to the same question: How did life arise and diversify on earth?
	www.arn.org /docs/pearcey/np_world-creationmythology62400.htm (831 words)

	Controversies - Neo-Darwinism and Creationism
		It was on the basis of embryological data that Darwin identified mammals, birds and reptiles as “the modified descendents of some ancient progenitor, which was furnished in its adult state with bronchia, a swimbladder, four fin-like limbs, and a long tail, all fitted for an aquatic life.”
		Darwin’s contribution to biology was not merely to recognize life-struggle as the main source of evolution but to shift the focus from the transcendent abstractions of theology and mechanics to the tangible and irreducible powers of destruction and creativity that play out day by day in the natural world.
		Darwin’s declaration of independence establishes freedom from any and all celestial proclamations, regardless of where they originate — in a book or with a bang — so long as they deny our birthright of active self-creation.
	www.skepticalinvestigations.org /controversies/Dace_evolution.htm (5250 words)

	Neo-Darwinism: What is at Stake?
		Even as the scientists were proposing their theories as to how life appeared on earth, the supporters of Darwinism offered the faithful a tiny little consolation prize.
		If Darwin's most notable contribution was to undermine belief in God and Christianity in particular (for his doctrines about evolution had very little impact in the non-English speaking world and none whatever in the Muslim world), then we do not have to look very far to see the social consequences of this fractured faith.
		A legacy of Darwinism, then, is that just as organisms are said to "adapt" to their environment, so a change in the political, legal and cultural environment will force change upon the stubbornly recalcitrant, non-progressive human population.
	www.leaderu.com /real/ri9701/bethell.html (2097 words)

	Neo-Darwinism
		The term neo-Darwinism describes the modern theory of evolution based on Charles Darwin's idea of natural selection.
		Neo-Darwinism extends the scope of the Darwinian idea of natural selection, specifically to include subsequent scientific discoveries and concepts unknown to Darwin such as DNA and genetics that allow rigorous, in many cases mathematical, analysis of phenomena such as kin selection, altruism, speciation.
		The text of this article is licensed under the GFDL.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ne/Neo-Darwinism.html (127 words)

	Creation-Evolution Headlines
		In The Origin of Species (1859), Charles Darwin discussed the “law of embryonic resemblance.” He and others before him had noted that plants and animals within the same great classes, though morphologically diverse in their adult forms, were remarkably similar in their embryonic forms.
		For example, the limbs of vertebrates, including “the hand of a man, wing of a bat, and fin of a porpoise,” are morphologically and functionally distinct, yet they all develop from morphologically identical limb buds in their embryos.
		Darwin suggested that the embryos of different species provided a glimpse of a common parent for the different classes of organisms, supporting his concept of descent with modification.
	www.creationsafaris.com /crev0602.htm (15846 words)

	Evolution Quotes
		But I must in the first place observe that Darwin's theory is not inductive, -- not based on a series of acknowledged facts pointing to a general conclusion, -- not a proposition evolved out of the facts, logically, and of course including them.
		Not that I believe that Darwin is an atheist; though I can not but regard his materialism as atheistical; because it ignores all rational conception of a final cause.
		Darwin was increasingly given credit after 1947 for finches he never saw and for observations and insights about them he never made.
	bevets.com /equotess.htm (1731 words)

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