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Topic: Neobatrachia

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	Neobatrachia
		Ford and Cannatella (1993) applied the node-based name Neobatrachia to the most recent common ancestor of living hyloids (myobatrachids, leptodactylids, bufonids, hylids, centrolenids, pseudids, sooglossids, Heleophryne, brachycephalids, Rhinoderma, and Allophryne) and Ranoidea, and all its descendants.
		Some recent classifications divided Neobatrachia into three superfamilies: Bufonoidea (=Hyloidea), Ranoidea, and Microhyloidea (Duellman, 1975; Laurent, 1986), but relationships among the clades within these groups are not clear.
		In a phylogenetic analysis of osteological characters of Neobatrachia, Ford (1989b) found hyloids to be paraphyletic with respect to Ranoidea, including Microhylidae.
	www.zo.utexas.edu /research/salientia/neobatrachia.html (1136 words)

	Salientia
		The informal term archaeobatrachian is a convenient term for anurans that are not part of Neobatrachia.
		However, her sampling of taxa is not sufficient to provide strong support for this clade, especially in light of the synapomorphies supporting other arrangements.
		A derived character that refutes the monophyly of Mesobatrachia is the fusion of the third distal carpal to other carpals, which Pelodytes shares with Neobatrachia (Cannatella, 1985).
	www.zo.utexas.edu /research/salientia/salientia.html (2810 words)

	Frog - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		An exception is the Fire-bellied toad (Bombina bombina): while its skin is slightly warty, it prefers a watery habitat.
		Frogs and toads are broadly classified into three suborders: Archaeobatrachia (which includes four families of primitive frogs), Mesobatrachia (which includes five families of more evolutionary intermediate frogs), and Neobatrachia (by far the largest group, which contains the remaining 24 families of "modern" frogs, including most common species throughout the world).
		This classification is based on such morphological features as the number of vertebrae, the structure of the pectoral girdle, and the morphology of tadpoles.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Frog (4720 words)

	Anura (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Archaeobatrachia Mesobatrachia Neobatrachia The Anura is the order of animals in the class Amphibia that includes frog s and toad s.
		Although distinctions can be made between frogs and toads, those distinctions have no...
		Neobatrachia The Anura is the order of animals in the class Amphibia that includes frogs and toads.
	www.33beat.com /Anura.html (136 words)

	Neobatrachia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		<==o Neobatrachia Reig, 1958 (“higher” frogs; uussammakot) --+-- Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis Biju and Bossuyt, 2003 [Nasikabatrachidae Biju and Bossuyt, 2003]
		Neobatrachia not treated by Biju and Bossuyt, 2003
		Cannatella, D., Ford, L. and Bockstanz, L., 1995-2003: Neobatrachia - “Higher” Frogs.
	www.fmnh.helsinki.fi /users/haaramo/Metazoa/Deuterostoma/Chordata/Amphibia/Lissamphibia/Salientia/Neobatrachia_3.html (238 words)

	Phylogenetic relationships of amphibian families inferred from DNA sequences of mitochondrial 12S and 16S ribosomal RNA ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		An analysis using the four-cluster method cannot discriminate significantly between all three possible unrooted trees involving the three orders of amphibians and an outgroup.
		Three major lineages are distinguished within the Neobatrachia: the superfamily Bufonoidea sensu Duellman (P(c) = 86%), the superfamily Ranoidea sensu Lynch (P(c) = 99%), and the Sooglossidae.
		Within the Anura, there is support for the monophyly of the two suborders: Neobatrachia (P(c) = 100%) and Archaeobatrachia (P(c) = 97%); the latter was believed to be paraphyletic on the basis of morphology.
	www.ihop-net.org /UniPub/iHOP/gp/396673.html (245 words)

	Pacman frog - TheBestLinks.com - Video game, TheBestLinks.com:Find or fix a stub, Pac-Man, TheBestLinks.com:Stub, ...
		Cranwell's horned frog (Ceratophrys cranwelli) is an example of a Pacman frog.
		A Pacman frog is any member of the family Neobatrachia with a characteristically large mouth and abdomen, thus resembling the video game character Pac-Man.
		The Argentine horned frog is generally considered the prototypical example of a Pacman frog, although there are a few species that are typically considered Pacman frogs.
	www.thebestlinks.com /Pacman_frog.html (140 words)

	FROG FACTS AND INFORMATION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Frogs and toads are broadly classified into three suborders: Archaeobatrachia, Mesobatrachia and Neobatrachia - respectively, old, intermediate and new frogs.
		This classification is based on the perceived possession of derived features of the three groups and refers to a fairly deep phylogenetic split, with the newest group, the Neobatrachia, having some 5,000 species.
		The distinction is far from universally accepted, especially because there are few features that are as unique to any group as taxonomists would like.
	www.witwib.com /frog (3404 words)

	Evol_53_1999 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The neotropical frog Allophryne ruthveni (Gaige) illustrates the difficulty in evaluating phylogenetic relationships within the Neobatrachia.
		Since its discovery in 1926, it has been variously placed within five different anuran families: Bufonidae, Leptodactylidae, Centrolenidae, Hylidae and in its own monotypic family, Allophrynidae.
		More definitive statements of the evolutionary affinities of Allophryne ruthveni in particular, and the Neobatrachia in general, await greater sampling of taxa and both molecular and phenotypic (e.g.
	biology.queensu.ca /~lougheed/ZJLS_134_2002.htm (208 words)

	Allophryne ruthveni
		However, the oviposition site is plesiomorphic for Neobatrachia, and the male calling site is present in other treefrog groups such as centrolenids and hyperoliids.
		Laurent (1979) offered that Allophryne was a bufonid, but did not offer explicit evidence to support this.
		Ford and Cannatella (1993) concluded that the available data indicate only that Allophryne is a hyloid; the placement of Allophryne in any higher taxon except for Neobatrachia is misleading.
	tolweb.org /tree?group=Allophryne_ruthveni&contgroup=Neobatrachia (484 words)

	Anura Species Database (Frogs & Toads)
		lissamphibia, batrachia, anura, salientia, archaeobatrachia, neobatrachia, discoglossoidea, pelobatoidea, pipoidea, neobatrachia, bufonoidea, hyloidea, ranoidea, microhyloidea, ascaphidae, bombinatoridae, discoglossidae, leiopelmatidae, megophryidae, pelobatidae, pelodytidae, pipidae, rhinophrynidae, brachycephalidae, bufonidae, helophrynidae, leptodactylidae, myobatrachidae, rhinodermatidae, sooglossidae, allophrynidae, hylidae, pseudidae, centrolenidae, arthroleptidae, dendrobatidae, hemisotidae, hypderoliidae, mantellidae, microhylidae, scaphiophrynidae, ranidae, rhacophoridae
		Please note that this model of anuran taxonomy is not a definitive one, but merely a possibility in an ever-changing scheme.
		Synapomorphies of Pelobatids include a fused joint between the coccyx and the sacrum, exostosed frontoparietals, and the presences of the metatarsal spade.
	www.livingunderworld.org /anura/families (1155 words)

	cenozoic lake4 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The common genus, Rana, or common frog appeared in the Eocene, and the genus Bufo (toad), as well.
		The Nimble Frog: Rana dalmatina from the group Dendrobatidae, Neobatrachia, Salientia
		The common Toad: Bufo bufo from the group Bufonidae, Neobatrachia, Salientia
	www.brookes.ac.uk /geology/8361/2003/anne/other-vertebrate.htm (328 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Amphibia; Batrachia; Anura; Neobatrachia; Bufonoidea; Bufonidae; Bufo.
		Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Amphibia; Batrachia; Anura; Neobatrachia; Bufonoidea; Hylidae; Hylinae; Hyla.
		Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Amphibia; Batrachia; Anura; Neobatrachia; Ranoidea; Ranidae; Rana.
	idefix.univ-rennes1.fr:8080 /cgi-bin/Prot/BD/Taxonomy/eukaryota.pl (1821 words)

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