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	Neogrammarian (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Neogrammarians (also Young Grammarians, German Junggrammatiker) were a German school of linguists, originally at the University of Leipzig, in the late 19th century who proposed the Neogrammarian hypothesis of the regularity of sound change.
		Verner's law is a famous example of the Neogrammarian hypothesis, as it resolved an apparent exception to Grimm's law.
		The Neogrammarian hypothesis was the first hypothesis of sound change to attempt to follow the principle of falsifiability according to scientific method.
	www.tocatch.info /en/Neo-grammarian.htm (323 words)

	Ancient Scripts: Why Do Languages Change?
		The next theory, proposed by the Neogrammarians (Junggrammatiker) in the late 19th century, is one of natural process.
		The Neogrammarians stated that changes are automatic and mechanical, and therefore cannot be observed or controlled by the speakers of the language.
		Then the Neogrammarians patched this theory by adding reasons for reinforcing the deviation such as simplification of sounds, or children imperfectly learning the speech of their parents.
	www.ancientscripts.com /hl_why.html (1024 words)

	eHistLing - Pre English
		In the 1870s the methodology of comparative linguistics finally was tightened by a group of scholars from the university of Leipzig, who called themselves Neogrammarians (Junggrammatiker).
		Neogrammarians laws were unable to explain the scope of dialect features in geographic space.
		But soon after the turn of the century, under the influence of Ferdinand de Saussure (a former member of the Neogrammarians), structuralist linguistics emerged and shaped the discipline for the next half-century.
	www.ehistling-pub.meotod.de /01_lec01.php (844 words)

	A Reader in Nineteenth Century Historical Indo-European Linguistics. Introduction to a Compendium of the Comparative ...
		Since he flourished immediately before the neogrammarians, it is scarcely remarkable that their reputation has eclipsed his.
		Probably the most commonly maintained segment of his writings is his model for displaying languages, the family tree, though it too is held to be superseded by other interpretations of language spread and interrelationships, such as the wave theory.
		But possibly the most important influence he has had is that on the neogrammarians -- his aim (credited to them) to account for relationships to the extent possible and then to admit residues.
	www.utexas.edu /cola/centers/lrc/books/read08.html (2752 words)

	Reconstructing PIE Phonology
		By the end of the nineteenth century, the phonological system reconstructed by the Neogrammarians was widely accepted as being a fairly accurate representation of what had existed in Proto-Indo-European.
		The Neogrammarian reconstruction of the Proto-Indo-European phonological system, which was arrived at through strict adherence to the principle that sound laws admit no exceptions, was notable for its large inventory of stops and its extremely small inventory of fricatives.
		Current thinking on the part of a great many linguists is that the series of voiceless aspirates reconstructed by Brugmann and other Neogrammarians for the Indo-European parent language should be removed, being secondarily derived in the individual daughter languages.
	www.utexas.edu /cola/centers/lrc/iedocctr/ie-ling/ie-phon-Bomhard.html (3387 words)

	Dialect Change - Cambridge University Press
		If instances of spontaneous behaviour are very differently distributed in the various districts, then the levelling (to the extent that it is necessary) taking place in districts which are remote from each other and have no mutual interaction must necessarily lead to different results’ (Paul 1920: sections 22–25, our translation).
		When a change is not achieved autonomously, that is, when it does not have an internal origin, it can either stem from another language or ‘from within the same speech area’, as stated by Bloomfield (1933: 444), who referred to the latter type as ‘dialect borrowing’.
		Sound change was claimed by the Neogrammarians to be lexically exceptionless, hence the designation ‘sound laws’.
	www.cambridge.org /catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=051112645X&ss=exc (3800 words)

	Comparative method - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (via CobWeb/3.1 planet03.csc.ncsu.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The first weakness of the comparative method is the Neogrammarians' fundamental assumption that "sound laws have no exceptions." This assumption is problematic even on theoretical grounds: the very fact that different languages evolved according to different sound-change laws seems to indicate a degree of arbitrariness in language evolution.
		Even the Neogrammarians recognized that, apart from the general sound change laws, languages are also subject to borrowings from other languages and other sporadic changes (such as irregular inflections, compounding, and abbreviation) that affect one word at a time, or small subsets of words.
		A source of sporadic changes that was recognized by the Neogrammarians themselves was analogy, in which a word is sporadically changed to be closer to another word in the lexicon which is perceived as being somehow related to it.
	en.wikipedia.org.cob-web.org:8888 /wiki/Comparative_method (4676 words)

	Research Wiki - Main/FerdinandSaussure
		The achievment of the Neogrammarians was to place all the results of comparative philology in a historical perspective, so that linguistic facts were connected in their natural sequence.
		However, great as the advances by the Neogrammarians, it cannot be said that they shed light upon the fundamental problems of general linguistics, which still await a solution today.
		From then on it became unacceptable to say 'the language does this or does that', to speak of the 'life of the language', and so on, because a language is not an entity, and exists only in its users.
	www.visibledarkness.com /wiki/pmwiki.php?n=Main.FerdinandSaussure (504 words)

	Linguistics - Printer-friendly - MSN Encarta
		A group of European language scholars known as the neogrammarians put forth the theory that not only were sound correspondences between related languages regular, but any exceptions to these phonetic rules could develop only from borrowings from another language (or from an additional regular rule of sound change).
		The neogrammarian conclusion was that English borrowed dental from Latin, whereas tooth (which has the expected or regularly corresponding t) was a “native” English word.
		This method of comparing related words in different languages to discover the existence of regular sound changes became known as the comparative method.
	uk.encarta.msn.com /text_761555557___3/Linguistics.html (505 words)

	"On the origin of Creoles" (Michel DeGraff, Linguistic Typology 2001)
		The Neogrammarians' stated goal was to understand Language and language change through the study of variation among (related) idiolects and through the study of universal laws (e.g., sound-change laws) that are ultimately rooted in the psychology and physiology of individual speakers.
		For Neogrammarians (see (3)), grammars live in speaker's minds, not in society; thus, the study of individual grammars as manifestations of "psychical [i.e., psychological] organism" should take epistemological priority over "Historical Grammar" (i..e, "descriptive grammars of different periods...
		As in the Neogrammarian dogma in (3), grammars are inherently parts of human biology, not autonomous living organisms that undergo birth, age, senility and death independently of their speakers.
	web.mit.edu /linguistics/www/degraff/darwin/anti-simplest.html (15746 words)

	The Nature of Explanation in Linguistic Theory
		Elegant and parsimonious analyses have been a point of pride among linguists since at least the time of the Neogrammarians.
		Since Chomsky's (1962) pioneering work on the goals of linguistic theory, this has been subsumed under the rubric of explanation.
		John Moore is an associate professor and Maria Polinsky is a professor in the Department of Linguistics at the Uniersity of California, San Diego.
	csli-publications.stanford.edu /site/1575864541.html (141 words)

	Brugmann, Karl (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		As a young man Brugmann sided with the emerging Junggrammatiker, or Neogrammarians, who rejected a doctrinaire approach to language science, asserted the inviolability of phonetic laws, and adhered to strict research methodology.
		His own contribution to establishing the ascendancy of the Neogrammarian position was the publication of a highly original study of nasal sounds (1876).
		The first volume of Morphologische Untersuchungen (1878; "Morphological Investigations"), partly edited by Brugmann, contained his statement of the Neogrammarian views.
	www.cartage.org.lb /en/themes/Biographies/MainBiographies/B/brugmann/brugmann.html (268 words)

	Altai Hypothesis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The concept of a centum/satem divide was advanced, being a primary split between the Eastern or Indian and Western or European branches.
		The neogrammarian concept, which sees changes in language as being susceptible to rules which may be described, and which admit of no exceptions.
		The discovery of Hittite effectively proved the accuracy of the rules established by the neogrammarians.
	www.shakespeare.uk.net /altai_hypothesis.html (3568 words)

	LINGUIST List 13.3101: Linguists Sought, Neogrammarians & Morphology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		We'd like to remind readers that the responses to queries are usually best posted to the individual asking the question.
		And, the Laboratoire would be very happy to organize (on a rather informal basis)a Conference next Spring bringing together researchers involved in these three fields (law, linguistics, computer science) in order to exchange informations...
		I am looking for sources that offer substantive discussion of neogrammarians' views of morphological structure and theory.
	www.ling.ed.ac.uk /linguist/issues/13/13-3101.html (351 words)

	Neogrammarians (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		This is because the Indo European voiceless stops p,t,k remained unchanged in Latin, but became voiceless fricatives in Germanic:
		Their critics pointed to the large number of apparent exceptions to rules such as these, but the Neogrammarians replied that where the rules seemed not to work, this was always due to one of the following:
		The Neogrammarians' concept of language change provided for a Stammbaum ('tree') theory, which assumed that languages were related to one another and branched out from a common stem.
	www.hi.is /~peturk/KENNSLA/11/TOPICS/01neogrammarians.html (739 words)

	Sound change - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (via CobWeb/3.1 planet03.csc.ncsu.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The following statements are used as heuristics in formulating sound changes as understood within the Neogrammarian model.
		Apparent exceptions are possible, due to analogy and other regularization processes, or another sound change, or an unrecognized conditioning factor.
		This is the traditional view, expressed by the Neogrammarians.
	en.wikipedia.org.cob-web.org:8888 /wiki/Sound_change (1356 words)

	EL30210: Comparative Linguistics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Write a critical account of the contributions made by the Neogrammarians and the Structuralists to the study of sound change.
		Do you believe that the Neogrammarians and the Structuralists focused enough on the social nature of language change?
		To what extent is the comparative method of value and use when studying an individual word in one Romance language?
	users.aber.ac.uk /infoman/eurolang/exam98/semester2/el30210.html (237 words)

	German at Georgetown University : Kurt R. Jankowsky Publications (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Neogrammarians: A Re-Evaluation of Their Place in the Development of Linguistic Science.
		"The Consolidation of the Neogrammarian Framework." Ibid., pp.
		2004 "The Neogrammarians and Saussure." Invited lecture at the Saussure Conference,
	www3.georgetown.edu /departments/german/faculty/jankowsky/publications.html (1513 words)

	Linguistics 450 - Study Questions and Exam Samples
		Explain and exemplify the four categories of contiguity and similarity in sense and form (Ullmann).
		Explain and exemplify the linguistic approaches of the Neogrammarians, Structuralists, and early Generativists as they relate to language change.
		Explain the significance of automorphism as subtype of iconicity (McMahon).
	linguistics.byu.edu /classes/ling450ch/studyexam.html (950 words)

	CJO - Abstract
		Chapters 2–7 examine internally motivated change at the phonological, syntactic, semantic, and lexical levels.
		Within each chapter, the author outlines important theoretical positions, from the Neogrammarians to the generative work of Lightfoot and more recent studies of grammaticalization.
		Although, as McMahon notes, the separation of types of language change by levels involves considerable idealization, the result is greater clarity of organization.
	journals.cambridge.org /action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=36455 (242 words)

	Indo-European Linguistics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Linguistics in general and Indo-European linguistics in particular arose with the comparison of the lexicon, grammar, and texts of older languages.
		A group of nineteenth century scholars now known as the Neogrammarians formulated rules of sound correspondence that led to the view that "laws" of sound change are nearly as regular a phenomenon in language as the law of gravity is for physical world.
		Indo-European PHONOLOGY has now evolved to include identification of phonemic segments, root structure, and hypotheses concerning laryngeal and glottalic consonants.
	www.utexas.edu /cola/depts/lrc/iedocctr/ie-ling/ie-ling.html (160 words)

	LINGUIST List 12.607: History of Ling: PhD - Sheffield U/ UK
		This is partly true, and historical phonology has been much ignored by twentieth- century phonologists, some explicitly denying it a place in modern phonology.
		It is partly untrue as there has been a productive tradition of historical phonology building on the theories of the so-called 'Neogrammarians', and in fact the linguistic 'rules' formalised by the Generative phonologists of the 1960s were clearly analogous to the sound 'laws' stated a century before.
		The department has recently undergone a period of development, broadening from a focus primarily on the English language and its history to include linguistics in both teaching and research, and this project is designed to reflect the two sides to the department, the historical and the linguistic.
	www.linguistlist.org /issues/12/12-607.html (452 words)

	[No title]
		Cause compensatory lengthening when they drop out Get vocalized in the zero grade with their particular vocalic flavor.
		Saussure becomes dissatisfied with the Neogrammarians’ lack of interest in defining just what language is, moves from Leipzig, to Paris to Geneva.
		After his death, his students compile his Course in General Linguistics (1915), which initiates the strain of linguistic thinking called structuralism.
	www.colorado.edu /ling/courses/LAM5450/Lxwars_2.doc (589 words)

	Chapter 4, Linguistics 210, UIUC (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		What gave the neogrammarians the idea that sound change is regular?
		Make sure to be familiar with what is meant by the terms below.
		Choose three of the above terms, define what is meant by them, and illustrate them with appropriate examples.
	www.linguistics.uiuc.edu /hhhock/210/chapter4.html (240 words)

	Amazon.com: Neogrammarians: A Re-Evaluation of Their Place in the Development of Linguistic Science (Janua Linguarum ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
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	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/ASIN/0686225392 (405 words)

	HISP S503 4277 BIBLIOGRAPHY AND RESEARCH METHODS IN HISPANIC LINGUISTICS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		We will discuss the position of Nebrija s grammar in this evolution.
		and move onto the Neogrammarians and historical grammar.
		We will finish this overview with the structuralism (Saussure, Bloomfield) and a look at Generative Grammar on the one hand and Functional, Cognitive and Typological Linguistics on the other.
	www.indiana.edu /~deanfac/blfal00/hisp/hisp_s503_4277.html (286 words)

	Amazon.com: Schuchardt, the neogrammarians, and the transformational theory of phonological change;: Four essays, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Amazon.com: Schuchardt, the neogrammarians, and the transformational theory of phonological change;: Four essays, (Linguistische Forschungen, Bd.
		Schuchardt, the neogrammarians, and the transformational theory of phonological change;: Four essays, (Linguistische Forschungen, Bd.
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	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/ASIN/3761048262 (420 words)

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