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Topic: Neolithic Tombs

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Portal Dolmens

Court cairn

Transepted gallery grave

Neolithic Age

Neolithic

Neolithic long house

Skara Brae

Neolithic Revolution

9th millennium BC

Oetzi the Iceman

Ireland

John Lubbock

Paleolithic

Agriculture

Cornwall

	Neolithic - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Early Neolithic farming is limited to a narrow range of crops (both wild and domestic) and the keeping of sheep and goats, but by about 7000 BC it included domestic cows, pigs, permanently or semi-permanently inhabited settlements and the use of pottery.
		These structures (and their later Neolithic equivalents such as causewayed enclosures, burial mounds, and henges) required considerable time and labour to construct, which suggests that some influential individuals were able to organise and direct human labour.
		Neolithic people in the British Isles built long barrows and chamber tombs for their dead and causewayed camps, henges flint mines and cursus monuments.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Neolithic (1457 words)

	Neolithic - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The Neolithic, (Greek neos=new, lithos=stone, or "New Stone Age") is traditionally the last part of the stone age.
		The name "Neolithic" is associated with a suite of specific behavioural characteristics including the growing of crops and the use of tame animals.
		There are early Neolithic cultures in SE Anatolia, Syria and Iraq by 8,000 BC, and food-producing societies first appear in southeast Europe by 7,000 BC, and Central Europe by 5500 BC cal (Linearbandkeramic).
	open-encyclopedia.com /Neolithic (669 words)

	Orientations of Neolithic Chambered Tombs in Glamorgan and Gwent, South Wales
		The tombs under study occupy the lowland region of the South Wales seaboard from the Gower peninsula in the West, across the Vale of Glamorgan to Gwent in the East.
		The axis of a tomb is defined here as the average bearing of the cairn sides in the direction of the chamber (where the entire plan is known) or of the chamber sides in the direction of the entrance (where the plan of the cairn is uncertain).
		zimuth Diagram of chambered tomb orientations in Glamorgan and Gwent
	homepage.ntlworld.com /mjpowell/Neotomb/Neotomb.htm (5747 words)

	MSN Encarta - Chinese Art and Architecture
		The fast-turning potter’s wheel in the Neolithic period and the remarkable results of bronze casting in the Shang dynasty are testimony to the high technical skill of these early Chinese artists.
		During the Neolithic period, the beginnings of agriculture and the domestication of animals led to the establishment of villages.
		Neolithic tombs have yielded a rich variety of ceramics, the most notable being large, painted jars that were probably burial urns, as well as footed vessels of polished fl clay.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761569371/Chinese_Art_and_Architecture.html (1464 words)

	Megalithic Tombs and Interregional Communication
		It had been assumed that megalithic tombs are territorial markers for such social units, but using the traditional Thiessen polygon method[21] to analyze the location of the nearly 5000 tombs, which took the computer almost thirty hours, resulted in territories largely devoid of meaning (Fig.
		On the West Coast the tomb concentration is heaviest on the islands of Tjörn, Orust and the adjacent coastal region to the north.
		Perhaps not all tombs in these areas have been recorded[26] due to tomb destruction which must be the result of continuous heavy occupation in these areas.
	www.comp-archaeology.org /Falbytxt.htm (5838 words)

	The Early Minoan Period: The Tombs
		The vast majority of these tombs, and all of the early ones with the exception of that at Krasi, are located in the south of the island, mostly in and around the Mesara plain.
		The spans of the larger tombs would not be impossibly large for such flat timber roofs since the spans would have been reduced to between some four and seven meters by the corbelling of the tomb's inner face.
		The artifacts from the tombs (vessels of both pottery and stone, tools and weapons, jewelry, and seals) show that a dead person was buried with his or her personal belongings as well as with food and drink (for the next life?).
	projectsx.dartmouth.edu /history/bronze_age/lessons/les/6.html (4253 words)

	British Archaeology 82, May/June 2005 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Tomb entrances tend to face the centre of the cemetery, those on the west facing eastwards, those on the east facing west, though two of the northernmost tombs do not conform to this pattern.
		The proposed construction dates all fall in the late mesolithic-early neolithic, with subsequent use of the tombs in the later neolithic, the bronze age and the iron age.
		The passage tomb people, possibly representing the elite, had the rights to build and use these monuments and their carved motifs, and a specific set of artefacts, while other groups, or segments, or classes, or castes, or whatever we choose to call them, used other symbols, other grave-goods and other burial traditions.
	www.britarch.ac.uk /ba/ba82/feat2.shtml (2038 words)

	Before the Pyramids...
		Tombs didn't seem to be reserved for a particular sex or age.
		It is impossible in the Neolithic to imagine a centralized power able to direct hordes of slaves; more likely, trade and alliances compelled participation, and the building became a communal project where groups labored as a sign of good will.
		A huge tomb was a reminder for the Cerny people that their ancestors colonized this land and that they had a right to possess it.
	www.archaeology.org /online/features/neolithic (1785 words)

	Irish Megalithic Art - from Minds or Moons
		The tombs, visible in silhouette from many vantage points in the area, served as a reminder of the “link between the living, the ancestors and the land, a relationship that that lay at the core of Neolithic belief systems” (Nowakowski 1997: 40; O’Kelly 1989: 100).
		Evidence from excavations shows that the number of individuals buried in tombs was relatively small, and this may mean that the monument itself fulfilled whatever the requirement was and burials were of a token nature (O’Kelly 1989: 124).
		There are other passage tombs where passage illumination occurs at marked times of the solar year, such as equinoxes and solstices, suggesting the Neolithic people of Ireland had been observing and recording solar movement and cycles.
	www.knowth.com /megalithic-art.htm (3869 words)

	Prehistoric Scotland: Neolithic Era
		The Neolithic is an archaeological construct which means the moving away from a hunter gatherer way of life to a settled farming one.
		On mainland Scotland Neolithic longhouses have been discovered at Balbridie in northern Kincardineshire and at Crathes and Monboddo, these last two have not been excavated, however, and their dating is less certain.
		Some are indeed tombs and some of these tombs consist of stone chambers reached by the outside by narrow, low tunnels, with the whole construction hidden beneath a cairn of stones.
	members.aol.com /skyelander/prehist2.html (2332 words)

	Neolithic Megalithic Tomb Builders Detail
		In the Neolithic period, which lasted from approximately 4000 to 1700 BC, ceremonies surrounding the deceased were complex and ritualistic.
		Court tombs were located in prominent places within the communities, but not much is known about a connection between mortuary practices and residential areas in the Neolithic period.
		The location of the tombs in relation to the surrounding land and their usual location near water implies that the builders were decent farmers, able to utilize the land for all it was worth (Herity 1996:58).
	www.nd.edu /~ikuijt/Ireland/Sites/mdonnel2/tombdetail.htm.htm (2210 words)

	Knowth & Newgrange Ireland, Tara and other Ancient Ireland sites.
		The Megalithic Passage Tombs of Newgrange, Knowth, Dowth, Fourknocks, Loughcrew and Tara are located in the present day County of Meath on the east coast of Ireland.
		While passage tomb is the traditional description for Newgrange and similar structures, chambered cairn or passage mound are the descriptions favoured by those who consider the passage tomb description too narrow.
		Irish passage tombs tend to occur in clusters traditionally described as a Necropolis or cemetery.
	www.knowth.com (578 words)

	Megaliths in Ireland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The tomb's "lightbox" is only the third ever discovered and is by far the most complex.
		His work on the Neolithic tombs at Carrowkeel suggests they were positioned so that the light from the Moon could peep into the inner chamber at midwinter.
		Given the number of Neolithic tombs in the area this was one of the most sacred regions of ancient Ireland.
	www.crystalinks.com /megalithsireland.html (478 words)

	Neolithic - Neolithic Art
		Free standing sculpture had already begun by the Neolithic, the earliest being the anthropomorphic figurines, often embellished by animals from the very beginning of the Neolithic discovered in Nevali Cori and Göbekli Tepe near Urfa in eastern Turkey, dating to ca.
		Neolithic period or New Stone Age.The term neolithic is used, especially in archaeology and anthropology, to designate a stage of cultural evolution...
		The neolithic village of Skara Brae lies on the shore of the Bay of Skaill on the west coast of Orkney's Mainland...
	www.huntfor.com /arthistory/prehistoric/neolithic.htm (584 words)

	Triskelle - Irish History - New Stone Age
		There are for example single court tombs, which usually have a horse-shoe shaped court, full court tombs with a circular formed court and double court tombs, with two courts on either side of the gallery.
		Schoolbook examples of court tombs are the Creevykeel Court Tomb in County Sligo and the Creggandevesky Court Tomb in County Tyrone.
		The Poulnabrone Portal Tomb, in County Clare, and the Kilclooney Dolmen, in County Donegal, are some fine examples of portal tombs.
	vincentpeters.nl /triskelle/history/newstoneage.php?index=060.010.020 (2486 words)

	Neolithic Art (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The Neolithic era is generally understood as that time period during which people began to settle into small agricultural communities and eventually formed cities.
		Small human figurines created during the Neolithic era are often understood as fertility and/or worship figures although their exact purpose remains unknown.
		The Bronze Age overlaps the Neolithic era in time and is generally marked by an inceased use of metals to replace stone tools and an increase in human settlements, often with locations marked by large geoglyphs and megalithic structures like Stonehenge.
	www.accd.edu /sac/vat/arthistory/arts1303/Neolith1.htm (314 words)

	Report on the 2000 Poznan Symposium
		The tombs found in a tumulus consist of the burial chamber with a wooden bed and caprine and sheep bones.
		Castillos asked whether the tombs were all found intact, to which the speaker replied that yes concerning the rich burials, but that he cannot be sure about the poor ones, at least he could not find any robbers' pits.
		M. Winiarska-Kabacinska, "Neolithic gouges from Kadero: what were they used for?" - She explained that microwear analysis of such artefacts, abundant at Kadero, more than 100 have already been found, revealed that they were used for cutting or working with soft or hard materials, so they were in fact multi-task tools.
	www.geocities.com /henslater/index3.html (6215 words)

	Nealithic Tombs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The barrow was excavated in 1957 and contained traces of the cremated bones of at least nine adults and possibly two children, and artifacts dated to Late Neolithic or Early Bronze Age.
		The Coldrum Long Barrow is in care of the National Trust, being the exposed portion of a Neolithic Burial Chamber where the bones of 22 people were found in 1910.
		The visible remains at Kit's Coty were part of the rectangular stone burial chamber which once stood at the east end of a large mound or burrow.
	www.fugglefamily.com /Naturalhistory.htm (1318 words)

	Celestial Observatories - 2
		The orientation of thousands of Neolithic tombs erected across Europe and Africa around 10,000 B.C. were apparently built to face the rising sun, securing the sun's importance in various human cultures across three countries, two continents and the Mediterranean islands, according to one astronomy historian.
		The sheer number of Neolithic tombs built with a sun-ward oriented entrances suggest, if nothing else, that the sun played an important role that coincided with a person's death, researchers said.
		In the Alenterejo region of central Portugal, for example, every one of the 177 tombs measured by Hoskin faced sunrise, usually during autumn and early winter, with a sharp cutoff at the winter solstice.
	www.crystalinks.com /observa2.html (2382 words)

	International Travel News: A guide to tourist-neglected sites of prehistoric and Celtic Ireland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The white quartzite facing on the tomb gives it a modern appearance; however, the facing is a reconstruction of the original.
		The tomb interior consists of a narrow passage with three small chambers at the far end for cremated bodies and grave goods.
		The tour leader here suggested that the Newgrange tomb might have been used by only one prominent family, whereas the Knowth tombs were used by a whole community.
	findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m3648/is_n9_v22/ai_20107064 (1592 words)

	BBC - h2g2 - The Neolithic Passage Tombs of Bru na Boinne - A647912
		The passage tombs of Newgrange, Knowth and Dowth stand in the area known as Brú na Bóinne, in a loop of the River Boyne, a few miles west of Drogheda, County Meath, Ireland.
		The passage tombs were built by the people of the New Stone Age (Neolithic).
		At first it was thought that the passage must be the work of Vikings in the 7th or 8th Century, because it was not known that the pre-Christian people of Ireland were capable of such work.
	www.bbc.co.uk /dna/h2g2/alabaster/A647912 (1615 words)

	The Sacred Isle -- Ireland 2004
		The entire complex is laid out in a spiral pattern, and the majority of tombs are a mixture of small passage tombs and dolmens, usually surrounded by a stone curb and constructed with the large rounded granite boulders of the area.
		The tombs are located on three different hills, one of the largest tombs in the complex, is situated on Carnbane East.
		This tomb has inside a cruciform chamber, a corbelled roof, and some of the most beautiful examples of Neolithic art in Ireland.
	www.mythictravels.com /Tours/Ireland/irelanditinerarypg2.html (1148 words)

	Archaeology of Britain-Neolithic Burial Sites (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		In Neolithic and Early Bronze Age times burials were often covered by earthern mounds or rock cairns.
		Many of the Neolithic tombs were used for hundreds of years, with mortuary houses built of wood or stone.
		Dwarfie Stane: This is thought to be a Neolithic tomb, and resembles other chambered tombs, but at a much smaller scale.
	www.sfu.ca /archaeology/museum/britain/archbr/burial.html (291 words)

	Search Tuna Report for chinas shang dynasty (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The vessels are based on Neolithic ceramic prototypes that were used to cook in, eat from, drink or pour water and wine from....
		Chemical analyses of ancient organics absorbed, and preserved, in pottery jars from the Neolithic village of Jiahu, in Henan province, northern China, have revealed that a mixed fermented beverage of rice, honey, and fruit was being produced as early as 9,000 years ago, the university said in a statement....
		Evidence from the royal tombs indicates that royal personages were buried with articles of value, presumably for use in the afterlife....
	www.searchtuna.com /ftlive2/3343.html (3071 words)

	Prehistoric Scotland -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Evidence from middens shows that the inhabitants were keeping cattle, sheep and pigs, farming barley and wheat and gathering shellfish as well as fishing for species which have to be line caught using boats.
		Another (Latest part of the Stone Age beginning about 10,000 BC in the middle east (but later elsewhere)) Neolithic village has been found nearby at (additional info and facts about Barnhouse Settlement) Barnhouse Settlement, and the inference is that these farming people were the builders and users of these mysterious structures.
		The cairns and Megalithic monuments continued into the ((archeology) a period between the Stone and Iron ages, characterized by the manufacture and use of bronze tools and weapons) Bronze age, which saw metals as an additional material rather than a replacement for flint.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/p/pr/prehistoric_scotland.htm (1655 words)

	Doc1.mac
		[8] The area's Neolithic tombs suggest that the aboriginal inhabitants are southern in origin and have close affinities to the Hoabinhian [9000-5600 B.C.] and Bacsonian [8300-5900 B.C.] cultures of Vietnam.
		The late Neolithic sites thus far uncovered in southern interior China then, seem less elaborate in terms of the cultural remains when compared to sites farther north or east, though this may be explained simply by the types of sites which have come to light.
		The tombs yielded 37 coffin burials, sixteen sets of skeletal remains, bamboo and wooden artifacts, fabric, pottery, and proto-porcelain; 220 artifacts in all.
	mcel.pacificu.edu /as/resources/zhuang/Zhuang1.htm (9588 words)

	British Archaeology, no 22, March 1997: Features (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		At Carn Ban, for example, a well preserved tomb on a granite hillside, the main megaliths forming the chamber were of granite, but the drystone walling which gave height to the chamber was of sandstone, while the lintel slabs were of alternating slabs of granite and sandstone.
		This idea is especially poignant at one tomb at Clachaig, where the bones of the dead were jammed into the walls of the tomb and encased in red sandstone slabs.
		As research continues it may be that many more tombs containing bones-and-blood stones of white and red are found, and that the significance of these colours to the Neolithic view of death will becomes clearer each time a new example is found.
	www.britarch.ac.uk /ba/ba22/ba22feat.html (2712 words)

	Books: Neolithic Spirit Realms
		In this Neolithic period, however, "access to spirit realms was no longer through caves...but through structures built above ground." The book is certain to generate controversy among experts of the period, and many will question how well the archaeological record supports the shamanism hypothesis.
		Inside the Neolithic Mind features superb writing, lavishly illustrated descriptions of recent findings from Çatalhöyük and Göbekli Tepe in Turkey, and Jordan's 'Ain Ghazal, and a powerfully evocative stone-by-stone tour of the megalithic tombs of Neolithic Ireland such as Knowth and Newgrange.
		But they may balk at the idea that when the residents of densely populated Çatalhöyük entered their mud-brick houses down ladders in the roofs, they also descended into a spirit realm, or that hearths dug into the floors at 'Ain Ghazal symbolize a transformation by fire rather than being a way to cook dinner.
	www.archaeology.org /0511/reviews/neolithic.html (481 words)

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