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Topic: Neolithic founder crops

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	CONK! Encyclopedia: Agriculture (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		In these contexts lie the origins of the eight so-called founder crops of agriculture: firstly emmer wheat, einkorn wheat, then hulled barley, pea, lentil, bitter vetch, chick pea and flax.
		These eight crops occur more or less simultaneously on PPNB sites in this region, although the consensus is that wheat was the first to be sown and harvested on a significant scale.
		Apiculture, the culture of bees, traditionally for honeyâ”increasingly for crop pollination.
	www.conk.com /search/encyclopedia.cgi?q=Agriculture (2299 words)

	Agriculture - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		In these contexts lie the origins of the eight so-called founder crops of agriculture: firstly emmer wheat, einkorn wheat, then hulled barley, pea, lentil,, chick pea and flax.
		These eight crops occur more or less simultaneously on PPNB sites in this region, although the consensus is that wheat (naturally mutated grass) was the first to be sown and harvested on a significant scale.
		The invention of a of crop rotation during in the Middle Ages vastly improved agricultural efficiency.
	www.peekskill.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Agriculture (2357 words)

	CONK! Encyclopedia: Fertile_Crescent (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The western zone around the Jordan and upper Euphrates rivers gave rise to the first known Neolithic farming settlements (referred to as Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA)), which date to around 9,000 BC (and includes sites such as Jericho).
		This region, alongside Mesopotamia (which lies to the east of the Fertile Crescent, between the rivers Tigris and Euphrates), also saw the emergence of early complex societies during the succeeding Bronze Age.
		Most importantly, the Fertile Crescent possessed the wild progenitors of the eight Neolithic founder crops important in early agriculture (i.e.
	www.conk.com /search/encyclopedia.cgi?q=Fertile_Crescent (495 words)

	Agriculture [Definition] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		In these contexts lie the origins of the eight so-called founder cropsThe Neolithic founder crops (or 'primary domesticates') are the eight species of plant that were domesticated by early Holocene (Pre-Pottery Neolithic A and B) farming communities in the Fertile Crescent region of Southwest Asia.
		Although localised climate change is the favoured explanation for the origins of agriculture in the LevantThe Levant is an approximate historical geographical term referring to a large area in Southwest Asia south of the Taurus Mountains, bounded by the Mediterranean Sea in the west, and in the east, the north Arabian Desert and Mesopotamia.
		The Middle Ages of Western Europe are commonly dated from the end of the Western Roman Empire (5th century) until the rise of national monarchies, of European overseas exploration, the discovery and diffusion of printing, and the humanist revival of the Renaissance in the 15th century i...
	www.wikimirror.com /Agriculture (14471 words)

	Read about Agriculture at WorldVillage Encyclopedia. Research Agriculture and learn about Agriculture here! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		hunter-gatherer economy to an agricultural one via a lengthy period when some crops were deliberately planted and other foods were gathered from the wild.
		Crops and animals that were previously only known in the Old World were now transplanted to the New and vice versa.
		The most widely used modification is a herbicide resistance gene that allows plants to tolerate exposure to glyphosate, which is used to control weeds in the crop.
	encyclopedia.worldvillage.com /s/b/Agriculture (1602 words)

	Agriculture (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		In these contexts lie the origins of the eight so-called founder crops of agriculture: firstly emmer, einkorn, then hulled barley, pea, lentil, bitter vetch, chick pea and flax.
		Most certainly there was a gradual transition from a hunter-gatherer economy to an agricultural one via a lengthy period when some crops were deliberately planted and other foods were gathered from the wild.
		In addition to emergence of farming in the Fertile Crescent, the agriculture appeared by at least 7,000 BC (and possibly earlier) in southeast Asia (rice) and, somewhat later, in Central America (maize, squash).
	hallencyclopedia.com /Agriculture (2192 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Neolithic Revolution
		The Neolithic Revolution is the term for the first agricultural revolution, describing the transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture, as first adopted by various independent prehistoric human societies, in various locations.
		Some of these pioneering attempts failed at first and crops were abandoned, sometimes to be taken up again and successfully domesticated thousands of years later: rye, tried and abandoned in Neolithic Anatolia, made its way to Europe as weed seeds and was successfully domesticated in Europe, thousands of years after the earliest agriculture.
		Hodder believes that the Neolithic revolution was the result of a revolutionary change in the human psychology, a "revolution of symbols" which led to new beliefs about the world and shared community rituals embodied in corpulent female figurines and the methodical assembly of aurochs horns.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution (4366 words)

	Neolithic founder crops at AllExperts
		The Neolithic founder crops (or 'primary domesticates') are the eight species of plant that were domesticated by early Holocene (Pre-Pottery Neolithic A and B) farming communities in the Fertile Crescent region of Southwest Asia.
		They consist of flax, three cereals and four pulses, and are the first known domesticated plants in the world.
		Although domesticated rye (Secale cereale) occurs at Pre-Pottery Neolithic B sites, it is only as a minor element with other crops, and rye is not generally considered to be a founder crop.
	en.allexperts.com /e/n/ne/neolithic_founder_crops.htm (186 words)

	Agriculture - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Though there is evidence of earlier use of wild cereals, it wasn't until after 9,500 B.C. that the eight so-called founder crops of agriculture appear: first emmer and einkorn wheat, then hulled barley, peas, lentils, bitter vetch, chick peas and flax.
		The invention of a three field system of crop rotation during the Middle Ages, and the importation of the Chinese-invented moldboard plow, vastly improved agricultural efficiency.
		Specific crops are cultivated in distinct growing regions throughout the world.
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/Agriculture (2542 words)

	Part 6. Conservation of Wild Progenitors
		Several crop plants which have assisted in the establishment of western civilization have their origin in an arc of land that connects the valleys of the Euphrates and the Tigris with the Jordan.
		The rich regional biodiversity in crop plants and their wild relatives is now threatened by rapid urbanization and overgrazing by small ruminants as flocks are multiplied to satisfy the demands of an increasing human population.
		During their long history of propagation in crop fields in the centers of origin and primary diversity, landrace populations of major crop species were in close association with their wild and weedy relatives.
	www.ipgri.cgiar.org /publications/HTMLPublications/47/ch11.htm (9605 words)

	Civilization - New World Encyclopedia Preview
		Culture, on the other hand, refers to the social standards and norms of behavior, the traditions, values, ethics, morality, and religious beliefs and practices that are held in common by members of the society.
		In late Neolithic times, the Huang He (黃河) valley began to establish itself as a cultural center, where the first villages were founded; the most archaeologically significant of those was found at Banpo (半坡), Xi'an (西安).
		Examples of this are the Sumerians' development of irrigation techniques to grow crops in Iraq, or when the Catholic Church included pagan tribes into their religious community.
	www.newworldencyclopedia.org /preview/Civilization (5337 words)

	MALTA - LoveToKnow Article on MALTA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The grain crops are maize, wheat and barley; the two latter are frequently sown together.
		The principal fodder crops are green barley and a tall clover called sulla (Hedysarum coronarum), having a beautiful purple blossom.
		Two, and often three, crops are raised in the year; on irrigated land more than twice as many croppings are possible.
	19.1911encyclopedia.org /M/MA/MALTA.htm (7739 words)

	History of Agriculture - Crystalinks
		The practice of agriculture is often used to distinguish the neolithic period from earlier parts of the stone age.
		The first crops that humans domesticated included wheat (einkorn and emmer) and barley.
		Most likely, there was a gradual transition from a hunter-gatherer economy to an agricultural one, via a lengthy period when some crops were deliberately planted, and other foods were gathered from the wild.
	www.crystalinks.com /agriculturehistory.html (1062 words)

	Neolithic Revolution at AllExperts
		The hunter-gatherer way of life was being replaced with the domestication of crops and animals, which enabled people to live more sedentary lives (which led to the building of villages, creating new social, cultural, economic, and political concepts, as mentioned above).
		In the refinement of archaeological and historical dating systems, as a time period the Neolithic Revolution broadly defines the transition from the late Upper Palaeolithic to the succeeding Neolithic ages; this demarcation is particularly applied to cultures in the Old World, and less frequently to others.
		Some of these pioneering attempts failed at first and crops were abandoned, sometimes to be taken up again and successfully domesticated thousands of years later: rye, tried and abandoned in Neolithic Anatolia, made its way to Europe as weed seeds and was successfully domesticated in Europe, thousands of years after the earliest agriculture [1].
	en.allexperts.com /e/n/ne/neolithic_revolution.htm (4148 words)

	Ancient food crops (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		It is accepted that the earliest evidence regarding experiments in crop improvement comes to us from western Asia and derives from a vast area lying between the Mediterranean and the Zagros Mountains and between Anatolia and the Persian Gulf.
		The earliest crops raised by primitive farmers in Neolithic times were einkorn and emmer wheat and barley, followed closely by peas, lentils and vetches.
		In this area are to be found the wild progenitors of the Neolithic founder crops, einkorn wheat, emmer wheat, barley, lentils, bitter vetch, chickpeas and flax.
	www.pharmj.com /Editorial/20000805/comment/food.html (468 words)

	Documenta praehistorica XXV (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Wild relatives of the 'founder' crops of the European agriculture, chickpea, lenil, pea, barley, Emmer and Einkorn wheats, bitter vetch (Zohary and Hopf 1993) continue to grow in the Fertile Crescent.
		The study represents the Neolithic sequence in a newly investigated micro-region in the Balkans - the Karlovo Lowland in the upper Stryama valley (north-western Thrace).
		While it is accepted that the Neolithic was an intrusive phenomenon across much of Central Europe, the transition to food production on the northwestern fringes of the Continent has been viewed in terms of complex interactions between incoming and indigenious poputations, leading ot 'continuity' and 'acculturation' rather the replacement.
	www.ff.uni-lj.si /arheologija/neolitik/documenta/a25.html (1725 words)

	Part 2. Near Eastern Crop Diversity and its Global Migration
		Later the other 'founder crops' such as pea, lentil, vetch, faba bean, flax, tree and vine fruits were domesticated and the entire system moved out of the nuclear area together with an array of agricultural techniques.
		The crops are two-row barley, emmer and einkorn.
		Consideration of the distributions of the progenitors of the early Neolithic crops and domestic animals represented at Jeitun thus tends to support the view that they were introduced to the Kopet Dag piedmont rather than domesticated locally, although local domestication of the goat cannot be wholly excluded on these grounds.
	www.ipgri.cgiar.org /publications/HTMLPublications/47/ch07.htm (18187 words)

	Nesbitt.html
		In the past, the cultivation of crop plants was the major occupation of most of the population, which literally lived or died by its success in food production.
		A further five crops were found in the flotation samples that were absent from the burnt level: millet, grass pea, bitter vetch, grape, almond, and flax.
		Emmer and einkorn were among the Neolithic founder species, appearing at the earliest farming sites, and spreading west as far as the British Isles and east to India and beyond.
	www.bu.edu /asor/pubs/nea/ba/Nesbitt.html (5333 words)

	Desmond's Concise History of Ireland
		Theobald Wolf Tone, an Anglican of modest social standing and the founder of radical republicanism in Ireland, was profoundly influenced by the French Revolution.
		The holocaust formerly called "Potato Famine" was not a genuine "famine" at all, because only the potato crop was affected, while the vast majority of farmland was planted to other crops and foodstuffs which were grown in sufficient quantities -- or at least nearly sufficient quantities* -- to feed the populace.
		Whatever it is called, the disaster resulted from (1) the fungus that totally ravaged the potato crop in 1845, 1846 and 1848, and partially ravaged it in 1847, and (2) government indifference.
	members.tripod.com /JerryDesmond/index-7.html (19493 words)

	Nesbitt.html
		In the past, the cultivation of crop plants was the major occupation of most of the population, which literally lived or died by its success in food production.
		A further five crops were found in the flotation samples that were absent from the burnt level: millet, grass pea, bitter vetch, grape, almond, and flax.
		Emmer and einkorn were among the Neolithic founder species, appearing at the earliest farming sites, and spreading west as far as the British Isles and east to India and beyond.
	www.asor.org /pubs/nea/ba/Nesbitt.html (5333 words)

	The mode of domestication of the founder crops of Southwest Asian agriculture – Daniel Zohary
		The mode of domestication of the founder crops of Southwest Asian agriculture – Daniel Zohary
		Genetic tests that are sufficiently comprehensive and specifically planned to throw light on the mode of origin of the Southwest Asian founder crops have not yet been attempted.
		It remains an open question whether these crops were taken into cultivation together in the same place, or whether different crops were domesticated (perhaps each only once) in different places.
	www.goldenageproject.org.uk /285discussions.html (553 words)

	The CANEW Project
		The genetics argument for a single-event domestication of the founder crops is developed in detail by Zohary (1996, 1999).) Further evidence for the important role of cereals in daily life is provided by the fact that processing activities (including threshing) were taking place on site (Van Zeist and De Roller 1995).
		The range of crops utilised at Asikli and Çatalhöyük are typical of those used in the Neolithic across Central Anatolia and the presence of emmer, einkorn, bitter vetch, chickpea and lentil presents obvious links to Southeast Anatolia and the Levant.
		The mode of domestication of the founder crops of Southwest Asian agriculture.
	www.canew.org /lecasoutimartinbox.html (9834 words)

	AHRC Centre for the Evolutionary Analysis of Cultural Behaviour
		The 'founder crops' of Neolithic agriculture (the so called Neolithic 'crop package'; Zohary 1996) evolved in SW Asia and it was here that the earliest farming communities, dated to ca.
		Using the first systematic database of records of plant taxa recovered from pre- and early Neolithic sites across Europe and SW Asia we present a comparative analysis of domestic crops and weed species that provides direct evidence for the evolution of the Neolithic 'crop package'.
		We will consider the reasons how and why the original suite of 'founder crops' was adapted as farming spread from SW Asia and we will present several hypotheses to account for the divergent evolutionary trajectories in Central and Northern Europe.
	www.ucl.ac.uk /ceacb/abstracts/index08.php (411 words)

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