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Topic: Nerve cell

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	Neuron - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Neurons communicate with one another and to other cells through synapses, where the axon tip of one cell impinges upon a dendrite or soma of another, or less commonly to an axon.
		Nerve cell bodies stained with basophilic dyes will show numerous microscopic clumps of Nissl substance (named after German psychiatrist and neuropathologist Franz Nissl, 1860–1919), which consists of rough endoplasmic reticulum and associated ribosomes.
		The cell body of a neuron is supported by a complex meshwork of structural proteins called neurofilaments, which are assembled into larger neurofibrils.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Neuron (876 words)

	nerve cell
		The nerve impulse enters the nerve cell by the dendrites and is then carried away from the cell body by the axon.
		The unit of information is the nerve impulse, a travelling wave of chemical and electrical changes involving the membrane of the nerve cell.
		Where each nerve cell connects with the next there is a tiny gap called a synapse.
	www.tiscali.co.uk /reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0016171.html (449 words)

	Laser Health Solutions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Acetylcholine: a neurotransmitter, serving to transmit information from the nerve cell to the muscle cell at the myoneural junction of striated and smooth muscles.
		Nerve injuries are caused by decreased blood flow and high blood-sugar levels, and are more likely to develop if blood-glucose levels are poorly controlled.
		Epicondylitis: inflammation of the musculotendenous junction at the epicondyle osseous structure of the elbow.
	www.laserhealthsolutions.com /encyclopedia.php (1505 words)

	Nerve Cell
		Once the signal reaches the axon terminal bundle, it may be transmitted to a neighboring nerve cell with the action of a chemical neurotransmitter.
		A nerve cell is like a receiver, transmitter and transmission line with the task of passing a signal along from its dendrites to the axon terminal bundle.
		The stimulus triggers an action potential in the cell membrane of the nerve cell, and that action potential provides the stimulus for a neighboring segment of the cell membrane.
	hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/biology/nervecell.html (552 words)

	USATODAY.com - Nerve cell mystery is unlocked (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Like marriages made in heaven, budding nerve cells in a developing embryo are preordained to connect only with specific cellular partners.
		What Bargmann has done is identify one of the cousins responsible for ensuring that certain nerve cells form the right connections and ultimately grow into neat bundles of nerve fibers.
		Nerve fibers are the wiring in the brains and nervous systems of humans and animals.
	www.usatoday.com /news/health/2003-03-10-nerve-cells_x.htm (488 words)

	UK Researchers: Protein May Cause Nerve Cell Death in Alzheimer's Disease
		Cell culture experiments in the present study demonstrated that Par-4 made nerve cells more vulnerable to being killed by amyloid-beta protein, and that levels of free radicals and calcium were increased within the cells.
		Nerve cells were deprived of these growth factors in the present study.
		Presenilin-1 mutations appear to make nerve cells vulnerable to age-related changes in the brain, such as increased levels of amyloid-beta protein, oxidative stress (a state of damage caused by reactive, oxygen-containing chemicals that can affect a single molecule or an entire organism) and reduced energy availability.
	www.uky.edu /PR/News/MCPRNews/1998/par4.htm (978 words)

	Vestibulocochlear Nerve (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The receptor cells for these special senses are located in the membranous labyrinth which is embedded in the petrous part of the temporal bone.
		The eighth nerve enters the brain stem at the junction of the pons and medulla lateral to the facial nerve.
		The auditory component of the eighth nerve terminates in a sensory nucleus called the cochlear nucleus which is located at the junction of the pons and medulla.
	www.meddean.luc.edu /lumen/MedEd/GrossAnatomy/h_n/cn/cn1/cn8.htm (242 words)

	Nervous System / Nerve Tissue
		It is the "conducting" cell that transmits impulses and the structural unit of the nervous system.
		Because centrioles function in cell division, the fact that neurons lack these organelles is consistent with the amitotic nature of the cell.
		The cytoplasm, nucleus, and outer cell membrane of the Schwann cell form a tight covering around the myelin and around the axon itself at the nodes of Ranvier.
	training.seer.cancer.gov /module_anatomy/unit5_2_nerve_tissue.html (651 words)

	Harvard Gazette: Studying 'business end of nerve cell'
		Nerve cells make up the brain and the spinal cord, and, strung end to end like an electrical network, carry signals throughout the body and back again.
		The cells and their signals guide everything from thought to movement to emotion to the perception of smells and the reading of a newspaper.
		For example, a nerve cell wired to the part of the brain responsible for processing visual signals forms synapses with cells related to the eye while ignoring nearby cells related to hearing.
	www.news.harvard.edu /gazette/2004/11.18/03-sanes.html (1071 words)

	Edinburgh Evening News - Health - Nerve cell breakthrough is world first
		The cells were created in Edinburgh by the Institute for Stem Cell Research and the University of Milan.
		Stem Cell Sciences plc (SCS) is the Edinburgh-based stem cell company which gained the licence to the new technology to derive and grow neural stem cells.
		Stem cells are "master" cells that can become many kinds of tissue, while nerve stem cells are those which help build the brain and central nervous system.
	edinburghnews.scotsman.com /health.cfm?id=1791412005 (605 words)

	Zebrafish may hold key to understanding human nerve cell development
		Traditionally viewed as supporting actors, cells known as glia may be essential for the normal development of nerve cells responsible for hearing and balance, according to new University of Utah research.
		This research increases our understanding of how nerve cells develop and whether it may be possible to regenerate these types of cells in humans one day," said Tatjana Piotrowski, Ph.D., assistant professor of neurobiology and anatomy at the University of Utah School of Medicine.
		Hair cells in zebrafish are located on the surface of their body and help the fish swim in groups and avoid predators.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2005-01/uouh-zmh123104.php (562 words)

	Effects of eosinophils on nerve cell morphology and development: the role of reactive oxygen species and p38 MAP kinase ...
		to induce the expression of cell adhesion molecules (29).
		Coculture of eosinophils with undifferentiated IMR32 cells and
		and morphology of peripheral autonomic cholinergic nerves in
	ajplung.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/285/4/L915 (5261 words)

	diagram of a nerve cell - Everything That Begins With Cell (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Nerve cells are very unique in the way they work......
		Studies of photographs of cells made by transmission electron microscopy Epithelial Cell from an Opossum Uterus M = Mitochondria N = Nucleus C = Cell membranes Portions of three cells are shown in...
		The axon of the nerve cell is the long extension by which...
	www.kinetek.ca /a-cell/diagram-of-a-nerve-cell.html (538 words)

	Addiction Science Research and Education Center
		The large portion of Nerve Cell One is the working part of the cell, also known as the presynaptic area.
		Inside Nerve Cell One is another monster enzyme, known as MAO, which gobbles up the neurotransmitter molecules that accidentally leak out of the vesicles.
		Outside and above the nerve membrane is a small molecule known as chloride ion, which is necessary for the proper integrity of the vesicle membrane.
	www.utexas.edu /research/asrec/neuroncartoon.html (564 words)

	Wired News: Gold Medal for Nerve Cell Growers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		University of Utah scientists grew the nerve cells on a bioengineered scaffold made of cells that encouraged nerve cell growth and were fixed to a plastic material.
		One unusual aspect of the work is that it uses "fibroblasts" as the "feeder layer" (the layer between the plastic and the nerve cells), Eric Sabelman, a biomedical engineer at the VA Palo Alto Rehabilitation R&D Center, said.
		Schwann cells, which secrete a nerve growth factor and surround nerve fibers, are more commonly used to encourage the nerve growth.
	www.wired.com /news/print/0,1294,49897,00.html (937 words)

	Parts of the nerve cell and their function (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		A nerve cell can have many dendrites which branch many times, their surface is irregular and covered in dendritic spines which are where the synaptic input connections are made.
		The cells that wrap around peripheral nerve fibers - that is, nerve fibers outside of the brain and spinal cord - are called Schwann cells (because they were first described by Theodor Schwann).
		Synapses are the junctions formed with other nerve cells where the presynaptic terminal of one cell comes into 'contact' with the postsynaptic membrane of another.
	www.cerebromente.org.br /n07/fundamentos/neuron/parts_i.htm (1223 words)

	News Release 11/2004: Researchers direct nerve-cell growth in real time using protein walls
		Using this laser-induced process of building protein structures called microfabrication, the group built walls near living nerve cells that were made of albumin or other proteins.
		In the case of nerve cells, molecules called chemoattractants that lure in the cells could be tethered to sites where a scientist wants two nerve cells to interact.
		For a fl-and-white image of a nerve cell whose outgrowth (neurite) was forced to grow along a protein wall, contact Barbra Rodriguez at brodriguez@mail.utexas.edu.
	utexas.edu /opa/news/04newsreleases/nr_200411/nr_chemistry041110.html (693 words)

	TUDCA, J7
		One complication that leads to the progression of Huntington's disease is the death of nerve cells in certain areas of the brain.
		A part of the cell that is especially involved in apoptosis is the mitochondrion (plural: mitochondria).
		If they are prevented from carrying out their jobs, the cell and its parts will not be able to perform all of their necessary functions and the cell will die.
	www.stanford.edu /group/hopes/treatmts/ebuffer/j7.html (1062 words)

	Science News: Molecules that guide or nourish nerves - nerve cell connections - Brief Article
		In every developing organism, nerve cells must thread their way through a jumble of other cells to particular targets, be they muscles, sense organs, or other nerve cells.
		The arrival of acetylcholine seems to lead to a rapid influx of calcium into the cell, the appearance of many cellular fingers on the side of the growth cone facing the needle, and, finally, turning.
		Normally, p75 exists on nerves and on other types of cells along the path between the brain and the target glands.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1200/is_n11_v145/ai_14909316 (570 words)

	Nerve cell regrowth promising - 07/02/01 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		SALT LAKE CITY, Utah -- Scientists have found a way to re-grow nerve cells that have usually stopped their development, an advance that could lead to treatments for stroke, Alzheimer's disease and spinal injuries.
		The neurons were then cultured in a lab under conditions mirroring the body's central nervous system, where the nerve fibers began to spread out over time like the branches of a tree sapling.
		Condic's method has some advantages over the use of embryonic nerve cells, which researchers covet because of the stem cells' ability to keep growing and turn into any cell type in the body.
	www.detnews.com /2001/health/0107/04/a06-242744.htm (180 words)

	Photographs of Cells (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Other types of pancreatic cells, endocrine cells, produce the hormones insulin or glucagon which are released into the blood stream.
		This photograph is of a portion of a striated muscle cell of the diaphragm of a shrew, a very active little mammal.
		The axon of the nerve cell is the long extension by which the impulse is directed toward another cell.
	www.wellesley.edu /Biology/Courses/110/microscopy.html (496 words)

	Synapses
		The junction between the axon terminals of a neuron and the receiving cell is called a synapse.
		The neurotransmitter at excitatory synapses depolarizes the postsynaptic membrane (of a neuron in this diagram).
		Nerve gases used in warfare (e.g., sarin) and the organophosphate insecticides (e.g., parathion) achieve their effects by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase thus allowing ACh to remain active.
	www.ultranet.com /~jkimball/BiologyPages/S/Synapses.html (1205 words)

	The Whitaker Foundation News: Biological Scaffold to Grow Neurons (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Paralysis from spinal injuries and other nerve damage tends to be irreversible because the human body virtually ceases nerve-cell production after the prenatal years.
		The researchers placed several different types of neuronal cells on the peptide scaffolds and found that the nerve cells grew along the peptide fibers.
		Further research will be needed to determine the molecular mechanisms by which the peptide scaffolds encourage nerve cells attachment and axon growth.
	www.whitaker.org /news/zhang.html (758 words)

	Preventing nerve cell death in ALS
		ALS attacks the nerve cells that control the voluntary muscles throughout the body.
		For instance, there are growth factors produced by muscle cells that nourish the neurons in the spinal cord that connect to the muscle cells.
		Possible therapeutic strategies could include using chemicals called metal ion chelators to soak up the excess metal ions, altering nerve cells to respond to growth factors that are not sensitive to zinc and copper, and enhancing the nerve cells’ own anti-oxidant defence systems.
	www.als.ca /als_news.asp?intNewsID=57 (772 words)

	Neuroscience for Kids - In the News - Three Noble Neuroscientists
		Neurotransmitters are chemicals that transmit signals from one nerve cell to another.
		Understanding how nerve cells communicate with each other and pass signals along has increased our understanding of how different drugs, such as those used to treat depression and other psychiatric disorders, work in the brain.
		He discovered that there is an amplification at the synapse between the sensory nerve cell (sensing the stimulus, like your ears hear sound) and the motor nerve cell that tell muscles to perform the protective gill-withdrawal reflex.
	faculty.washington.edu /chudler/nobel20.html (1111 words)

	00-001 (Herpes Simplex)
		A team of scientists led by Elaine Bearer of Brown University is the first to observe and record the movement of the herpes simplex virus within a living a nerve cell.
		Scientists have known that the herpes virus enters a mucous membrane, such as the lip, at the nerve ending and travels along the string-like nerve to the central nervous system near the brain, where the virus replicates or enters latency.
		To duplicate the movement from nerve ending to cell nucleus, Bearer and colleagues used a nerve cell from a Woods Hole squid as the model because the animal’s “giant” axon –; 7 centimeters in length and 1 millimeter in diameter – was large enough to inject and provided good visibility.
	www.brown.edu /Administration/News_Bureau/2000-01/00-001.html (626 words)

	Nerve Cell Clones Repair Brain Damage
		Clones of human brain cells are being used in laboratory experiments aimed at repairing, even re-creating, brain areas damaged by injury, disease, and birth defects.
		The cells, related to fetal stem cells that develop into every tissue and organ in the body, give rise to different types of brain and other nerve cells.
		Besides replacing missing or faulty genes, stem-cell transplants might be used to boost the performance of genes needed to regrow nerves after spinal cord or head injuries, or to replace cells destroyed by diseases or strokes.
	www.news.harvard.edu /gazette/1999/01.28/brain.html (1333 words)

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