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Topic: Network address translation

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Port address translation

Demilitarized zone (computing)

RFC 1918

Stateful firewall

NAT

Router

Routing

Transmission Control Protocol

Voice over IP

DMZ

Palladium operating system

Comparison of file systems

WinFS

History of Microsoft Windows

	Network Address Translation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Network Address Translation (NAT) is a routing scheme devised to provide an immediate solution to the world shortage of Internet Protocol addresses (IP addresses), as well as address network security, and facilitate the ease and flexibility of network administration.
		NAT is the translation of an IP address used within one network to a different IP address known within another network.
		NAT can greatly ease the administration of a network in that it allows for unlimited growth as the non-routable address schemes can be used on the inside network, companies do not have to try to conserve address space or attempt to purchase additional address space.
	www.group1ifw.com /whitepapers/network_address.htm (1044 words)

	Howstuffworks "How Network Address Translation Works"
		An IP address (IP stands for Internet Protocol) is a unique 32-bit number that identifies the location of your computer on a network.
		The actual number of available addresses is smaller (somewhere between 3.2 and 3.3 billion) because of the way that the addresses are separated into classes, and because some addresses are set aside for multicasting, testing or other special uses.
		Network Address Translation allows a single device, such as a router, to act as an agent between the Internet (or "public network") and a local (or "private") network.
	computer.howstuffworks.com /nat.htm (481 words)

	Network Address Translation (NAT) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		A network address translation device allows an organization to use private IP addresses (analogous to private telephone extensions) for communication within an internal network, and to share a small pool of public IP addresses (analogous to an outside line) when communicating on an external network such as the Internet.
		The users behind the NAT can see the outside world, but at the same time, the users are protected from prying eyes because all communication with the Internet seems to come directly from the machine doing the translation.
		NAT devices are often implemented along with other network protections such as firewalls and web proxies to help keep user's data safe from potential threats.
	www.iodynamics.com /education/nat.html (1755 words)

	White Paper:Network Address Translation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		NAT is very often used with a special group of IP addresses, shown in Table 1, although it works with any IP address scheme.
		Enterprises can have their own internal IP address schemes and only use a limited number of IP addresses for Internet access.This not only reduces costs, but also simplifies changes (for example a switch to a new ISP) since it is not necessary for the entire internal address scheme to change.
		NAT of Inside Local Addresses In this scenario a private network was set up with its own private IP address scheme, and NAT is configured on a router connecting the inside (local, 10.1.1.0) network to an outside (global, 192.50.20.2) network, using the public Internet addressing scheme.
	www.enterasys.com /products/whitepapers/ssr/network-trans (2039 words)

	NAT (Network Address Translation) (Linktionary term) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Network address translation is a scheme that allows two connected networks to use different and incompatible IP addressing schemes.
		Address translation allows hosts on a private internal network to transparently communicate with destinations on an external network or vice versa.
		NAT was introduced with RFC 1631 (The IP Network Address Translator, May 1994) and was developed as a follow-up to supernetting-that is, CIDR (Classless Inter-Domain Routing).
	www.linktionary.com /n/nat.html (662 words)

	NETWORK ADDRESS TRANSLATION
		NAT is required where a local stub network using private IP addresses wishes to access the Internet.
		The disadvantage of NAT is that with only m external addresses, no more than m internal hosts may have Internet connections at one time.
		There is a performance penalty for NAT and NAPT because IP packets and their contents have to be disassembled altered and reassembled (e.g.
	www.dcs.gla.ac.uk /~lewis/networkpages/m05s09NAT.htm (438 words)

	RFC 1631 (rfc1631) - The IP Network Address Translator (NAT)
		Various Aspects of NAT 3.1 Address Spaces Partitioning of Reusable and Non-reusable Addresses For NAT to operate properly, it is necessary to partition the IP address space into two parts - the reusable addresses used internal to stub domains, and the globally unique addresses.
		In this case, it is not desirable to do address translation, both because large numbers of hosts may want to communicate across the backbone, thus requiring large address tables, and because there will be more applications that depend on configured addresses, as opposed to going to a name server.
		When a NAT box x in stub partition X wishes to deliver a packet to stub partition Y, it will encapsulate the packet in an IP header with destination address set to the global address of NAT box y that has been reserved for encapsulation.
	www.faqs.org /rfcs/rfc1631.html (2712 words)

	Linux Network Address Translation
		With NAT, the headers of IP packets that come into one machine are re-written, and forwarded to the least-busy database server in the cluster.
		RFC 1631 (alt) describes the "traditional" NAT (Network Address Translation) that can be used for this kind of a task.
		It includes a discussion of traditional NAT, NAT as used for masquerading and for load-balancing, and a discussion of implementation issues.
	www.linas.org /linux/load.html (3390 words)

	Windows XP: Network Address Translation (NAT) Overview
		The external IP address and port are the public IP address and port to be used by for this data traffic in place of the internal client's IP address and port.
		The NAT then "translates" the packet by swapping the source fields of the packet from the private, internal IP address and port of the client to the public, external IP address and port of the NAT.
		The NAT replaces the external IP address and external port in the destination fields of the packet with the client’s private IP address and internal port.
	www.microsoft.com /technet/prodtechnol/winxppro/deploy/nattrnsv.mspx (4024 words)

	Network Address Translation: Hiding in Plain Sight
		NAT resolves IP address conflicts by replacing unregistered addresses with registered ones in IP packets (though the fact that NAT changes IP addressing in the packets leads IP purists to consider NAT an ugly hack).
		NAT devices maintain state tables that map unregistered IP addresses on one side of the devices to registered addresses on the other side.
		Each packet that is part of the NAT and passes through the device is translated to the proper address before being moved to the next hop.
	www.networkcomputing.com /917/917ws2.html (627 words)

	PF: Network Address Translation (NAT)
		Network Address Translation (NAT) is a way to map an entire network (or networks) to a single IP address.
		NAT is necessary when the number of IP addresses assigned to you by your Internet Service Provider is less than the total number of computers that you wish to provide Internet access for.
		Translated packets must still pass through the filter engine and will be blocked or passed based on the filter rules that have been defined.
	www.openbsd.org /faq/pf/nat.html (1748 words)

	What is NAT? - A Word Definition From the Webopedia Computer Dictionary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Short for Network Address Translation, an Internet standard that enables a local-area network (LAN) to use one set of IP addresses for internal traffic and a second set of addresses for external traffic.
		Basic Network Address Translation or Basic NAT is a method by which IP addresses are mapped from one group to another, transparent to end users.
		NAT and NAPT are techniques used to share and hide private IP addresses on edge devices like routers and firewalls.
	www.webopedia.com /TERM/N/NAT.html (386 words)

	Network Address Translation
		Network address translation allows you to have a private internal network that is separate from the Internet, but yet can receive information from it.
		Translation allows for you to have many hosts on an internal network use the Internet via a single gateway connection.
		All that is usually needed is to set their default gateway to the address of the second NIC on the gateway server.
	www.cse.ohio-state.edu /~rowland/FreeBSD/natd.html (1085 words)

	Network Address Translation on Solaris 7 and 8
		For the purpose of these instructions, it's assumed that each machine on the local network has been configured with a local network IP address from the private address range 192.168.1.1 to 192.168.1.254 and that the local network address of the Solaris system is 192.168.1.1.
		This IP address may be a fixed static address but is more commonly a dynamic address assigned by the ISP when the dial-up connection is made.
		It would be possible to assign a public IP address, probably from the ISP's address space, to each machine on a local network and arrange for the Solaris dial-up gateway to act as a router, forwarding packets from the local machines which arrive on its local network interface out through its dial-up network interface.
	www.kempston.net /solaris/nat.html (1566 words)

	Network Address Translation (NAT): Firebox System \| WatchGuard Technologies, Inc.
		From a network management standpoint, it enables your internal or trusted networks to use RFC 1918 private IP addresses that are invalid on the Internet.
		Static NAT (sometimes referred to as Port Address Translation or PAT) works by redirecting packets from public hosts on the Internet to private hosts behind the Firebox appliance based on the original destination port number.
		This address translation works in both directions so that you are able to effectively mask your network address.
	www.watchguard.com /products/addtran.asp (616 words)

	Windows 2000's Network Address Translation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		NAT is a routing protocol that you configure through the Routing and Remote Access window, which Screen 1 shows.
		NAT is Microsoft's variation of the Internet Engineering Task Force's (IETF's) Network Address Translator standard, which provides Internet connectivity in a simple, flexible, and inexpensive way.
		NAT keeps track of the address and port translations for outbound connections so that the proper clients on the private network receive the packets back from the external network.
	www.windowsitpro.com /Articles/Index.cfm?ArticleID=7882 (2782 words)

	Network address translation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The greatest benefit of NAT is that it is a practical solution to the impending exhaustion of IPv4 address space.
		The type often popularly called simply "NAT" (also sometimes named "Network Address Port Translation" or "NAPT" or even PAT) refers to network address translation involving the mapping of port numbers, allowing multiple machines to share a single IP address.
		Overlapping Networks: Advanced NAT configurations can connect two networks that have overlapping addresses, such as Private addresses, and this is very useful feature for companies that have just started to merge their networks.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Network_address_translation (2052 words)

	[No title]
		For instance, a single Class A address could be used by many stub domains.
		Stub A's NAT is assigned the class C address 198.76.29.0, and Stub B's NAT is assigned the class C address 198.76.28.0.
		However, NAT translates the source address 10.33.96.5 of the IP header with the globally unique 198.76.29.7 Egevang & Francis [Page 3] RFC 1631 Network Address Translator May 1994 before the package is forwarded.
	www.ietf.org /rfc/rfc1631.txt (2740 words)

	NAT (network address translation)
		NAT works by using the several million private addresses that have been put aside by the Internet Engineering Task Force, turning a public IP address such as 192.
		Private IP addresses cannot be "seen" by the Internet, and therefore may be reused by various enterprise networks.
		But NAT is limited by applications such as streaming media that transmit IP addresses or port numbers in the payloads of packets.
	www.networkworld.com /details/645.html (716 words)

	EHS Company - - Primer: An Overview of Network Address Translation (NAT) Technologies -
		IP gateways provide a solution by hiding the IP addresses of the internal devices, making internally generated packets appear as though they are coming from another device that does have an Internet-legal address.
		Not only does the firewall have to rewrite the IP addresses of the packets that it tracks, but it also has to rewrite the IP packet's checksum and TCP and UDP checksums, addresses found inside of packets and TCP sequencing numbers whenever the application addresses are changed.
		While using an illegal address may seem like an option, be prepared for the inevitable denial-of-service when you try connecting to the site that "owns" the addresses you are using.
	www.ehsco.com /reading/19970215ncw1.html (2201 words)

	Nat - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Network address translation, in computer networking, the process of network address translation
		Nat (spirit), a Burmese spirit worshipped in Myanmar in conjunction with Buddhism
		Nat (information), a logarithmic unit of information or entropy
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/NAT (144 words)

	IP Masquerading
		IP masquerading is a form of network address translation (NAT) which allows internal computers with no known address outside their network, to communicate to the outside.
		Although the two functions are similar in that the router or firewall will act as a communication mechanism between two networks or subnets, the similarity ends there.
		S2 receives the packages and responds to gateway B. Gateway B then converts the packages to be addressed to S6 and sends them.
	www.comptechdoc.org /independent/networking/guide/netipmasq.html (1211 words)

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