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Topic: Neural Correlate of Consciousness

	What is a Neural Correlate of Consciousness?
		A neural correlate of the contents of consciousness is a neural representational system N such that representation of a content in N directly correlates with representation of that content in consciousness.
		Neural firing in certain horizontal cells in IT (say) might be a neural correlate of seeing a horizontal line, for example; and having one's neurochemical system in a certain region of state space might be a neural correlate of waking consciousness, on Hobson's hypothesis.
		For the neural correlate of a background state of consciousness, we have a phenomenal family with a few more properties: dreaming, being in an ordinary waking state, being under hypnosis, etc. An NCC here will be a neural system with a few states that correlate directly with these properties.
	consc.net /papers/ncc2.html (13890 words)

	_Crick and Koch’s argument to the effect that V1 is not part of the neural correlate of consciousness depends on a ...
		_Crick and Koch’s argument to the effect that V1 is not part of the neural correlate of consciousness depends on a conflation of two senses of consciousness.
		Notice that in the cases, the patients were performing types of actions that were habitual, routine and memorized...normal, human, conscious behavior has a degree of flexibility and creativity that is absent from the Penfield cases of the unconscious driver and the unconscious pianist.
		Consciousness in the sense in which they mean it here is something that might conceivably exist even if it cannot be reported or otherwise accessed.
	www.nyu.edu /gsas/dept/philo/faculty/block/papers/NeuralCorrelate.html (4461 words)

	On the Search for the Neural Correlate of Consciousness## (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		If NCC's are identified as such precisely because of their role in global control, then at least on a first approximation, we should expect the global workspace idea to be a natural fit.
		(6) Sometimes the neural correlate of consciousness is conceived of as the Holy Grail for a theory of consciousness.
		That is, we might use the neural correlate itself as a sort of consciousness meter.
	consc.net /papers/ncc.html (4808 words)

	The Neuronal Basis of Consciousness
		Consciousness is a vague term with many usages and will, in the fullness of time, be replaced by a vocabulary that more accurately reflect the contribution of different brain processes (for a similar evolution, consider the usage of memory, that has been replaced by an entire hierarchy of more specific concepts).
		Crick and Koch (1998) assume that the function of the neuronal correlate of consciousness is to produce the best current interpretation of the environment---in the light of past experiences---and to make it available, for a sufficient time, to the parts of the brain which contemplate, plan and execute voluntary motor outputs (including language).
		The NCC is the minimal (minimal, since it is known that the entire brain is sufficient to give rise to consciousness) set of neurons, most likely distributed throughout certain cortical and subcortical areas, whose firing directly correlates with the perception of the subject at the time.
	www.klab.caltech.edu /~koch/Elsevier-NCC.html (2980 words)

	Consciousness and Neuroscience
		In the presence of a correlation between perceptual experience and the receptive field properties of one or more groups of V1 cells, it is unclear whether these cells just correlate with consciousness or directly give rise to it.
		If the neural correlate of blue depends, in an important way, on my past experience, and if my past experience is significantly different from yours, then it may not be possible to deduce that we both see blue in exactly the same way (Crick, 1994).
		We would therefore expect the NCC to be also unaffected by eye blinks (e.g., the firing activity should not drop noticeably during the blink) but not to blanking out of the visual scene for a similar duration due to artificial means.
	www.klab.caltech.edu /~koch/crick-koch-cc-97.html (9811 words)

	Complexity Digest - Are There Neural Correlates Of Consciousness?
		Summary: A growing number of investigators believe that the first step toward a science of consciousness is to discover the neural correlates of consciousness.
		Yet the question of what it means to be a neural correlate of consciousness is actually far from straightforward (...).
		Even if one assumes, as we do, that states of consciousness causally depend on states of the brain, one can nevertheless wonder in what sense there is, or could be, such a thing as a neural correlate of consciousness.
	www.comdig.org /article.php?id_article=15185 (111 words)

	JCS Journal of Consciousness Studies 10,12
		A growing number of investigators believe that the first step toward a science of consciousness is to discover the neural correlates of consciousness.
		Yet the question of what it means to be a neural correlate of consciousness is actually far from straightforward, for it involves fundamental empirical, methodological, and philosophical issues about the nature of consciousness and its relationship to the brain.
		There is no reason to think that the neural states that have been shown experimentally to be correlated with conscious visual experiences match those experiences in content; therefore, the experiments to date do not support the matching-content doctrine.
	www.imprint.co.uk /jcs_11_1.html (500 words)

	ipedia.com: Neural correlate Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The concept of a neural correlate of a mental state is an important concept for materialists, those philosophers who believe that all mental states are equivalent to brain states.
		The concept of a neural correlate is a fundamental concept in neuroscience.
		In recent years, papers have been published on the neural correlates of awareness, emotions, and decisions.
	www.ipedia.com /neural_correlate.html (218 words)

	Is there a neural correlate of consciousness?
		The assumption that consciousness requires a unitary explanation and that there is a single phenomenon indicated by "consciousness" is considered unwise (Allport, 1988 in Young and Block, 1996).
		Therefore, one should not reach for the answer to the problem of consciousness, but as an alternative to look at which aspect of consciousness is meant to cover each assumed solution (Young and Block, 1996).
		Access consciousness (A) is informational concept; "a representation is access-conscious if it is actively collected for direct control of reasoning, reporting and action" (Block, 1998, p 2).
	www.coursework.info /i/68725.html (717 words)

	Re: What are the neural correlates of consciousness?
		Chalmers claims that she is thus not 'conscious of' the envelope.
		He (and others) divides up NCC to certain modalities to say that we are 'conscious of' a certain visual or auditory or tactile percept, but not an integrated feeling of 'consciousness.' So he states that there may be many NCCs.
		The consciousness or 'conscious experience' of the individual is still not being described.
	www.madsci.org /posts/archives/May2003/1052451725.Ns.r.html (1352 words)

	SINGLE-NEURON THEORY OF CONSCIOUSNESS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		That is, the local electrical activity that serves as the neural correlate for VR-consciousness in the distal apical tree of a given neuron is assumed to affect neuronal output only in the context of other inputs received by the neuron at the same time.
		Since this region is anatomically homologous to the left lateral PFC, being anatomically distinguishable from the latter principally by its lack of direct connections with Broca's area and related structures, it might be possible that it mediates a nonverbal form of higher consciousness separate from that mediated by the left hemisphere.
		Consciousness: The theory presented in this paper is compatible with many of the anatomical and functional features that characterize other recently proposed theories of consciousness.
	cogprints.org /4432/01/single_neuron_theory.htm (11866 words)

	Pete Mandik's Neurophilosophy Bibliography
		Consciousness and the Brain: A Scientific and Philosophical Inquiry.
		A draft, in English, of an article to appear, in German, in Bewusstsein und Repraesentation [Consciousness and Representation], Frank Esken and Heinz-Dieter Heckmann, editors.
		Lahav, R. The conscious and the nonconscious: Philosophical implications of neuropsychology.
	www.petemandik.com /neurophil/neurophil.html (2128 words)

	Cogprints - How Not To Find the Neural Correlate of Consciousness (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		However, just as the concepts of water and H2O are different concepts of the same thing, so the two concepts of consciousness may come to the same thing in the brain.
		The focus of this paper is on the problems that arise when these two concepts of consciousness are conflated.
		And Francis Crick and Christof Koch fall afoul of the ambiguity in arguing that visual area V1 is not part of the neural correlate of consciousness.
	cogprints.org /228 (181 words)

	THE SCIENCE OF CONSCIOUSNESS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Rodney Cotterill, On the neural correlates of consciousness
		Francis Crick and Christof Koch, Consciousness and neuroscience
		Diederik Aerts, Jan Broekaert, and Liane Gabora, Intrinsic contextuality as the crux of consciousness
	brainmeta.com /scienceconsciousness.php (3368 words)

	akinlabi.html (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In recent years there has been much empirical and theoretical research isolating neural correlates of consciousness: neural systems whose states correlate directly with states of subjective experience.
		(1) What, exactly, does it mean to be a neural correlate of consciousness?; and (2) How, in principle, can we find a neural correlate of consciousness?
		I will try to give a theoretical analysis of these questions, in the context of current empirical research in the field, and will draw out some methodological implications.
	www.ling.udel.edu /kabak/chalmers.html (90 words)

	ASSC2 - The Audio-Cuts
		The neural correlates of consciousness and the frontal lobes
		The role of the temporal lobe in the mediation of conscious vision
		Foundational issues in the cognitive neuroscience of consciousness
	www.philosophie.uni-mainz.de /metzinger/assc/2/mp3_archive.html (219 words)

	Syllabus for Consciousness, G83
		Güven Güzeldere, "Is Consciousness the Perception of What Passes in One’s Own Mind?" 789-806
		Paradox and Cross Purpose in Recent Work on Consciousness" Better to read this than the version on the Cognition web site.
		A view very different from mine is expressed in William Lycan’s “The Plurality of Consciousness,”
	www.nyu.edu /gsas/dept/philo/courses/gradmind01 (971 words)

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