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Topic: Neural development

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	UNSW Embryology- Neural System Development
		Neural development is one of the earliest to begin and the last to be complete, generating the most complex structure within the embryo.
		Development of the neural system continues throughout our entire life, from the early trilaminar embryo, through embryonic, fetal, newborn, postnatally and continues to be remodelled at the synaptic level.
		Note that the edge of the neural plate forms the neural crest which contributes the cranial ganglia, peripheral sympathetic and parasympatheic nervous system as well as many non-neural tissues (this part of the nervous system is covered in Neural crest Notes).
	embryology.med.unsw.edu.au /Notes/neuron.htm (0 words)

	Modeling Neural Development
		This is one of the first books to study neural development using computational and mathematical modeling.
		Most neural modeling focuses on information processing in the adult nervous system; Modeling Neural Development shows how models can be used to study the development of the nervous system at different levels of organization and at different phases of development, from molecule to system and from neurulation to cognition.
		The science of studying neural development by computational and mathematical modeling is relatively new; this book, as Dale Purves writes in the foreword, "serves as an important progress report" in the effort to understand the complexities of neural development.
	www.bio.vu.nl /enf/vanooyen/papers/ModelingNeuralDevelopment.html (722 words)

	ScienceDaily: Figuring Out The Ups And Downs -- And Sideways -- Of Neural Development
		Neural Stem Cells Are Long-lived (October 6, 2005) -- New studies in mice have shown that immature stem cells that proliferate to form brain tissues can function for at least a year -- most of the life span of a mouse -- and give rise to multiple types...
		Neural Stem Cells Derived From Human Embryonic Stem Cells Carry Abnormal Gene Expression (August 6, 2006) -- Neural stem cells grown from one of the federally approved human embryonic stem cell lines proved to be inferior to neural stem cells derived from fetal tissue donated for research, a UCLA study has...
		Neural development -- The study of neural development draws on both neuroscience and developmental biology to describe the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which complex nervous systems emerge during embryonic...
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2005/11/051125110000.htm (1896 words)

	Tilted Mice
		The long-term goal of the proposed studies is to assess the potential effects of the altered environment associated with space flight on specific aspects of neural development in mammals.
		The goal of the proposed studies is to investigate the postnatal neural development of the tlt/tlt mutant mouse.
		Postnatal neural development relies heavily on an appropriate sensory environment and is very sensitive to altered environmental stimulation and stresses.
	www.ecu.edu /physio/labakm/tilted.htm (990 words)

	Neural development - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The study of neural development draws on both neuroscience and developmental biology to describe the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which complex nervous systems emerge during embryonic development and throughout life.
		Neural activity and sensory experience will mediate formation of new synapses, as well as synaptic plasticity, which will be responsible for refinement of the nascent neural circuits.
		This is evidenced by a thickening of the ectoderm above the notochord, the neural plate.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Neural_development (404 words)

	Roberto Mayor lab
		The neural crest is a fascinating transient, migratory population of cells found in all vertebrate embryos.
		Neural crest cells are induced at the border between the neural plate and the surrounding prospective epidermis.
		Interactions between the neural plate and the epidermis have been able to recreate this intermediate level of BMP activity required for the specification of the neural plate border.
	www.anat.ucl.ac.uk /research/mayor (1042 words)

	ScienceDaily: Making A Face: A New And Earlier Marker Of Neural Crest Development
		The neural crest is a population of stem cells that migrate extensively during development and give rise to many derivatives, including most of the bone and cartilage of the head skeleton, pigment cells of the skin, and cells of the peripheral nervous system.
		While it was known that the ability to form neural crest cells declines after "stage 10," the researchers were seeking the earliest conditions surrounding formation of these important stem cells.
		Embryo -- An embryo is a diploid eukaryote in its earliest stage of development.
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2006/07/060711132450.htm (1776 words)

	General Neural Development
		From the established ectoderm layer of the gastrula, neural tissue is derived by a series of tissue inductions, movements, and differentiations.
		The notochord (derived from the mesoderm) is the primary inducer of the neural plate.
		During the development of the embryo, these ES cells differentiate into a variety of cell lineages which eventually give rise to the multiple types of mature cells of the adult nervous system (see photo below).
	www.brown.edu /Courses/BI0032/stemcell/GenNDev.html (393 words)

	Lineage-specific requirements of {beta}-catenin in neural crest development -- Hari et al. 159 (5): 867 -- The Journal ...
		Absence of the ngn2-expressing sensory sublineage in the emigrating crest of mutant embryos.
		Neural crest explants were obtained from neural tubes that had been isolated from control and ß-catenin mutant mice at E9 and cultured for 20 h to allow emigration of neural crest cells.
		Migrating neural crest cells in the trunk of the avian embryo are multipotent.
	www.jcb.org /cgi/content/full/159/5/867 (7529 words)

	Neural Development \|
		Neural Development is a peer-reviewed open access, online journal, which will feature studies that use molecular, cellular, physiological or behavioural methods to provide novel insights into the mechanisms that underlie the formation of the nervous system.
		Neural Development is published by BioMed Central, an independent publisher committed to ensuring peer-reviewed biomedical research is Open Access.
		Neural Development's articles are archived in PubMed Central, the US National Library of Medicine's full-text repository of life science literature, and also in repositories at the University of Potsdam in Germany, at INIST in France and in e-Depot, the National Library of the Netherlands' digital archive of all electronic publications.
	www.neuraldevelopment.com /info/about (0 words)

	Xenopus Zic3, a primary regulator both in neural and neural crest development -- Nakata et al. 94 (22): 11980 -- ...
		Xenopus Zic3 is a Xenopus homologue of mouse Zic and Drosophila pair-rule gene, odd-paired.
		of all the proneural genes and neural crest marker genes.
		To clarify the role of Zic in the early stage of neural development, we have cloned the Xenopus Zic3.
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/94/22/11980 (5348 words)

	Neural crest - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The neural crest, a component of the ectoderm, is one of several ridgelike clusters of cells found on either side of the neural tube in vertebrate embryos.
		Into the optic vesicle and the developing eye and contributes to many anterior eye elements such the cornea, lens, and ciliary muscle.
		In humans, the cells actually migrate from the lateral margins of the neural tube however the use of 'crest cells' in this regard is retained.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Neural_crest (408 words)

	Neural Development
		The adult sea urchin develops as a rudiment on one side of the larval body.
		The adult radial nerves form with the primary podia in the rudiment and are joined at their proximal ends by a series of commisures that form the circumoral nerve ring.
		Analysis of the sea urchin genome has revealed a large number of genes that mediate neural specification and patterning and promise to provide a means of testing specific hypotheses about urchin neural development.
	web.uvic.ca /~rburke/burkelab/neuraldevelopment.htm (0 words)

	Nonlinearities from dynamical structures in EEG modelling
		The aim of this paper is to introduce concepts of coupled nonlinear systems to assist in the explanation of neural development and dissociation in response to early childhood trauma.
		However, a potential is identified to develop a mathematically grounded approach for understanding neural development in response to trauma and the associated possible therapeutic requirements to change 'scars' in the neural system.
		In the case of trauma, recursive circular loops develop which become perpetuating and irresolvable due to the initial inadequacies in the infant's neural landscape.
	www.physics.usyd.edu.au /~drowe/research/theoretical/neural_dev.htm (3785 words)

	developer : Neural Surround
		Neural Surround is scalable n-channel rendering technology that enables play back in surround sound from stereo, matrix encoded stereo (Lt, Rt) or watermarked discrete surround content.
		Neural Surround is available as an Audio Stream Processing (ASP) algorithm plug in compatible with most DSP platforms used in surround sound receiver systems.
		Neural Audio also has available Neural Surround Development System as separate processor units that can be deployed with any radio or receiver system that has a stereo RCA output capability.
	www.neuralaudio.com /SEE.html (226 words)

	Interactive Fly, Drosophila
		However, it seems that Mash2 is not required for development of labyrinthine trophoblast or giant cells, since high contributions of Mash2 mutant cells are observed in those trophoblast cell layers in the chimeric placentae analyzed.
		The factors needed for these structures to develop include the transcription factor Mash1, the glial-derived neurotrophic factor GNDF and its receptor subunits, and the neuregulin signaling system, each of which is essential for the differentiation and survival of subsets of autonomic neurons.
		Thus, a homolog of Drosophila neural fate determination genes seems to be necessary for progression of lung epithelial cells through a neuroendocrine differentiation pathway that is a feature of small-cell lung cancer, the most lethal form of human lung cancer (Borges, 1997).
	www.sdbonline.org /fly/neural/achaet2b.htm (6681 words)

	Neural Induction
		According to this model, the anteroposterior character of the neural ectoderm is dependent upon corresponding differences in the underlying dorsal mesoderm.
		Bang, A.G., Papalopulu, N., Kintner, C. and Goulding, M.D. Expression of Pax-3 is initiated in the early neural plate by posteriorizing signals produced by the organizer and by posterior non-axial mesoderm.
		Suzuki, A., Ueno, N. and Hemmati-Brivanlou, A. Xenopus msx1 mediates epidermal induction and neural inhibition by BMP4.
	www.ucalgary.ca /UofC/eduweb/virtualembryo/neural_induction.html (1353 words)

	Neural Networks - NeuroSolutions, Neural Network Software
		Neural networks are an exciting form of artificial intelligence which mimic the learning process of the human brain in order to extract patterns from historical data.
		The toolbox features 15 neural models, 5 learning algorithms and a host of useful utilities integrated in an easy-to-use interface, which requires “next to no knowledge” of neural networks to begin using the product.
		Attending this hands-on course is a perfect way to learn more about neural networks and NeuroSolutions and how to utilize this technology and software to solve your data modeling problem.
	www.neurosolutions.com (0 words)

	Cornell News: Brain development
		Knowing precisely how development in rodent brains can be translated to other species, the researchers hope, might reduce the number of higher animals required for research and should make transgenic mice an even more valuable animal model in biomedical research.
		And because brain (neural) development milestones are remarkably consistent in mammals, the researchers' mathematical model is able to fill in the blanks in one species, Homo sapiens, where experimentation is unthinkable.
		Although their rather unwieldy bodies might disguise it, the model shows that the brains of human infants are relatively developed at birth.
	www.news.cornell.edu /releases/July01/rat_days.hrs.html (802 words)

	Sokol Lab. Early neural development .
		Several signaling pathways, triggered by bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP), fibroblast growth factors (FGF) and Wnt proteins were implicated in early neural development in vertebrates, however, underlying molecular mechanisms are not understood in sufficient detail.
		The involvement of Frodo in organizer formation and organizer-specific gene expression is supported by deficient head development in Frodo-depleted embryos (Hikasa and Sokol, 2004).
		Moreover, targeted depletion of Frodo in neuroectoderm prevented activation of the neural markers Sox2 and Nrp1 at both neural plate and neural tube stages (Hikasa and Sokol, 2004) (Fig.
	www.mssm.edu /labs/sokol/neuraldev.htm (483 words)

	Neural development
		The study of neural development draws on both neuroscience and developmental biology to describe the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which complex nervous systems emerge during embryonic development and throughout life..
		Making A Face: A New And Earlier Marker Of Neural Crest Development (July 11, 2006) — The fate of cells that go on to form the face, skull and nerve centers of the head and neck in vertebrates is determined much earlier in development than previously thought, and is independent of...
		Neural Signal That Helps Wire Up Brain’s Movement Circuit Identified (September 11, 2002) — Scientists from Imperial College London and King's College London have identified a molecule that helps to wire up the neural circuitry responsible for controlling the movement of...
	sciencedaily.com /articles/n/neural_development.htm (0 words)

	Neural Development Research
		Interests include molecular and cellular mechanisms of neurulation, development and pathogenesis of neural tube defects (spina bifida and anencephaly), sensory and motor innervation defects in spina bifida, neuroblast migration in the cerebral cortex, development of tracheal and oesophageal birth defects.
		Interests include determination of the spatiotemporal migration pathways followed by vagal and sacral neural crest cells to and within the gastrointestinal tract, and investigation of the signalling mechanisms controlling migration, proliferation and differentiation of enteric neuronal precursors.
		The group focuses on the role of stem cells in the development of childhood diseases of the brain.
	www.ich.ucl.ac.uk /ich/academicunits/Neural_development/Research (629 words)

	Overview
		Neural network simulators for eight different network architectures with embedded example applications coded in portable ANSI C. Neural Network Toolbox for MATLAB
		Neural network library implemented in ANSI C. Creates multilayer feedforward networks with support for both fully connected and sparse connected networks.
		Provides a development environment for the design, simulation and testing of neural networks and their applications up to the production of an optimized software solution.
	www.neural-forecasting.com /overview.htm (589 words)

	Brown University Brain Sciences - Research Areas - Learning, Memory & Neural Development
		Researchers at Brown are attacking these problems at levels spanning molecular biology, neural systems, mathematical modeling, and theoretical neuroscience.
		Research: Studying the role of experience in the development of neural circuits, by focusing on the development of the tadpole visual system.
		Research: Applications of neural networks for learning and memory and mathematical models for cognition.
	www.brainscience.brown.edu /research/learning.html (363 words)

	C. elegans neural development and behavior
		They have identified and characterized many genes responsible for specific aspects of nervous system development, including the control of neuroblast cell division, the determination of neuronal cell fate, the choice between survival and programmed cell death (apoptosis), axonal outgrowth, and neurotransmitter expression.
		They use laser microsurgery, pharmacology, and mutations to identify which neurons control specific behaviors and to define complete neural systems responsible for specific behaviors.
		For example, they have analyzed how the environment and experience modulate the locomotory rate of C. elegans and have discovered that the animal's serotonergic nervous system plays a central role in its response to its experience.
	web.mit.edu /mcgovern/html/Areas_of_Research/c_elegans.shtml (440 words)

	AD.COM - Welcome to Artificial Development - Neural Network Cognitive Systems
		Artificial Development aims to bridge computer science with the human mind to enable more useful and intelligent computer interfaces.
		Artificial Development (AD) is driving the creation of a new generation of applications with advanced capabilities based on emerging achievements of neuroscience.
		We are building the CCortex™ Model, a bio-realistic neural network simulation of the human cortex and peripheral systems.
	www.ad.com (0 words)

	development@nature.com : Development articles, jobs and information
		Numb and Numbl are required for maintenance of cadherin-based adhesion and polarity of neural progenitors
		Interactions of primary neuroepithelial progenitor and brain endothelial cells: distinct effect on neural progenitor maintenance and differentiation by soluble factors and direct contact
		Use of gene profiling to describe a niche for dendritic cell development
	www.nature.com /development (217 words)

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