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	BrainConnection.com - Embryological Development - Page 2
		Soon after neural induction, the neural plate begins to fold inward from the side to from the neural groove, which fuses at the top of the embryo to form a hollow arrangement of cells called the neural tube.
		If the neural tube does not close at its front end, the result is anencephaly, a condition in which the gross brain structure is greatly disturbed.
		Neural crest cells leave the neural tube soon after it has closed and migrate away to form a wide variety of peripheral tissues, such as the sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia.
	www.brainconnection.com /topics/?main=fa/embryo-development2 (761 words)

	Embryo: Neural plate
		The neural plate region is apparently histologically distinguishable from the somatic ectoderm at this stage.
		The caudal neuropore is estimated to occupy 10% of the total length of the neural tube of embryos during this stage.
		The rostral neuropore closes bidirectionally from the rhombencephalon to the mesencephalon and from the chiasmatic plate to the roof of D1.
	www.ana.ed.ac.uk /anatomy/humat/notes/embryo/nervous/nplate.htm (598 words)

	The genesis of avian neural crest cells: A classic embryonic induction -- Selleck and Bronner-Fraser 93 (18): 9352 -- ...
		in "dorsalization" of the neural plate, as assayed by the expression
		that: (i) progenitor cells in the neural folds are multipotent,
		the neural plate and the epidermis; and (iii) the competence of
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/abstract/93/18/9352 (481 words)

	Dynamic Alterations in Gene Expression after Wnt-mediated Induction of Avian Neural Crest -- Taneyhill and ...
		in the dorsal neural tube in the premigratory crest, and its
		neural crest, and its overexpression in the neural tube increases
		for the onset of neural crest emigration from the dorsal neural
	www.molbiolcell.org /cgi/content/full/16/11/5283 (8401 words)

	Patterning the neural plate border: Slug and SOXs
		Cranial neural crest cells migrate to form a substantial proportion of the bones and cartilages of the skull and face,and the parts of the heart.
		Induction of the neural crest is initiatied by interactions between the embryonic epidermis, which expresses Bone Morphogenic Proteins (BMPs) and the neural plate, which express inhibitors of BMPs (e.g.
		Cranial neural crest cells, for example, migrate to form a substantial proportion of the bones and cartilages of the skull and face, and the parts of the heart.
	spot.colorado.edu /~klym/ResearchPages/EMTandApoptosis.htm (1017 words)

	Roberto Mayor lab
		The neural crest is a fascinating transient, migratory population of cells found in all vertebrate embryos.
		Neural crest cells are induced at the border between the neural plate and the surrounding prospective epidermis.
		Interactions between the neural plate and the epidermis have been able to recreate this intermediate level of BMP activity required for the specification of the neural plate border.
	www.anat.ucl.ac.uk /research/mayor (1042 words)

	Interactive Fly, Drosophila
		The neural crest is a population of cells that originates at the interface between the neural plate and non-neural ectoderm.
		Thus, Notch/Delta signaling induces the neural crest by increasing BMP expression in the chick, and decreasing it in Xenopus (Galvic, 2004).
		Neural crest is induced at the junction of epidermal ectoderm and neural plate by the mutual interaction of these tissues.
	www.sdbonline.org /fly/neural/delta2a.htm (4457 words)

	Interactive Fly, Drosophila
		SHH activity is required for induction of floor plate differentiation by the notochord and independently, later, for the induction of motor neurons by both the notochord and midline neural cells.
		The floor plate is a morphologically distinct structure of epithelial cells situated along the midline of the ventral spinal cord in vertebrates.
		Using real-time analyses of cell behavior, evidence is provided that the principal contributor to the early neural midline, the future anterior floor plate, exists as a separate population of floor plate precursor cells in the epiblast of the gastrula stage embryo, and does not share a lineage with axial mesoderm.
	www.sdbonline.org /fly/segment/hedghg2f.htm (3799 words)

	Neurulation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Primary neurulation is the formation of the neural tube by invagination and pinching off of the neural plate to form a hollow tube.
		It results in three sets of cells, which include the neural tube internally, the epidermis externally and the neural crest that forms at the junction of the epidermal and neural ectoderm.
		Secondary neurulation is when the neural tube arises from a solid cord of cells that sinks into the embryo and subsequently hollows out (cavitates) to form a hollow tube.
	www-personal.umich.edu /~segelj/Neurulation.htm (287 words)

	12.15.2003 - Single gene plays key role in neural tube defects
		Neural tube defects, including spina bifida - an open spinal cord - and anencephaly, or lack of a complete brain, are among the most common serious birth defects in the United States.
		Despite the large number of genes known to be involved in proper neural tube closure, scientists know little or nothing about the normal function of these genes, largely because mice develop inside the mother's uterus, where it's impossible to watch the process of neural tube closure.
		The process of spinal cord closure is simpler in amphibians and much easier to observe in the laboratory, since the embryo develops outside the body in a dish of pond water, he said.
	www.berkeley.edu /news/media/releases/2003/12/15_neural.shtml (1032 words)

	Ask an Expert
		Research in the early 1980s confirmed that inadequate metabolism of folic acid (a B vitamin) by the mother early in the pregnancy was a factor.
		Neural tube defects, which include spina bifida and anencephaly, occur very early in pregnancy during the third and fourth week.
		Part of the embryo, the neural plate, a flat strip of cells, folds in the centre, recesses into the embryo and continues folding to form a tube called the neural tube.
	www.asbha.org.au /AskanExpert.htm (1506 words)

	Influence of Mitotic Activity on Neurulation Movements
		ACCORDING to the present view, the forces responsible for the closure of the neural tube reside in the neural plate itself.
		On this view, the disproportion between the surface area and the volume of the neural plate is the real mechanical cause of neurulation movements.
		denies the existence of mitoses in the neural plate.
	www.nature.com /nature/journal/v209/n5025/abs/209822a0.html (223 words)

	Neural plate - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In human embryology, formation of neural plate is the first step of neurulation.
		As it develops, it becomes surrounded by neural folds, which eventually create the cylindrical neural tube.
		The inhibitory signals chordin, noggin and follistatin are needed to form the neural plate.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Neural_plate (183 words)

	eMedicine - Neural Tube Defects : Article Excerpt by: George Jallo, MD
		Neural tissue is not exposed and the defect is fully epithelialized, although the skin covering the defect may be dysplastic.
		The neural plate and the notochord are formed during early embryonic development.
		This comprises further neural development occurring caudal to the caudal neuropore after the termination of primary neurulation.
	www.emedicine.com /neuro/byname/neural-tube-defects.htm (537 words)

	General Neural Development
		From the established ectoderm layer of the gastrula, neural tissue is derived by a series of tissue inductions, movements, and differentiations.
		The notochord (derived from the mesoderm) is the primary inducer of the neural plate.
		The two lateral ends of the neural plate then fold up to meet at the midline of the gastrula to form the neural tube.
	www.brown.edu /Courses/BI0032/stemcell/GenNDev.html (393 words)

	Civica Platescan - Automatic License Plate Recognition - Neural Networks
		These neural networks are not programmed in the traditional sense, but are trained by example and computer simulations on an extremely large number of repetitions of 37 character sets, covering each number, letter and a 37th for “extraneous noise” on a plate.
		These algorithms identify the position of the plate in the image, extract the plate image, apply geometric distortion compensation, if necessary, and segment the plate into individual characters.
		The software then compares each recognized license plate to any number of local databases stored on a mobile computer, audibly alerting the patrol officer when a “hit” is registered.
	www.platescan.com /work/neural_networks.asp (340 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Neural plate
		In human embryology, formation of neural plate is the first step of neurulation.
		As it develops, it becomes surrounded by neural folds, which eventually create the cylindrical neural tube.
		The inhibitory signals chordin, noggin and follistatin are needed to form the neural plate.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Neural_plate (119 words)

	Neurulation
		The neural plate ectoderm is stained a pale blue color, while the non-neural ectoderm is a very dark blue color.
		The forebrain will develop from the most anterior part of the neural plate, then the midbrain, hindbrain and spinal cord as you move to the posterior of the plate.
		The neural folds come together and fuse along the dorsal midline producing the closed Neural Tube.
	www.luc.edu /faculty/wwasser/dev/neural.htm (100 words)

	Folate, Homocysteine and Neural Tube Defects: An Overview -- van der Put et al. 226 (4): 243 -- Experimental Biology ...
		1, the arrows in the neural groove indicate the narrowing and elongation, resulting in convergent extension; 2, elevation of the neural wall; 3, convergence of the neural fold; 4, fusion.
		neural tube, the neural crest, and the overlying surface epithelium.
		The neural lesion is represented by a neural plate or abortive
	www.ebmonline.org /cgi/content/full/226/4/243 (8828 words)

	Kristin Bruk Artinger, Assistant Professor, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center
		There are several different populations of cells at the lateral border of the neural plate in addition to neural crest cells including Rohon-Beard sensory neurons and placodal cells.
		One of these cell populations, namely neural crest cells, have the extraordinary ability to retain stem cell-like characteristics during development and give rise to multiple derivatives, including peripheral neurons, pigment cells and craniofacial cartilage, which makes up most of the vertebrate face.
		A zebrafish genetic screen identified a mutation in prdm1 (narrowminded), a SET/zinc finger transcription factor (Artinger et al, 1999; Hernandez-Lagunas, et al 2005) The specification of neural crest and Rohon-Beard sensory neurons at border of the neural plate are defective in prdm1 mutants: Both cell types are absent or reduced.
	www.uchsc.edu /cdb/faculty/artinger.htm (593 words)

	The Combined Graduate Program in Developmental Genetics
		Gli1 is expressed in midline neural plate cells and then in ventral neural tube cells, is a target of Shh signaling and induces ventral differentiation.
		In contrast, Gli2 and Gli3 are widely expressed in the neural plate and restricted mostly dorsally within the neural tube.
		We have recently shown that Gli proteins have a strong neurogenic activity and that they appear to induce distinct classes of neurons, raising the possibility that a combinatorial Gli code is involved in patterning the CNS along the dorsoventral axis.
	www.med.nyu.edu /sackler/dgp/faculty/ria.html (1059 words)

	An Early Phase of Embryonic Dlx5 Expression Defines the Rostral Boundary of the Neural Plate -- Yang et al. 18 (20): ...
		An Early Phase of Embryonic Dlx5 Expression Defines the Rostral Boundary of the Neural Plate
		Relatively little is known about the molecular events that specify the rostrocaudal axis of the neural plate.
		The early phase of Dlx5 expression in the anterior neural
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/abstract/18/20/8322 (643 words)

	Early Expression of a Novel Nucleotide Receptor in the Neural Plate of Xenopus Embryos -- Bogdanov et al. 272 (19): ...
		Early Expression of a Novel Nucleotide Receptor in the Neural Plate of Xenopus Embryos -- Bogdanov et al.
		expression of XlP2Y in the neural plate and tailbud.
		In amphibians, the neural plate forms in the dorsal ectoderm as a result of inductive signals released by the underlying dorsal
	www.jbc.org /cgi/content/full/272/19/12583 (4945 words)

	Ectodermal patterning in the avian embryo: epidermis versus neural plate -- Pera et al. 126 (1): 63 -- Development
		Ectodermal patterning in the avian embryo: epidermis versus neural plate -- Pera et al.
		Ectodermal patterning in the avian embryo: epidermis versus neural plate
		forebrain and the neural crest at the hindbrain level.
	dev.biologists.org /cgi/content/abstract/126/1/63 (705 words)

	Images in Neuroscience: Brain Development, I: The Neural Plate -- Tamminga 155 (3): 324 -- Am J Psychiatry
		Images in Neuroscience: Brain Development, I: The Neural Plate
		Early induction of the neural ectoderm leads to formation of
		the neural plate, which gives rise to the whole CNS (left figure).
	ajp.psychiatryonline.org /cgi/content/full/155/3/324 (324 words)

	Definition of neural plate - Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary
		: a thickened plate of ectoderm along the dorsal midline of the early vertebrate embryo that gives rise to the neural tube and neural crests
		Learn more about "neural plate" and related topics at Britannica.com
		See a map of "neural plate" in the Visual Thesaurus
	www.m-w.com /dictionary/neural+plate (62 words)

	neural plate Information from Drugs.com
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		the neuroectodermal region of the early embryo's dorsal surface that in later development is transformed into the neural tube and neural crest.
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	www.drugs.com /dict/neural_plate.html (147 words)

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