
	Where results make sense

Topic: Neuroendocrine systems

	NEL, Neuroimmunoendocrinology: Where Is the Field for Study?
		Many studies on identification of the same and similar physiologically active substances, acting within the nervous system as neurotransmitters and neurohormones, and locally or remotely as hormones within the endocrine system, enables both systems to be incorporated into the universal diffuse neuroendocrine system (DNES) [ 4 ].
		Actually, it should be possible to unite in the organisms the structurally isolated nervous and endocrine systems by means of the functional relationships between biogenic amines and regulatory peptides and, to a certain extent, to provide a basis for the concept of integrated functions.
		Later it was shown that the nervous and immune systems have well-established and very closely related interactions which regulate systemic homeostasis involving the production and secretion of a variety of cellular mediators known as regulatory peptides (peptide hormones, cytokines, chemokines, integrins and others) [ 6 ].
	www.nel.edu /23_2/NEL230202L01_Kvetnoy.htm (896 words)

	NeuroImmune Biology: Vol.3 Immune-Neuroendocrine Circuitry.
		This is a multi-faceted and highly co-ordinated systemic defence reaction, which involves the conversion of the immune system from a specific, adaptive mode of reactivity to a rapidly amplifiable, poly-specific reaction mediated by natural immune mechanisms.
		The recognition that the immune system is highly adaptable through receptor mutation, possesses memory and is capable of responding under in vitro conditions led to the conclusion that it is a virtually autonomous system that defends the body from foreign pathogens.
		Because the immune-, neuroendocrine- and metabolic alterations are strictly regulated, the use of the term allostasis [25,26], in comparison with homeostasis, is justified.
	home.cc.umanitoba.ca /~berczii/nibvol3c.html (14280 words)

	NEL, Diffuse neuroendocrine system and mitochondrial diseases
		In each of the systems there is a pair of observables which demand, for their description, an algebra of non-commuting operators.
		Each of the two systems contains at least one set of observables which are complementary to each other in the sense that their descriptions are maximally incompatible with each other and require mutually exclusive experiments or empirical procedures to measure or verify them.
		This could happen if the other is also a system describable in terms of complementary variables, the boundaries between the two systems are temporarily suspended, and thus two sets of complementary variables are present.
	www.nel.edu /21_3/3Philos_Walach.htm (7236 words)

	Neuroendocrine Theory of Aging Chapter 6 The Male Reproductive Homeostat Article
		The modern neuroendocrine theory of aging was first conceived in 1954 by the noted Russian gerontologist, Professor Vladimir Dilman.
		The neuroendocrine theory explains the cause of the major diseases of aging which contribute to over 85% of deaths of middle-aged and elderly individuals.
		Living systems are essentially energy-converting machines which run on fuel (food) to maintain their structure and activity.
	www.vrp.com /art/393.asp (3358 words)

	Neuroendocrine Theory of Aging Chapter 3, Part 1 Energy Homeostat Dysfunction Article
		Dysfunction in this system manifests as the obvious and commonly observed reduction in intensity and amount of activity with age accompanied by increased fatigue and reduced energy.
		The first and primary aspect of the energy homeostat is a four-component system that regulates the inter-relationships between the body’s two main energy-producing substances (glucose and fats), and the two main hormones (growth hormone and insulin) that control the utilization of these substances.
		As we age, the mechanism of switching from the daytime (glucose-based) to the nighttime (fat-based) energy system is disturbed.
	www.vrp.com /art/253.asp (2129 words)

	LiverTumor.org - About Liver Cancer - Metastatic Liver Tumors (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Metastases generally indicate that cancer cells are widespread within the lymphatic and circulatory systems in the form of "micro metastases", which means that the cancer is in the process of spreading to many areas.
		The staging system for virtually every primary cancer is unique, identifying the progress of disease for that particular cancer.
		The presence of distant metastases is, in all cancer staging systems, a symptom of the highest stage of progression.
	www.livertumor.org /about_metastatic.asp (440 words)

	NIH Guide: NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY OF AGING
		The maintenance of homeostasis in the face of environmental stress is largely under the control of the neuroendocrine system.
		Thus, it is important to identify and elucidate the mechanisms underlying age-related changes in the neuroendocrine system, and conversely, to understand and to characterize how the endocrine system impinges upon and controls the nervous system.
		Thus, research focusing on the identification and elucidation of the mechanisms underlying the neuroendocrine etiologies of menopause are encouraged.
	grants.nih.gov /GRANTS/guide/pa-files/PA-94-087.html (1780 words)

	NIMR :: Molecular Neuroendocrinology :: Iain Robinson
		Other neuroendocrine neurons project to a region at the base of the hypothalamus (the median eminence) where their products are secreted into a specialised capillary circulation.
		Finally, the neuroendocrine system relies on a variety of feed back signals from the tissues, or from the consequence of hormone action upon them, that are detected in the hypothalamus, so that hormone output can be adjusted appropriately.
		By gaining a better understanding of the neuroendocrine system in both normal and pathological models, much of what we learn can be directly applied to a better understanding and treatment of human disease.
	www.nimr.mrc.ac.uk /molneuroendo/robinson (1165 words)

	Stressor Specificity of Central Neuroendocrine Responses: Implications for Stress-Related Disorders -- Pacák and ...
		the neuroendocrine hypothalamus, the limbic system, and the
		hypothalamus and the limbic system ( 84, 85, 86).
		Projections from the central nucleus of the amygdala to the hypothalamus and to the central autonomic system.
	edrv.endojournals.org /cgi/content/full/22/4/502 (9532 words)

	HBHealth ~ What's New In Anti-Ageing (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The "discussion" between the two systems is provided by the molecules to both the reproductive functions and to the maintenance of an efficient and self-monitoring immune network.
		However, it became clear that the thymus was deeply involved in the ontogenetic programming and maturation of the entire neuroendocrine system, and that athymic-nude mice suffered a kind of precocious senescence, which could be completely prevented by thymic implantation.
		This observation is of course very relevant with regard to the onset of obesity in overfed children and the consequent permanent derangement of their mature neuroendocrine and metabolic system and irreversible obesity.
	hbbeauchamp.com /whatsnew08.html (3711 words)

	The Tasker Lab
		Neuroendocrine systems of the hypothalamus often operate on a cyclic schedule, which is characterized by pulsatile release of hormone.
		The periodicity of hormone output is governed by the patterns of electrical activity of the individual neurons of a given neuroendocrine population.
		Research in my laboratory is aimed at understanding the mechanisms underlying the cyclic outputs of different hypothalamic neuroendocrine systems.
	www.tulane.edu /~tasker/homepage/taskerhome.htm (159 words)

	HYPOTHALAMUS
		The subject of neuroendocrine control mechanism is complicated further by the fact that many neurons in the nervous system, including the hypothalamic magnocellular and parvocellular neurosecretory neurons contain two or even several neuroactive substances.
		Although the hypothalamo-pituitary system plays a critical role in producing the midcycle gonadotropin surge, the timing of events in the ovarian cycle clearly is regulated by the ovaries.
		In response to stress, there is a large increase in the activity of the stress axis, but the system is downregulated rapidly by negative feedback from the glucocorticoids to the brain and pituitary gland, causing it to return the output of the stress axis to basal levels.
	zlab.rutgers.edu /classes/Found-02-20-03.htm (10840 words)

	INABIS '98 - Nitric Oxide Synthase (NOS) In The Neuroendocrine Systems Of Teleost Fishes
		Aim of the study was to investigate the possible involvement of nitric oxide (NO) in fish neuroendocrine systems.
		The presence of NOS (nitric oxide synthase)-like molecules was demonstrated by means of NADPH-diaphorase staining and NOS immunohistochemistry, in both the cranial and the caudal neurosecretory system (CNSS) of the teleost Oreochromis niloticus (italic).
		The present results suggest that NO participate in the fish neuroendocrine regulation.
	www.mcmaster.ca /inabis98/pharmtox/cioni0656 (296 words)

	Indiana State University : Nursing : Mary Bennett:
		Activation of the immune system (for example, through immunization) should be accompanied by altered electrical and chemical phenomena in the central nervous system.
		Activation of the immune system may stimulate the synthesis of a cytokine and a neuropeptide in a neuroendocrine organ.
		Immune system to brain signaling may be important in the pathogenesis of chronic fatigue/fibromyalgia syndrome, and blockers of pro-inflammatory cytokines might have a therapeutic role.
	www.indstate.edu /mary/pnipost.htm (5264 words)

	[No title]
		One effector system is termed 'anabolic' and is activated by low levels of leptin during negative energy balance.
		Research on the central melanocortin system in rodents suggests that this system might be a fundamental component of the adipostat, the mechanism by which energy stores are held relatively constant, and this hypothesis will be the focus of this review.
		Because the pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)-derived melanocortin system in the hypothalamus promotes anorexia and weight loss and is an important mediator of energy regulation, we hypothesized that it may contribute to the hypophagic response to overfeeding.
	www.heartandmetabolism.org /issues/HM17/hm17basicarticle.asp (5962 words)

	Endocrinology notes
		There is really a continuum in the transition between nervous and endocrine systems, both in respect to the distance between effector and target and also regarding the duration of the response.
		There are indeed several systems that are build upon a direct endocrine loop, in which the endocrine cells themselves sense the stimulus and react accordingly.
		It is rather large with a MW of 40K and it is primarily produced and released from neuroendocrine cells associated with the nerve chord.
	www.uky.edu /Classes/BIO/550/F98/Lect22notes.htm (4909 words)

	EDC-Articles : Neuroendocrine Responses To Stress
		The components of the stress system are central--hypothalamic CRH neuron in the paraventricular nucleus, and peripheral--locus coeruleus (LC), sympathetic system in the brainstem (12).
		Activation of the stress system inhibits the reproductive axis by inhibition of the LHRH neuron by CRH, beta endorphin and glucocorticoids.
		Different reactions to stress are well established in animal research, viz the defence reaction, in which sympathetic nervous system attempts to regain control by increasing the readiness of circulatory system and mobilising substrate to meet the challenge.
	www.endocrine-india.com /resource/Stress.htm (2687 words)

	Neuroendocrine Clinical Center & Pituitary Tumor Center at MGH/Harvard
		The Neuroendocrine Clinical Center offers detailed outpatient evaluation of all disorders affecting the endocrine function of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland, achieved through comprehensive office visits, complete basal and dynamic hormone testing, and coordination of radiologic studies and visual field evaluations.
		Patients may qualify for research studies in the Neuroendocrine Clinical Center. We are currently accepting the following categories of patients for screening to determine study eligibility. Depending on the study, subjects may receive free testing, medication and/or stipends.
		The goal of MGH Neuroendocrine Clinical Center is to develop and implement innovative therapies that will benefit people with neuroendocrine and pituitary disorders.
	pituitary.mgh.harvard.edu (694 words)

	[Frontiers in Bioscience, 3, d431-435, April 16, 98] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		We argue that this phenomenon is the counterpart of the increasing complexity of the internal circuitry and recognition units in the effector system.
		It has been suggested that this primordial system of variable region molecules, related to the cell adhesion molecules, developed with the first vertebrate by an endogenous, self-organizing process, the principal function of which was to contribute to the integration of the internal molecular environment (18).
		We assume that the initial driving force to enlarge the recognition system was the need for better recognition of cells and molecules in the effector defense system, so as to improve integration of their constitutive circuits and achieve better regulation and connection with the primitive recognition system and its receptors.
	bioscience.igh.cnrs.fr /1998/v3/d/ottavian/d431-435.htm (3859 words)

	UCSD Graduate Program in Neurosciences: Michael G. Rosenfeld
		A fundamental aspect of the development of complex organ systems is a requirement for precise temporal and spatial coordination in the genesis of tissues of distinct embryonic origins in order to form functional units required for physiological homeostasis and survival.
		This neuroendocrine system integrates signals from the periphery and brain to modulate production and secretion of regulatory hormones by specific pituitary cell types, critically serving to maintain homeostasis in response to stress and diverse signals required for survival.
		Our investigation of this system has provided the initial evidence for the determining roles of specific, novel transcription factors, insights into molecular mechanisms of synergistic activation and repression of gene expression, and the allosteric effects of the DNA site on transcriptional events.
	medicine.ucsd.edu /neurosci/the-faculty/rosenfeld.html (873 words)

	Emotions and Disease: Frontiers
		In the 1950s, MacLean generalized his ideas into a theory of the "limbic system," an integrated set of subcortical structures in the brain including the hippocampus and amygdala whose precise role in emotional expression and modulation he explored through the electrical and chemical stimulation of specific anatomical regions and structures.
		The organs of the immune system (thymus, spleen, and lymph nodes) and the organs of the neuro-immune system (adrenal gland, hypothalamus, and the cortical and subcortical brain).
		Now it is certain that particular molecules of the immune system (cytokines or interleukins) signal areas of the brain directly as well as exert influences on peripheral parts of the nervous system such as the vagus nerve.
	www.nlm.nih.gov /hmd/emotions/frontiers.html (2121 words)

	[No title]
		OT and VP are released from nerve endings in the neural lobe of the pituitary to reach the systemic circulation and influence primarily fluid balance (VP) and milk ejection/uterus contraction (OT).
		Endogeneous levels of NPY in the arcuate-PVN system normally peak when daylight ends and nocturnal activity begins, which is also the time when rats typically eat their largest meal of the day.
		The responsiveness of the circadian system to light is not altered in mutant mice with retinal degeneration and nearly complete loss of rods or cones.
	zlab.rutgers.edu /classes/Found-02-20-03.doc (10994 words)

	Introduction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The laboratory of Catherine Rivier is part of The Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, a department that houses six faculty members whose research spans neural development and function, structure and function of peptide hormones, role of neuroendocrine genes in neural and endocrine signaling, and neurobiology of ion channels.
		By bringing together scientists with varied interests, our department allows us to benefit from one another's scientific expertise with the ultimate goal of elucidating the mechanisms controlling neuroendocrine systems, and thus contributing to the optimization of human health.
		This work includes the identification of the brain regions that are activated by specific stressors (including exposure to drugs such as alcohol), the characterization of the neuromediators (peptides, amines, gasses, etc.) whose synthesis and release is stimulated by these stressors, and the type of neuroendocrine responses that are elicited.
	www.salk.edu /labs/pbl-cr/Introduction.html (343 words)

	Neurosciences Multidisciplinary Training Area - Graduate School of Biological Sciences - Mount Sinai School of Medicine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		In some cases where a student has had a strong undergraduate neuroscience course or prior graduate neurobiology, the Principles II course can be taken before Principles I with the course director’s approval.
		This course covers the basic organization and anatomy of the brain followed by a comprehensive analysis of the different neuronal systems.
		The grade is determined by 5 Quizzes held throughout the course.
	www.mssm.edu /gradschool/neu/schedules/g350.shtml (142 words)

	Craig McArdle: Foreword (Journal of Molecular Endocrinology)
		Although conventionally viewed simply as guanine nucleotide exchange factors for their cognate heterotrimeric G proteins, it is now clear that there are multiple "platforms" through which these receptors signal and that control of GPCR expression, location and signalling are central to the ways that cells integrate information from, and adapt to, their environments.
		This was followed by a symposium on "G protein-coupled receptor signalling in neuroendocrine systems" in which Greti Aguilera described the regulation of V1b vasopressin receptor expression by both transcriptional and translational mechanisms, emphasising activation of V1bR translation by an internal ribosome entry site and its possible role in adaptive responses to stress.
		This theme was developed further by Tadashi Kimura who described the regulation of oxytocin receptor levels, showing that the known regulators of OTR transcription do not account for the dramatic changes in OTR expression seen in vivo with the implication that there is important post-transcriptional regulation of OTR expression, function and/or stability.
	journals.endocrinology.org /jme/030/jme0300085.htm (438 words)

	Neuroendocrine Interactions
		Neurochemical systems in the brain follow a similar pattern of primary response to stressors, and glucocorticoids are involved in mediating effects of repeated stress on the brain, which often take the form of a counterregulation of the primary effects of stressful stimulation (see Fig.
		brain is the integrative center for coordinating the behavioral and neuroendocrine responses (hormonal, autonomic) to challenges, some of which qualify as “stressful” but others of which are related to the diurnal rhythm and its ability to coordinate waking and sleeping functions with the environment.
		In addition to the cardiovascular system, the brain also may be differentially vulnerable to severe stress in men and women.
	www.acnp.org /g4/GN401000068/CH.html (7998 words)

	The many faces of VIP in neuroimmunology: a cytokine rather a neuropeptide? -- POZO and DELGADO 18 (12): 1325 -- The ...
		neuroendocrine hormones and neuropeptides by immune cells and
		receptors on cells of the immune and neuroendocrine systems;
		4) effect of cytokines on the neuroendocrine system.
	www.fasebj.org /cgi/content/abstract/18/12/1325 (280 words)

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