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Topic: Neuropeptides

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	Hypothalamic Neuropeptides
		Unlike the large structural proteins that form the physical connections between brain cells, neuropeptides are small enough to serve as chemical messengers between neurons, or between the fat depots of the body and the brain.
		The fat hormone leptin is an example of a neuropeptide that is secreted from fat cells into the blood, and signals the brain (via the hypothalamus) that caloric storage is high.
		There are many different neuropeptides used as chemical signals in the circuits of the hypothalamus, and each may play a subtly different role in the response to caloric deficiency.
	www.magnet.neuro.fsu.edu /Research/Hypo1.html (588 words)

	Neutropeptides
		They withdraw down a cascade creating other neuropeptides and other bioactive compounds that are specific to different systems.
		Neuropeptides also influence cellular activity at the DNA level by altering gene structure to either increase or decrease gene expression.
		input, neuropeptides are produced, which cascade down to create new bio-active compounds.
	www.scenarnews.com /neuropeptides.htm (423 words)

	Neuropeptides: Unlocking the Secrets of the Brain
		Neuropeptides were first discovered in 1975 by a pair of drug addiction researchers in Aberdeen, Scotland, named John Hughes and Hans Kosterlitz, who were searching for an internally-produced body chemical similar to opiate drugs that would plug into existing opiate receptor cells and "turn on" the body's own built-in pain-relief system.
		Prior to the discovery of the neuropeptides, nerve cell transmission was thought to be a fairly straightforward affair, with individual cells believed to communicate exclusively through the release of chemical messengers known as neurotransmitters.
		Ways that enzymatic processes in the neuropeptide system can manifest their going out of control are legion, but the specific areas that look most interesting--and most promising--to researchers today include appetite, addictions, pain relief, memory and learning, and mental illness.
	www.doitnow.org /pages/brain.html (4747 words)

	Bodywork & Neuropeptides
		Neuropeptides (nerve proteins) are biochemicals that regulate almost all life processes on a cellular level, and thereby link all body systems.
		Neuropeptides are one of three types of the most powerful biochemicals in the body, categorized as ligands from the Latin “ligare”, that which binds.
		Neuropeptides could then be seen as “informational connective tissue” that unite and coordinate all the cells, tissues, glands, organs and systems of the body.
	www.healtouch.com /csft/bodywork.html (1482 words)

	Drosophila gene families: hormones and neuropeptides
		A genetic analysis of neuropeptide expression and function has been initiated by analyzing immunoreactivity in mutants that have prolonged larval life associated with imaginal disc overgrowth.
		neuropeptide F (NPF) was isolated from Drosophila, based on a radioimmunoassay for a gut peptide from the corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea.
		Mediation of PACAP-like neuropeptide transmission by activation of Ras/Raf and cAMP signal transduction pathways in Drosophila.
	www.sdbonline.org /fly/aignfam/hormones.htm (2757 words)

	General Overview of Neuropeptides
		The development of the neuropeptide field was covered in several chapters in the three last editions of this series, i.e.
		Neuropeptide receptors belonging to the rhodopsin-like family are listed in Table 4 (from ref. 148).
		This appears to be first evidence for derangement of a central neuropeptide system in one of the major mental diseases and the possibility to orally treat this with a peptide antagonist of the non-peptide type which passes the blood brain barrier.
	www.acnp.org /g4/GN401000047/CH.html (5303 words)

	Smart Skin Care :: View topic - neuropeptides vs. pentapeptides
		Neuropeptide is a pertide with some action upon nerve fibers.
		He does state that neuropeptides are the biggest breakthrough that he's seen in the last 20 years(in terms of anti-aging skincare).
		But he seems to be the only one focusing on the topical application of neuropeptides at this point(unless the neuropeptides he's refering to are actually pentapeptides), so I just wanted to clarify this.
	www.smartskincare.com /forum/viewtopic.php?p=6286 (720 words)

	Alibris: Neuropeptides
		This volume describes the modulatory actions of neuropeptides and amines, comparing their role with new knowledge about L-glutamic acid and gamma-aminobutyric acid, the principal fast chemical neurotransmitters in mammalian brains.
		It is not a comprehensive review of the biochemistry and pharmacology of each and every neuropeptide but treats with peptides where a sufficient corpus of information is available on a particular facet to contribute to an overall picture of...
		During the last few years, the pace of research in the field of neuropeptide receptors has increased steadily: new neuropeptides were discovered, and the classification of receptor subtypes has been refined.
	www.alibris.com /search/books/subject/Neuropeptides (719 words)

	Sequential Expression of the Neuropeptides Substance P and Somatostatin in Granulomas Associated with Murine ...
		We observed differential expression of the neuropeptides SP and somatostatin in the granulomatous inflammations surrounding
		Neuropeptide modulation of Th1 and Th2 cytokines in peripheral blood mononuclear leucocytes in atopic dermatitis and non-atopic controls.
		Modulatory role of neuropeptides in seizures induced in rats by stimulation of glutamate receptors.
	iai.asm.org /cgi/content/full/70/8/4534 (2759 words)

	Biocompare News - Scientists Identify 36 Genes, 100 Neuropeptides In Honey Bee Brains
		"Neuropeptides undoubtedly play a role in the bees' shift from working in the hive to foraging, displaying and interpreting dance language, and in defending the hive," said Jonathan Sweedler, a William H. and Janet Lycan Professor of Chemistry and the director of the Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Center at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
		"This study lays the groundwork for future molecular studies of honey bee neuropeptides with the identification of 36 genes, 33 of which were previously unreported," the researchers write in the Oct. 27 issue of the journal Science.
		"Neuropeptides come in a bewildering range of shapes and sizes, and are notoriously hard to predict from a genome alone," Sweedler said.
	news.biocompare.com /newsstory.asp?id=156929 (596 words)

	NEUROPEPTIDES AND NEUROGENIC MECHANISMS IN ORAL AND PERIODONTAL INFLAMMATION -- Lundy and Linden 15 (2): 82 -- Critical ...
		notably the neuropeptides SP and CGRP (Geppetti, 1993).
		peripheral neurones to mediate the release of neuropeptides
		Extraction and quantitation of neuropeptides in bone by radioimmunoassay.
	crobm.iadrjournals.org /cgi/content/full/15/2/82 (8026 words)

	Neuropeptide - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A neuropeptide is any of the variety of peptides found in neural tissue; e.g.
		For example, in one subpopulation of about 3000 neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus, three anorectic peptides are co-expressed: α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH), galanin-like peptide, and cocaine-and-amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART), and in another subpopulation two orexigenic peptides are co-expressed, neuropeptide Y and agouti-related peptide (AGRP).
		These are not the only peptides in the arcuate nucleus; β-endorphin, dynorphin, enkephalin, galanin, ghrelin, growth-hormone releasing hormone, neurotensin, neuromedin U, and somatostatin are also expressed in subpopulations of arcuate neurons.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Neuropeptide (468 words)

	Genome Biology \| Full text \| More neuropeptides in C. elegans
		Neuropeptides function in neurotransmission primarily by modulating synaptic signaling through other, small-molecule, neurotransmitters, and exert their function through seven-span transmembrane receptors, although a sodium channel that can be directly gated by the neuropeptide FMRF has been identified inthe snail Helix lucorum.
		Molecular and biochemical studies have established that the neuropeptides comprise a large and diverse group of signal molecules, but the molecular mechanisms underlying neuropeptide-mediated synaptic transmission remain largely elusive.
		Second, specialized dense-core synaptic vesicles (the sites of neuropeptides) that are not immunoreactive for any of the known neuropeptide families are found at nematode synapses.
	genomebiology.com /2002/3/2/reports/0010/email.asp?Stage=1 (830 words)

	Bronchial Mucosal Immunoreactivity of Sensory Neuropeptides in Severe Airway Diseases -- CHANEZ et al. 158 (3): 985 -- ...
		Neuropeptides act on most of the components of the bronchial environment.
		Effect of neuropeptide Y on human bronchus and its modulation of neutral endopeptidase.
		Neuropeptide Y inhibits neurogenic inflammation in guinea pig airways.
	ajrccm.atsjournals.org /cgi/content/full/158/3/985 (3909 words)

	Inhibitory effect of certain neuropeptides on the proliferation of human retinal pigment epithelial cells -- Troger et ...
		Inhibitory effect of certain neuropeptides on the proliferation of human retinal pigment epithelial cells -- Troger et al.
		Neuropeptides are a group of neurotransmitters and/or neuromodulators
		Secretoneurin—a neuropeptide generated in brain, adrenal medulla and other endocrine tissues by proteolytical processing of secretogranin II (chromogranin C).
	bjo.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/87/11/1403 (3400 words)

	ARS \| Publication request: Invertebrate Neuropeptides
		To expedite the identification of the most appropriate targets, this report describes a survey of neuropeptides in invertebrates, demonstrating that the enormous diversity of invertebrates can be exploited to determine those molecules that have analogs in plant-parasitic nematodes and will be useful for control.
		The lower invertebrates appear to rely upon few families of neuropeptides that include large numbers of a variety of sequences, whereas higher invertebrates have many neuropeptide families with fewer numbers of different sequences within each family.
		Research into invertebrate neuropeptides is as important to better understanding the life processes of animals in general as it is to discovery of environmentally responsible means to control pests.
	www.ars.usda.gov /research/publications/Publications.htm?seq_no_115=164208 (413 words)

	Directory — Biology Department - Pennsylvania State University
		By understanding how the secretion of neuropeptides is controlled at a cellular and molecular level we hope to shed some light on how this class of transmitter molecules are able to regulate higher-order behaviors.
		For example the two types of transmitters are even packaged into different cellular organelles: classical transmitters are found in small recycling vesicles, while neuropeptides are contained within large dense core granules that are filled via the trans Golgi network.
		For example, neuropeptide granules are not clustered together with synaptic vesicles at the active zone.
	www.bio.psu.edu /home/directory/homepages/mdw13 (475 words)

	Scientists identify 36 genes, 100 neuropeptides in honey bee brains
		Understanding the roles these peptides play in the life of a honey bee will assist researchers in understanding the roles they play in their human counterparts.
		Some of the neuropeptides the researchers discovered were a result of direct measurements of bee brains using an extremely sensitive mass spectrometer.
		And, because genes that produce neuropeptides often have repeating sequences, some of the genes were found by a computer algorithm that scanned the honey bee genome for such telltale sequences.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2006-10/uoia-si3102306.php (574 words)

	Neuropeptides, Via Specific Receptors, Regulate T Cell Adhesion to Fibronectin -- Levite et al. 160 (2): 993 -- The ...
		The neuropeptides were then either added directly (unwashed) or washed from the T cells before their incubation on FN-coated wells (T cell pretreatment and washed).
		Neuropeptide Y and sigma receptor agonist act through a common pathway to stimulate duodenal alkaline secretion in rats.
		Further evidence for a prejunctional action of neuropeptide Y on cholinergic motor neurons in the rat uterine cervix.
	www.jimmunol.org /cgi/content/full/160/2/993 (5201 words)

	Neuropeptides: Structure and Function in Biology and Behavior Volume 897 Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
		Neuropeptides: Structure and Function in Biology and Behavior Volume 897 Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
		This is illustrated in studies of insects, nematodes, tadpoles, mice, and rats, and in clinical studies in humans.
		The rate of embryonic and fetal development appears to be under the control of neuropeptides implicated in the stress response.
	www.nyas.org /annals/detail.asp?strvolume=897 (227 words)

	All About Neuropeptides at Neuropeptides.net (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		There are cells in the brain that produce various neuropeptides, and these neuropeptides do just about everything.
		Neuropeptides are peptides released by neurons (brain cells) as intercellular messengers.
		Peptides and neuropeptides, like many substances in our bodies (think cholesterol) can work both for and against us.
	www.neuropeptides.net (165 words)

	Identification of neuropeptide-like protein gene families in Caenorhabditiselegans and other species -- Nathoo et al. ...
		Bioactive peptides encoded by a single invertebrate neuropeptide gene are often highly related.
		neuropeptide gene and the presence of characteristic endoproteolytic
		Neuropeptides are integral to behavior and nervous systems in animals.
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/98/24/14000 (3867 words)

	Neuropeptides are ubiquitous chemical mediators: Using the stomatogastric nervous system as a model system -- Skiebe ...
		Neuropeptides are ubiquitous chemical mediators: Using the stomatogastric nervous system as a model system -- Skiebe 204 (12): 2035 -- Journal of Experimental Biology
		Neuropeptides are the most abundant chemical mediators in the
		of neuropeptides in single neurones (Santama and Benjamin, 2000).
	jeb.biologists.org /cgi/content/full/204/12/2035 (6782 words)

	Interactions Between the Nervous System and the Immune System
		Adrenalectomy appears to be effective in studies that have examined acute responses to brief stressors (for which the immunosuppressive effects are rapidly reversed), but may be less important for the effects of chronic stress (20, 43).
		Anatomical studies have clearly demonstrated a sympathetic innervation of immune structures, such as the bone marrow, thymus, spleen, and lymph nodes (28).
		Among the confounding factors that may contribute to the complexity are compensatory increases in adrenomedullary output, redistribution of lymphocytes, compensatory changes in the number and kind of adrenergic receptors, and the coexistence in sympathetic terminals of peptides, such as neuropeptide Y (NPY).
	www.acnp.org /g4/GN401000069/CH069.html (7317 words)

	Autoantibodies against neuropeptides are associated with psychological traits in eating disorders -- Fetissov et al. ...
		Autoantibodies against neuropeptides are associated with psychological traits in eating disorders -- Fetissov et al.
		Autoantibodies against neuropeptides are associated with psychological traits in eating disorders
		Neuropeptides are important transmitters in the brain limbic
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/102/41/14865 (3702 words)

	Neuropeptides (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Last 15-20 years the focus of endocrinology has shifted towards the study of neuropeptides
		Neuropeptides produced as chemical messengers by all animals act as
		Using genetic analyses - answer questions on the evolution of peptide messengers, especially on why we as animals have evolved this complex messenger system of both classical transmitters and neuropeptides
	www.zoo.utoronto.ca /zoo344s/neuropeptide.htm (145 words)

	NIDA - What's New - Past Meetings - Neuropeptides and Drugs of Abuse
		The Keynote Speaker was Dr. Tomas Hokfelt and he gave an overview on neuropeptides, in general and specifically addressed present issues on selected peptides.
		There was a strong feeling among the participants that there should be a RFA on neuropeptides and drugs of abuse.
		Another important recommendation is that NIDA should take a lead in supplying neuropeptides, labeled peptides and nonpeptide neuropeptide ligands to the research community.
	www.drugabuse.gov /whatsnew/meetings/Neuropeptides.html (644 words)

	Modulation of secretin release by neuropeptides in secretin-producing cells -- Chang et al. 275 (2): 192 -- AJP - ...
		The effects of neuropeptides were further studied in STC-1 cells.
		The stimulatory effects of these neuropeptides on the release of SLI from STC-1 cells were also concentration dependent.
		Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide: a novel vasoactive intestinal peptide-like neuropeptide in the gut.
	ajpgi.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/275/2/G192 (6439 words)

	Elsevier Author Gateway (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The aim of Neuropeptides is the rapid publication of original research and review articles, dealing with the structure, distribution, actions and functions of peptides in the central and peripheral nervous systems.
		Increasing numbers of non-peptide ligands of neuropeptide receptors have been developed, which act as agonists or antagonists in peptidergic systems.
		The journal publishes articles on all aspects of the neuropeptide field, with particular emphasis on gene regulation of peptide expression, peptide receptor subtypes, transgenic and knockout mice with mutations in genes for neuropeptides and peptide receptors, neuroanatomy, physiology, behaviour, neurotrophic factors, preclinical drug evaluation, clinical studies, and clinical trials.
	authors.elsevier.com /JournalDetail.html?PubID=623063&Precis=DESC (201 words)

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