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Topic: Neurula

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	Lab Practical Study Guide
		The archenteron will be nearer the yolk plug and much bigger then the blastocoel at this stage of frog embryogenesis.
		The neurula stage begins organogenesis in a frog embryo.
		You should also be able to identify the archenteron of a frog embryo in the neurula stage.
	pages.cabrini.edu /ddunbar/Bio430/lab_practical_study_guide.htm (460 words)

	Supplemental Figure Legends (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Embryos were harvested at the neurula stage and analyzed by whole-mount in situ hybridization with the following probes (anterior views): (A) Otx2 probe, (B) En2 probe, (C and D) Wnt1 probe, (E and F) Gbx2 probe.
		Neurula embryos were analyzed by whole-mount in situ hybridization (anterior view) with XsalF (anterior view).
		Neurula embryos were analyzed by whole-mount in situ hybridization (anterior view).
	www.developmentalcell.com /cgi/content/full/7/1/95/DC1 (724 words)

	Axolotl graft
		The purpose of this study is to investigate the specification and determination of the cells in the eye-forming region of an Axolotl neurula.
		Isolated eye development in the flank region would indicate that the transplanted cells had already been determined as eye tissue when moved, whereas flank cell development in the graft would imply that the cells had not yet been specified as eye-forming.
		The eye-forming region of the Axolotl neurula is thought to undergo specification and determination during gastrulation, so this experiment should result in additional eye development on the flank of the host embryo (Gilbert, 2003).
	www.swarthmore.edu /NatSci/sgilber1/DB_lab/Frog/AX.html (491 words)

	The homeoprotein Xiro1 is required for midbrain-hindbrain boundary formation -- Glavic et al. 129 (7): 1609 -- ...
		Embryos were fixed at late gastrula (stage 12-12.5) (A,A’,D,G), early neurula (stage 13-14) (B,B’,E,H,J,K) and mid neurula (stage 17-18) (C,C’,F,I,L), and double in situ hybridization and sectioning were carried out for each pair of genes.
		Notice the overlap in the expression of both genes at the early neurula stage (bracket in B’), which disappears at the mid neurula stage (bracket in C’), to generate a sharp boundary of Otx2/Gbx2 expression.
		The initial isthmus expression of Fgf8 appears at early neurula stage in the region where Otx2 and Gbx2 are co-expressed (brackets).
	dev.biologists.org /cgi/content/figsonly/129/7/1609 (2223 words)

	Hormone-inducible fusion proteins
		Ectopic expression of genes in a temporally controlled manner is useful for analyzing gene function during development, particularly when events during gastrula or neurula stages are to be examined.
		Injection of RNAs into cleavage-stage embryos results in widespread and high level expression, but injected RNAs are generally translated immediately after their introduction, resulting in expression many hours earlier than the normal period of gene function with potentially misleading results.
		There are many hormones that, when added to Xenopus gastrula or neurula embryos, have no discernible affect on development, including dexamethasone (Gao et al., 1994; Kolm and Sive, 1995), b-estradiol (Baker and Tata, 1990; Kolm and Sive, 1995), tri-iodothyronine (Old et al., 1992; Smith et al., 1994), and myristerone (Kolm, Patel unpublished).
	web.wi.mit.edu /sive/pub/grinformation/cshmanual.html (1248 words)

	Interactive Fly, Drosophila
		In the adult frog, XmN-cadherin mRNA is detected strongly in ovary, testis, brain, eye, and kidney, and weakly in stomach and intestine.
		Dissection experiments with 8-cell stage and neurula stage embryos reveal that the maternally inherited mRNA is relatively uniformly distributed within the embryo.
		In sharp contrast, whole mount in situ hybridization reveals that the zygotically expressed mRNA occurs almost exclusively in neural tissues such as brain, the anterior part of the spinal cord, and the optic and otic vesicles.
	www.sdbonline.org /fly/neural/cadhrn2b.htm (3950 words)

	IngentaConnect Stage- and tissue-specific patterns of cell division in embryonic...
		Starting at the neurula stage, after the origin of the mesoderm, the proportion of dividing cells progressively declines in the somitic mesoderm and notochord.
		For example, in the mid-neurula, there is a brief, intense burst of mitosis at the anterior end of the neural plate.
		Also, from the neurula through the early larval stage, all of the ectoderm cells cease dividing and develop cilia that propel the animal through the water; subsequently, in the epidermis of later larvae, mitosis resumes and the proportion of ciliated cells declines as muscular undulation gradually replaces ciliation for swimming.
	www.ingentaconnect.com /content/bsc/ede/2006/00000008/00000002/art00005 (295 words)

	Our Favorite Genes
		Xenopus HoxD1 IS predominantly expressed in the ectoderm of early neurula embryos
		HoxD1 is expressed during gastrula and early neurula stages (time course of expression).
		Comparison of XCG, XAG, and XA expression in neurula and tailbud embryos (courtesy of Leila Bradley)
	web.wi.mit.edu /sive/pub/favorite/favorite.html (380 words)

	table
		In six hours a blastula has 10,000, then in 10 hours the gastrula has 30,000 cells.
		Then after 19 hours, the neurula has 80,000 cells and it is still one millimeter.
		The embryo is beginning to have an inside and outside - the inside will become the blood, the bones, guts, the heart and the liver.
	www2.edc.org /sciencequest/2001/SQ0110425/table.html (142 words)

	Overexpression of a Novel Xenopus Rel mRNA Gene Induces Tumors in Early Embryos -- Yang et al. 273 (22): 13746 -- ...
		A, blastula; B, gastrula; C, late neurula; D and E, larva; F, control; op, otic placode; fb, forebrain; mhb, mid-hindbrain; oto, otocyst; No, notochord; sc, spinal cord; E, eye; Oc, oral cavity.
		A, quantitative RT-PCR of staged embryo RNA indicates down-regulation of expression of Xrel3 in the late gastrula/early neurula stage.
		and neurula embryos but not gastrula stage embryos (18).
	www.jbc.org /cgi/content/full/273/22/13746 (3590 words)

	A Novel Matrix Metalloproteinase Gene (XMMP) Encoding Vitronectin-like Motifs Is Transiently Expressed in Xenopus ...
		was first detected in the neurula and pretailbud embryos.
		Xenopus blastula (stage 8), gastrula (stage 13), neurula (stage 15), and pretailbud (stage 24) embryos were staged according
		RNA from neurula stage Xenopus embryos was reverse transcribed
	www.jbc.org /cgi/content/full/272/21/13527 (3953 words)

	Xenbase: gene expression patterns \| brevican \| notochord
		Expression first observed in the notochord of neurula stage embryos.
		In addition to this, in tailbuds, Xbcan was also found to be expressed within the fifth and sixth rhombomere of the hindbrain.
		Cleared late neurula stage (NF 25) embryo: beside the notochord, Xbcan transcription takes place in a stripe-like pattern in the fifth and sixth rhombomeres (marked by an arrow head)
	www.xenbase.org /index/noto/brev/brevican.html (179 words)

	X-ngnr-1 and Xath3 promote ectopic expression of sensory neuron markers in the neurula ectoderm and have distinct ...
		X-ngnr-1 and Xath3 promote ectopic expression of sensory neuron markers in the neurula ectoderm and have distinct inducing properties in the retina -- Perron et al.
		is expressed at neurula stage in a lateral stripe of cells in
		of the dorsal neural marker tyrosinase in neurulae (37).
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/96/26/14996 (5672 words)

	Medical and Science Media - Embryology Teaching Slide Sets (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Early neurula, neural plate in the abdominal region
		Early neurula, neural plate in the region of head
		Neurula of frog, mid-dorsal region, t.s., detail from 75.66
	www.msmedia.com.au /SCIENCE/SLIDES/Embryology/EM_SLIDES.shtml (2346 words)

	Oriented cell divisions and cellular morphogenesis in the zebrafish gastrula and neurula: a time-lapse analysis -- ...
		Oriented cell divisions and cellular morphogenesis in the zebrafish gastrula and neurula: a time-lapse analysis -- Concha and Adams 125 (6): 983 -- Development
		Oriented cell divisions and cellular morphogenesis in the zebrafish gastrula and neurula: a time-lapse analysis
		epiblast cells of gastrula and neurula stage embryos were imaged and
	dev.biologists.org /cgi/content/abstract/125/6/983 (763 words)

	Amazon.com: "vital dye mapping": Key Phrase page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Keller R.E. Vital dye mapping of the gastrula and neurula of Xenopus laevis.
		Keller, R. Vital dye mapping of the gastrula and neurula of Xenopus laevis.
		Fate maps Keller, R.E. Vital dye mapping of the gastrula and neurula of Xenopus laevis I. Prospective areas and morphogenetic movements of the superficial layer.
	www.amazon.com /phrase/vital-dye-mapping (525 words)

	Axolotl graft
		Axolotl neurulas (Hosts~Stage 25 to maximize survival; donors~Stage 15)
		Posterior to the head region, carefully make an incision a little bigger than the size of the graft tissue, running from the anterior end to the posterior end.
		Transfer the grafts to the Petri dish containing the host embryo.
	www.swarthmore.edu /NatSci/sgilber1/DB_lab/Frog/AX02.html (591 words)

	HoxD1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Predominantly expressed in the posterior ectoderm during gastrula and early neurula stages.
		At early neurula the anterior boundary of expression lies in the posterior hindbrain.
		C.Transverse section of HoxD1 stained, early neurula (stage 14) embryo.
	www.xenbase.org /xmmr/Marker_pages/CNS/HoxD1.html (104 words)

	NEURULA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.
		Words beginning with "NEURULA": neurulae, neurulas, neurulation, neurulations.
		Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references).
	www.websters-online-dictionary.org /Ne/Neurula.html (289 words)

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