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Topic: Neutrality Proclamations

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	NEUTRALITY - LoveToKnow Article on NEUTRALITY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The neutral state, moreover, is obliged to incur heavy expenditure to protect its frontier from being traversed by either belligerent, and thus avoid itself being exposed to claims for compensation for an act which it would otherwise be powerless to prevent.
		Neutral subjects have the right to carry on trade and intercourse with belligerent subjects in so far as they do not interfere Rights of with the operations or necessities of war, and it is no neutral violation of the neutral character that this trade or subJects on intercourse is of benefit to either side.
		Proclamations of neutrality may be made to serve the twofold purpose of warning the belligerent of the length to which the neutral government considers neutral duty to extend, and neutral subjects of the exceptional measures to which a foreign war exposes them.
	www.1911ency.org /N/NE/NEUTRALITY.htm (8643 words)

	FM 27-10 Chptr 9 Neutrality
		In order to protect its neutrality, a State whose territory is adjacent to a theater of war normally mobilizes a portion of its forces to prevent troops of either belligerent from entering its territory, to intern such as maybe permitted to enter, and generally to carry out its duties of neutrality.
		Should the neutral State be unable, or fail for any reason, to prevent violations of its neutrality by the troops of one belligerent entering or passing through its territory, the other belligerent may be justified in attacking the enemy forces on this territory.
		A neutral Power is not called upon to prevent the export or transport, on behalf of one or other of the belligerents, of arms, munitions of war, or, in general, of anything which can be of use to an army or a fleet.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/library/policy/army/fm/27-10/CH92.htm (2698 words)

	PROCLAMATION (Lat. proclamare, to make public by announcement) - Online Information article about PROCLAMATION (Lat. ...
		These proclamations were originally made sixteen times, four times in the term in which the fine was levied, and four times in each of the three succeeding terms.
		Afterwards the number of proclamations was reduced to one in each of the four terms.
		The proclamations were endorsed on the back of the record.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /PRE_PYR/PROCLAMATION_Lat_proclamare_to.html (531 words)

	[No title]
		Now, where laws direct the President to make proclamation, it is for some purpose denoted by the law, or where the binding force of laws as made dependent upon the issuance of an official proclamation, or suspended laws are reanimated by proclamation, we perceive a practical use to such formal monition.
		Now, in the first place, this proclamation is essentially preventive, and aims, by its counsel and monition, to dissuade the citizen from committing a breach of the law, which is supposed to be meditated.
		There is no legitimate way in which the threatened energies of the President are to have active scope in the prosecution meditated; that must not render the exercise of his powers gravely questionable, or that shall not reflect with some stain, or unnecessary shade of suspicion, upon the ermine of justice.
	www.constitution.org /cmt/hendj/ccpp.txt (3123 words)

	Neutrality
		Proclamations of Neutrality were a means by which, if effective, nonbelligerent nations could avoid at least some of the financial and political burdens of warfare.
		Complaints may also be lodged with neutral States, with or without a view to soliciting their good offices, mediation or intervention, for the purpose of making the enemy observe the laws of war.
		Neutrality does not demand that nations not participating in an armed conflict should be indifferent to the issues of the belligerents.
	www.lawofwar.org /Neutrality.htm (2096 words)

	AllRefer.com - belligerency (International Law) - Encyclopedia
		In civil wars if the insurgent force is granted belligerency rights, neutral nations generally abstain from supplying or helping either the established government or its opponent.
		An example of this practice is found in the neutrality proclamations issued by European powers in the American Civil War.
		Neutral nations may refuse to recognize the belligerency of an insurgent, however, and in this way preserve the right to claim any damages that accrue against the established government for having failed to suppress the rebellion without delay.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/B/belliger.html (357 words)

	Chronology-1939
		Sept 5, 1939 - President issues two Neutrality Proclamations; one according to Neutrality Act of 1937 which forbids shipment of arms and munitions to belligerents, the other in accordance with international law.
		President orders a Neutrality Patrol by Navy to report and track any belligerent air, surface, or underwater naval forces approaching Atlantic coasts of the United States or the West Indies.
		A neutrality zone some 300 miles in breadth is to be patrolled by the United States Navy.
	www.angelfire.com /hi/wwiifrontline/1939.html (518 words)

	NOTE: Where it is feasible, a syllabus (headnote) will be released, as is being done in co
		Petitioners argue, and we find nothing in the case to refute it, that the directions for the content of the prayers were a good-faith attempt by the school to ensure that the sectarianism which is so often the flashpoint for religious animosity be removed from the graduation ceremony.
		Although the prayer was -denominationally neutral- and -its observance on the part of the students [was] voluntary,- id., at 430, the Court found that it violated this essential precept of the Establishment Clause.
		III While the Establishment Clause's concept of neutrality is not self-revealing, our recent cases have invested it with specific content: the state may not favor or endorse either religion generally over nonreligion or one religion over others.
	www.skepticfiles.org /american/901014.htm (15498 words)

	Declaration of War Against Germany, 1917
		The German Government denies the right of neutrals to use arms at all within the areas of the sea which it has proscribed, even in the defense of rights which no modern publicist has ever before questioned their right to defend.
		Armed neutrality is ineffectual enough at best; in such circumstances and in the face of such pretensions it is worse than ineffectual: it is likely only to produce what it was meant to prevent; it is practically certain to draw us into the war without either the rights or the effectiveness of belligerents.
		We are at the beginning of an age in which it will be insisted that the same standards of conduct and of responsibility for wrong done shall be observed among nations and their governments that are observed among the individual citizens of civilized states.
	www.classbrain.com /artteenst/publish/article_86.shtml (2360 words)

	[No title]
		The forcible intervention of the United States as a neutral to stop the war, according to the large dictates of humanity and following many historical precedents where neighboring states have interfered to check the hopeless sacrifices of life by internecine conflicts beyond their borders, is justifiable on rational grounds.
		It is not among the least gratifying incidents of the struggle that the obligations of neutrality were impartially discharged by all, often under delicate and difficult circumstances.
		Upon the colonial proclamation of neutrality being issued and the customary twenty-four hours' notice being given, it repaired to Mirs Bay, near Hongkong, whence it proceeded to the Philippine Islands under telegraphed orders to capture or destroy the formidable Spanish fleet then assembled at Manila.
	www.gutenberg.org /files/13893/13893.txt (14400 words)

	HAWAIIAN ISLANDS
		I have not been able yet to obtain from the Hawaiian government such a proclamation, as I desired upon the subject of privateering, or the permission to enter the ports of this kingdom of any suspicious vessels.
		To permit it would unquestionably he a breach of neutrality and in derogation of our duty; neither can our ports be used as a depot for the spoils or the prisoners of privateers.
		That our neutrality is to be respected to the full extent of our jurisdiction, and that all captures and seizures made within the same are unlawful, and in violation of our rights as a sovereign.
	www.wisc.edu /wendt/frus/433s.html (681 words)

	HyperWar: Peace and War: United States Foreign Policy, 1931-1941 (Document 57]
		While his treatment of the subject of neutrality is brief and necessarily so because of the undeveloped status of the law of his time, he nevertheless recognized the possibility of third parties remaining neutral.
		Any discussion of the avoidance of war, or of the observance of neutrality in the event of war, would be wholly incomplete if too much stress were laid on the part played in the one or the other by the shipment, or the embargoing of the shipment, of arms, ammunition, and implements of war.
		Attempts by a belligerent to exercise jurisdiction on the high seas over trade with its enemy, or with other neutral countries on the theory that the latter are supplying the enemy, may give rise to difficulties no less serious than those resulting from the exportation of arms and implements of war.
	www.ibiblio.org /hyperwar/Dip/PaW/057.html (1163 words)

	History Microforms in University of Missouri Special Collections (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The reports are concerned to a great extent with the hostility of the Indians, the desire to have the transcontinental railroad pass through the territory, the development of educational facilities, and the encouragement of immigration into the territory.
		Except for routine official documents, appointments, commissions, proclamations, and fiscal accountings, the majority of the records relate to Indian problems, especially the Cayuse War of 1847, the Rogue River uprising of 1852-53, and the Yakima War from 1855 to 1858.
		Transcripts of executive proceedings of the territorial governors date from the establishment of the Territory of Idaho until it was admitted to the Union in 1890.
	mulibraries.missouri.edu /specialcollections/histmfworldwar.htm (8038 words)

	Pledge of Allegiance Should Not Be to a Nation "Under God"
		A long line of U.S. Supreme Court cases holds that the Constitution requires government to be neutral on the subject of religion.
		The breach of neutrality that is today a trickling stream may all too soon become a raging torrent and, in the words of Madison, 'it is proper to take alarm at the first experiment on our liberties.'"
		At this time, the small violations are constantly used as precedents to create a torrent that could swamp and sweep away the wall between church and state.
	www.humanismbyjoe.com /Pledge_and_Under_God.htm (1613 words)

	Trenches on the Web - Special: Latin America in World War I
		The one instance of effective cooperation during the neutral phase (August 1914-April 1917) of the war was the meeting of the financial ministers in Washington in May-1915.
		When Wilson called on all remaining neutral states to follow the U.S. example and break relations with Germany, the Argentine government excused itself on the ground that it was distant from the scene of conflict.
		Chile's neutrality was not as unpopular as Argentina's.
	www.worldwar1.com /sfla.htm (4735 words)

	deseretnews.com \| Aid workers wrongly perceived as the enemy
		We need a humanitarianism that is neutral and impartial — in name, deed, and perception.
		We can and must do a better job of explaining how — and why — we are different from soldiers dressed in civvies delivering bread one day and dropping bombs the next, different from private contractors running "reconstruction" programs for the military, and different from politicians promising panaceas.
		If they're blurred or diluted, then not only are humanitarians at risk, but so too are the millions of civilians whose lives depend on their assistance.
	deseretnews.com /dn/view/0,1249,595082404,00.html (958 words)

	Declaration of Dependence: A Strategy to Reclaim America -NRA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		This is a proposal to draft and redact a series of documents or "prayer proclamations" that prominent Christian leaders in America would be asked to sign.
		Those who are committed to "the myth of neutrality" or who are openly opposed to rebuilding a Christian nation.
		They are at this time advancing a comprehensive program--legislative, economic, and cultural--to complete the works of death, desolation, and tyranny, already begun with circumstances of cruelty and perfidy, scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy of a civilized nation.
	www.natreformassn.org /statesman/00/depndnce.html (3216 words)

	SB Blockade Runners\| The Insiders' Guide® to Wilmington & North Carolina's Southern Coast
		The blockade, coupled with the Confederacy’s distinct geographical area and organized government, gave basis to the Queen of England to issue a proclamation of neutrality concerning the hostilities between the Government of the United States and the Confederate States of America.
		England’s neutrality was cheered by the South because it gave recognition to the Confederacy.
		Although neutral, the English government tended to look the other way, partly because they were in sympathy with the Confederacy and partly because England needed cotton.
	www.insiders.com /wilmington/sb-overview3.htm (818 words)

	What constitutes Civil Religion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Unless the members of Congress were hypocrites or imbeciles, they did not think this proclamation was an Establishment Clause violation.
		Each value judgment under the Religion Clauses must therefore turn on whether particular acts in question are intended to establish or interfere with religious beliefs and practices or have the effect of doing so.
		Adherence to a policy of neutrality that derives from an accommodation of the Establishment and Free Exercise Clauses has prevented the kind of involvement that would tip the balance toward government control of churches or governmental restraint on religious practice.
	members.surfbest.net /jmcneil@a1isp.net/civrel.html (4757 words)

	ITALIAN CONQUEST OF ETHIOPIA 1935-1936
		With the outbreak of war between Italy and Ethiopia President Roosevelt, in accordance with provisions of the Neutrality Act, issued proclamations putting into effect an embargo on the export of arms, ammunition, and implements of war to the two belligerent nations and restrictions on travel by United States citizens on vessels of the belligerents.
		Upon issuing these proclamations on October 5, 1935, the President stated that "any of our people who voluntarily engage in transactions of any character with either of the belligerents do so at their own risk".
		In this long conversation the Secretary endeavored to impress upon the Ambassador that the United States and other peace-loving nations were greatly pained to see their traditional friends, the Italian people, involved in this war in spite of numerous peace treaties and despite the awful menace to the peace of the world.
	www.mtholyoke.edu /acad/intrel/WorldWar2/italy.htm (1435 words)

	USHDA \| The Neutrality Act of 1937 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The President shall by proclamation from time to time definitely enumerate the articles and materials which is shall be unlawful for American vessels to so transport...
		(c) The President shall from time to time by proclamation extend such restrictions as are imposed under the authority of this section to other states as and when they may be declared to become belligerent states under the authority of section 1 of this Act.
		Whenever, in his judgment, the conditions which have caused him to issue his proclamation have ceased to exist, he shall revoke his proclamation and the provisions of this section shall thereupon cease to apply.
	www.ushda.org /neut1937.shtml (666 words)

	Ashcroft's Backtrack on Gay Pride at Justice
		The odd thing is that despite the lack of proclamations, not only did gay and lesbian Department of Justice employees continue to have their celebration, but last year Ashcroft sent his deputy, Larry Thompson, to speak at it.
		Gay advocates had made some headway with Bush as the federal government approved of benefits for gay partners of victims of the terrorist attacks of Sept. 11, 2001, and death benefits for domestic partners of police and firefighters who die in the line of duty.
		The ban on DOJ Pride is a signal that the neutrality is ending just in time for the 2004 elections.
	www.commondreams.org /views03/0611-03.htm (917 words)

	US CODE--TITLE 50, APPENDIX--WAR AND NATIONAL DEFENSE
		WHEREAS the treaties of the United States, in any war in which the United States is a neutral, impose on the United States certain obligations to both neutral and belligerent nations;
		AND WHEREAS the treaties of the United States, in any war in which the United States is a neutral, require that the United States exert all the vigilance within their power to carry out their obligations as a neutral;
		A public vessel of a belligerent or neutral nation shall be permitted to pass through the Canal only after her commanding officer has given written assurance to the authorities of the Panama Canal that the rules, regulations, and treaties of the United States will be faithfully observed.
	www.access.gpo.gov /uscode/title50a/50a_1_3_.html (976 words)

	[No title]
		Proclamations are issued by virtue of the President's office, by law, or in response to congressional joint resolutions.
		Although there is no legal difference between the two documents, most proclamations address the general public while executive orders are generally used to direct government agencies or officials.
		CIS Index to Presidential Executive Orders and Proclamations (1986-87) Bethesda, MD: Congressional Information Service, Inc. Docs Index Shelf U Content: index to executive orders and proclamations from 1789 to 1983.
	www.uhuh.com /laws/donncoll/eo/DIR.TXT (1593 words)

	The Project Gutenberg eBook of A Compilation of the Messages and Papers Of The Presidents, by James D. Richardson
		Due notification of the existence of war as aforesaid was given April 25 by telegraph to all the governments with which the United States maintain relations, in order that their neutrality might be assured during the war.
		In further fulfillment of international duty I issued, April 26, 1898, a proclamation announcing the treatment proposed to be accorded to vessels and their cargoes as to blockade, contraband, the exercise of the right of search, and the immunity of neutral flags and neutral goods under enemy's flag.
		A similar proclamation was made by the Spanish Government.
	www.gutenberg.org /dirs/1/3/8/9/13893/13893-h/13893-h.htm (13450 words)

	Laws and Proclamations passed by the Colonies, States, and US
		Olive Branch Petition, July 5, 1775 - Petition to the King of England for repeal of oppressive laws imposed unequally on the Colonies.
		King George III's Proclamation of Rebellion, August 23, 1775 - King of England proclaims that the "traiterous rebellion" in the Colonies must be stopped.
		Proclamation of Neutrality, April 22, 1793 - Proclamation by President George Washington on the U.S. position of non-involvement in the war between Great Britain and France.
	www.lexrex.com /enlightened/laws/laws_main.htm (596 words)

	WORLD WAR II - up to 1941 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Roosevelt also orders Navy to perform a neutrality patrol to track any belligerent naval force approaching the U.S.'s Atlantic coast or the West Indies.
		September 8 - Roosevelt declares a limited national emergency and increases the enlisted strengths of all armed forces and authorizes retired officers, men and nurses to be recalled to active duty to the Navy and Marines.
		Neutrality act expanded to Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands by Roosevelt.
	www.blountweb.com /blountcountymilitary/wars/ww2/timelines/up_to_1941.htm (1904 words)

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