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Topic: Neutron capture

	CD016: U-Th-Pb and neutron capture.
		When neutron capture reactions are taken into account, the calculated age of the ores changes from approximately 600 million years to recent.
		In one of his corrections for neutron capture, Cook (1966) calculated that an ore dated to 622 million years by conventional methods should be dated to 70 million years.
		Cook (1966) calculated his correction factor based on the (explicitly stated) assumption that the "cross-section" (a measurement of the probability of a nuclear reaction happening) for conversion of lead-206 to lead-207 by neutron capture is the same as the cross-section for conversion of lead-207 to lead-208 by neutron capture.
	www.talkorigins.org /indexcc/CD/CD016.html (669 words)

	Neutron radiation around nuclear reactors
		Neutron capture in common materials (including your tissues) is most likely to occur with atoms of hydrogen, nitrogen, sodium, or sulfur.
		Neutron capture by nitrogen-14 (the most abundant isotope in atmospheric nitrogen) creates carbon-14, which is radioactive and decays slowly (half-life of 5,700 years) with the emission of a beta particle.
		Neutron capture is also accompanied by the prompt emission of either a gamma photon or a charged particle.
	hps.org /publicinformation/ate/q2877.html (1518 words)

	News \| Gainesville.com \| The Gainesville Sun \| Gainesville, Fla.
		Neutron capture is a kind of nuclear reaction in which an atomic nucleus collides with one or more neutrons and they merge to form a heavier nucleus.
		By neutron capture, nuclei of masses greater than 56 can be formed that could not be formed by thermonuclear reactions, i.e., by nuclear fusion.
		At small neutron flux, as in a nuclear reactor, a single neutron is captured by a nucleus.
	www.gainesville.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=neutron_capture (346 words)

	Neutron spectra
		The distribution of neutron energies in a reactor differs from the fission neutron spectrum due to the slowing down of neutrons in elastic and inelastic collisions with fuel, coolant and construction material.
		Consequently, the average neutron energy in the nitride core is as large as 160 MeV, with a median energy of 220 keV.
		Since curium production due to capture in americium is much more difficult to counteract, the importance of minimizing americium production in the second stratum of the nuclear fuel cycle is an additional argument in favour of introducing nitride fuels, in addition to their superiority with respect to thermal conductivity.
	www.neutron.kth.se /courses/transmutation/Spectra/Spectra.html (1210 words)

	An Exceptional Nuclear Glossary
		Absorption of a neutron by an atomic nucleus.
		A measure of the probability that a material will capture a neutron is given by the neutron capture cross section, which depends on the energy of a neutron and on the composition of the material.
		N, the neutron is the projectile, and the proton is the ejectile.
	www.dataenabled.com /nuclearglossary/suites/nuclearglossary_reactions.html (791 words)

	intro.rtf
		Boron-10 in or adjacent to the tumor cells disintegrates after capturing a neutron and the high energy heavy charged particles produced destroy only the cells in close proximity to it, primarily cancer cells, leaving adjacent normal cells largely unaffected.
		B, two of these,hydrogen and nitrogen, are present in such high concentrations that their neutron capture contributes significantly to the total absorbed dose.
		An epithermal beam of neutrons is directed towards a patients' head, during their passage through tissue these neutrons rapidly lose energy by elastic scattering (a process called thermalization) until they end up as thermal neutrons.
	web.mit.edu /nrl/www/bnct/info/description/description.html (2419 words)

	Advances in Neutron Capture Therapy - Elsevier
		So, neutron capture reactions can be conveniently applied, not only to effectuate the desired tumour killing (NCT), but also to unravel the behaviour of the tumour-seeking molecular conjugates in the targetting process, through highly sensitive analytical neutron capture therapy radiography (NCR) at microscopic resolution.
		From the viewpoint of basic research, the tools of neutron capture therapy are thus related to targeted cancer therapy research as a whole, including treatment strategies aiming at non-radiological clinical procedures (e.g.
		The use of removal-diffusion theory to calculate neutron flux distributions for dose determination in boron neutron capture therapy (J. Niemkiewicz, T.E. Blue).
	www.elsevier.com /wps/product/cws_home/600906 (2156 words)

	Boron Neutron Capture Therapy
		Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT) is a promising radiotherapy modality for treating a cancerous tumours, e.g.
		Thermal neutrons are rapidly attenuated in the irradiated tissues and therefore, it is difficult to obtain sufficient flux of thermal neutrons in inner parts of large or deeply sited tumours.
		Epithermal neutrons are collimated and transferred through the outer shutter to the irradiation point.
	neutron.ujf.cas.cz /CFANR/k16.html (476 words)

	Neutron Activation Technology
		Neutron activation (NA) analysis provides the life science community with capabilities not readily available with other assay technologies.
		NA is known for its excellent sensitivity and elemental specificity for the simultaneous measurement of trace elements (1-7).
		Unlike optical lasers, neutrons can penetrate solid tissue and opaque-liquid samples, thereby providing an assay that is completely self-contained requiring minimal sample preparation.
	www.biopal.com /NA.htm (526 words)

	Dean's Update - Summer 2006
		Boron neutron capture therapy uses the Boron-10 isotope placed in non-toxic compounds that specifically target cancer cells.
		Neutrons don't harm the biological components of tissue, but they produce a localized and highly energetic reaction with Boron 10.
		The boron-neutron reaction is only as large as the cell in which it occurs, and the reaction can be turned on and off by removing the neutron source.
	som.missouri.edu /Update/Articles/Summer2006.aspx (1227 words)

	Boroscience Canada founder: Dr. Bernard Spielvogel
		Spielvogel, B.F., Hall, I.H., "Boron Analogues of Biologically Important Molecules" Workshop Proceedings: Boron Compounds Suitable for Neutron Capture Therapy for the Treatment of Cancer.
		Spielvogel, B.F., Sood, A., Shaw, B.R., Hall, I.H., "From Boron Analogues of Amino Acids to Boronated DNA: Potential New Pharmaceutical and Neutron Capture Agents" IME Boron VII Poland, August 1990, Pure and Appl.
		Narayan S. Hosmane, Luqman Adams, Jianhui Wang, Kamesh Vyakaranam, Geeta Rana, Sumathy N. Hosmane, Bernard F. Spielvogel, and Jamey E. Eklund, "From Boron-10 Enriched Boric Acid to BNCT Drugs", In Research and Development in Neutron Capture Therapy; Sauerwein, W., Moss, R., Wittig, A., Eds.; Monduzzi (MEDIMOND, Inc.) Publ: Bologna, Italy;99-105, 2002.
	www.boroscience.com /founder.htm (3976 words)

	Neutron capture therapy of epidermal growth factor (+) gliomas using boronated cetuximab (IMC-C225) as a delivery agent.
		Neutron capture therapy of epidermal growth factor (+) gliomas using boronated cetuximab (IMC-C225) as a delivery agent.
		Brain Tumors Research Today is a free monthly online journal that collates and summarizes the latest research about Brain Tumors, including details on symptoms, benign and malignant tumors, gliomas, screening, treatment.
		The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the monoclonal antibody (MoAb), cetuximab, as a boron delivery agent for neutron capture therapy (NCT) of brain tumors.
	braintumors.researchtoday.net /archive/1/1/1368.htm (315 words)

	Slow Neutrons
		Low-energy neutrons are a unique mechanistic probe of the effects of energy deposition at the nanometer level.
		The neutron spectrum depends on the neutron source and on the degree of shielding, and thus moderation, to which the neutrons are exposed.
		Slow neutrons are aimed at a tumor containing a borated drug, and neutron capture by boron causes the emission of a highly-damaging alpha-particle in the tumor.
	cpmcnet.columbia.edu /dept/radoncology/raraf/slow_neutrons.htm (971 words)

	Compact Neutron Generators
		When pulsed neutron beams are used to examine a sample, it is possible to separate the different types of neutron-nuclei interactions after each neutron pulse.
		Accelerator-based neutron generators have been proposed for treating tumors via brachytherapy but the high energy accelerators necessary for the procedure are typically too large for hospital environments.
		Neutrons are emitted at all angles from the spherical generator.
	www.lbl.gov /Tech-Transfer/techs/lbnl1764.html (1281 words)

	Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT) For Glioblastoma Multiforme
		Published scientific evidence in the form of well-designed studies in peer-reviewed journals regarding the clinical utility of boron neutron capture therapy for the treatment of glioblastoma multiforme is lacking.
		Boron neutron capture therapy of brain tumors: biodistribution, pharmacokinetics, and radiation dosimetry sodium borocaptate in patients with gliomas.
		Boron neutron capture therapy: preliminary study of BNCT with sodium borocaptate (Na2B12H11SH) on glioblastoma.
	www.bcbst.com /MPManual/Boron_Neutron_Capture_Therapy_BNCT_For_Glioblastoma_Multiforme.htm (1003 words)

	The influence of heavy water on boron requirements for neutron capture therapy
		This article was originally published as Wallace, SA, Mathur, JN and Allen, BJ, The influence of heavy water on boron requirements for neutron capture therapy, Medical Physics, 22(5), May 1995, 585.
		Neutron penetration in tissue is a major limitation of thermal NCT, as such much work has centred upon the epithermal neutron beam in an effort to improve this situation.
		Further gains in neutron flux penetration, and thus therapeutic ratios, are possible if natural water is replaced with heavy water prior to therapy.
	ro.uow.edu.au /engpapers/152 (149 words)

	Neutron Activation of Silver
		Thermal neutrons, which are neutrons in thermal equilibrium with their surroundings, can be produced by passing neutrons through materials containing a high concentration of light nuclei.
		After neutron irradiation, the foil is removed from the neutron flux and the induced activity (beta decay) is measured using a thin-walled Geiger counter.
		However, the neutron source should be well shielded from the counter, and at a sufficient distance so that the background count is not raised appreciably by gamma rays from the radium.
	www.fas.harvard.edu /~scdiroff/lds/QuantumRelativity/NeutronActivationofSilver/NeutronActivationofSilver.html (1264 words)

	Neutron cross section related to structure (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The thermal neutron absorption cross sections of stabile isotopes were compared to the number of excess elements of a novel fine shell structure calculated from the rest mass data.
		There is a clear correlation between the number of excess elements and the value of the neutron cross section which could be an indication that the calculated excess elements are protruding from the surface of the nucleus and grab the neutrons flying by.
		The comparative data of the excess elements and the thermal neutron radiative capture and resonance or characteristic reaction cross sections are shown on Figure 1.
	www2.3dresearch.com /~alistolmar/Neutroncs.htm (1920 words)

	N - Glossary of chemical terms
		Neutron is an elementary particle on spin 1/2 and zero charge.
		Neutrons and protons, which are collectively called nucleons, are the constituents of the nucleus.
		Neutron number (N) is a characteristic property of a specific isotope of an element, equal to the number of neutrons in the nucleus.
	www.ktf-split.hr /periodni/en/abc/n.html (761 words)

	Oilfield Glossary: Term 'neutron capture'
		A neutron interaction in which the neutron is absorbed by the target nucleus, producing an isotope in an excited state.
		Neutron capture, also called thermal capture, usually occurs at low thermal energies at which the neutrons have about the same energy as the surrounding matter, typically below 0.4 eV (0.025 eV at room temperature).
		Neutron capture is an important principle behind the pulsed neutron capture log, the elemental capture spectroscopy log, the pulsed neutron spectroscopy log and the thermal neutron porosity measurement.
	www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com /Display.cfm?Term=neutron%20capture (128 words)

	Nuclear Astrophysics at ORELA
		The s- and r-processes are believed to occur under very different astrophysical conditions, and involve very different sequences of neutron captures and subsequent beta decays.
		In the so-called "classical" s-process, the neutron density, temperature, and exposure times are varied to reproduce measured heavy element abundances.
		This is an important motivation for new neutron cross section measurements: many old measurements need to be extended to lower energies (below an old 2 keV cutoff) to enable the reaction rate (the thermal average of the cross section over the Maxwell-Boltzmann temperature distribution) to be determined to the new lower temperatures.
	www.phy.ornl.gov /astrophysics/nuc/neutrons/orelaoverview.html (934 words)

	PHY320 Neutron Capture and the Production of Heavy Elements (Site not responding. Last check: )
		To a high degree of accuracy, neutron cross-sections are inversely proportional to neutron velocity - this is true throughout the range of velocities relevant to the s and r processes.
		Suppose that an s-process is occurring with a neutron density n.
		The value of A equivalent to a neutron number of 126 say is lower in the neutron rich nuclei than it is in the stable nuclei.
	www.shef.ac.uk /physics/teaching/phy320/topic6.html (1908 words)

	Boron neutron capture therapy using mixed epithermal and thermal neutron beams in patients with malignant glioma-correla
		Boron neutron capture therapy using mixed epithermal and thermal neutron beams in patients with malignant glioma-correlation between radiation dose and radiation injury and clinical outcome.
		To clarify the correlation between the radiation dose and clinical outcome of sodium borocaptate-based intraoperative boron neutron capture therapy in patients with malignant glioma.
		For long-term survival in patients with glioblastoma after boron neutron capture therapy, the optimal mean dose of the GTV and CTV was 26 and 16 Gy, respectively.
	www.galenicom.com /medline/article/16750328/mt:Borohydrides (354 words)

	SPACE.com -- Dense Matters: Astronomers Peek Inside Neutron Star
		"Neutron stars are a sort of cosmic lab in a sense that the material at their centers is so dense it can't be reproduced on Earth," said study leader Tod Strohmayer in a telephone interview.
		Neutron stars in binary systems like EXO 0748-676 steal matter from their companions, then belch it out in explosions at frequencies related to their spin rates.
		The leisurely 45-times-per second spin rate made it easier to capture the neutron star's emissions and split it into a spectra, much like visible light is separated in a prism.
	www.space.com /scienceastronomy/neutron_scitue_040914.html (1024 words)

	Neutron Activation Calculator - HELP
		Possible neutron capture activation products are determined for each nuclide of the origin material, plus any decay products growing in from the activation products.
		For thermal neutrons, the activities of the activation products and their decay products are calculated, while, for fast neutrons, no activities are calculated (since the calculator's cross section database only covers thermal neutrons).
		Fast neutrons contribute very little to the (n,gamma) reaction, but instead induce nuclear reactions where the ejection of one or more nuclear particles - (n,p), (n,n'), and (n,2n) - are prevalent.
	www.wise-uranium.org /rnach.html (1360 words)

	Stent for neutron capture therapy and method of manufacture therefor patent invention
		Improved method and apparatus for neutron capture therapy are disclosed, which may beneficially be used to counteract restenosis.
		The stent comprises a stable nuclide having a large neutron capture cross-section.
		When there is a clinical need for neutron capture therapy, the stent is irradiated with thermal neutrons, thereby giving rise to ionization radiation around the stent device.
	www.freshpatents.com /Stent-for-neutron-capture-therapy-and-method-of-manufacture-therefor-dt20060810ptan20060178736.php (1443 words)

	Accelerator for Boron Neutron Capture Therapy Proposed by Lab
		Capturing neutrons causes the boron nuclei to break apart, resulting in the emission of alpha radiation and lithium nuclei.
		From the technical standpoint, an ESQ accelerator produces more "epithermal neutrons" (neutrons in the one to 10,000 electron volt energy range) at energies that are ideal for BNCT, especially for the treatment of deep-seated tumors.
		Researchers using a reactor for their neutron source have been approved to work with two compounds that were developed in the late 1950s and are not viewed as ideal.
	www.lbl.gov /Science-Articles/Archive/boron-capture.html (1142 words)

	Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT) is a promising radiotherapy modality for treating a cancerous tumours, e.g.
		Thermal neutrons are rapidly attenuated in the irradiated tissues and therefore, it is difficult to obtain sufficient flux of thermal neutrons in inner parts of large or deeply sited tumours.
		Fast neutrons escaping the core are transported through the inner shutter (can be filled by water) to a block of filters.
	omega.ujf.cas.cz /CFANR/k16.html (476 words)

	-Neutron capture gamma - ray spectroscopy proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Neutron Capture Gamma - ...
		Neutron capture gamma - ray spectroscopy proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Neutron Capture Gamma - Ray Spectroscopy and Related Topics September 2 - 6 1974 Petten the Netherlands
		Neutron data of structural materials for fast reactors proceedings of a specialists meeting held at the Central Bureau for Nuclear Measurements Geel Belgium 5 - 8 December 1977.
		Neutrons Nuclei and Matter An Exploration of the Physics of Slow Neutrons.
	www.bookzsearch.com /261936neutron_capture_gamma_ray_spectroscopy_proceedings_second_international_symposium_neutron_capture_gamma_ray_spectroscopy_related_topics_september_2_6_1974_petten_netherlands.html (154 words)

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