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Topic: Neutron generator

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	Neutron source - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Neutron source is a general term referring to a variety devices that emit neutrons, irrespective of the mechanism used to produce the neutrons.
		Cf-252 neutron sources are typically 1/4" to 1/2" in diameter and 1" to 2" in length.
		This nuclear reaction can be used to construct a neutron source by intermixing a radioisotope that emits alpha particles such as radium or polonium with a low atomic weight isotope, usually in the form of a mixture of powders of the two materials.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Neutron_source (599 words)

	Neutron generator - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Neutron generators are devices which contain compact linear accelerators and that produce neutrons by fusing isotopes of hydrogen together.
		This neutron generator differs from the conventional ion beam onto solid target types because it avoids using a solid target which will be eroded.
		In February 2006, researchers at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute developed a "tabletop" neutron generator that uses an electric field running through deuterium gas to cause a D + D fusion reaction.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pulse_neutron_generator (298 words)

	Neutron - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The neutron and proton are instances of a nucleon.
		Although the neutron has zero net charge, it may interact electromagnetically in two ways: first, the neutron has a magnetic moment of the same order as the proton; second, it is composed of electrically charged quarks.
		Neutrons that elastically scatter off atoms can create an ionization track that is detectable, but the experiments are not as simple to carry out; other means for detecting neutrons, consisting of allowing them to interact with atomic nuclei, are more commonly used.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Neutrons (1241 words)

	Portable Neutron Generators (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Neutron emission from the d-d reaction is slightly peaked in the forward (along the axis of the ion beam) direction.
		The neutron tube is, in turn, enclosed in a metal housing, the accelerator head, which is filled with a dielectric media to insulate the high voltage elements of the tube from the surroundings.
		Neutron generator with built in alpha particle detector uses an interesting physical property of the deuterium-tritium reaction, namely that the target emits an alpha particle simultaneously with, and at exactly at 180 degrees opposite to, each fast 14 MeV neutron produced.
	www.sciner.com /Neutron/Neutron_Generators_Basics.htm (1805 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		A neutron emitting radioisotopic source is placed on one side of the chute or conveyor belt, and a set of gamma-ray detectors is placed on the other side or at a position adjacent to the neutron source.
		The neutrons are generated by the impinging of the accelerated deuterons on a
		per minute) the neutron generator yield is monitored, and any fluctuations or normal diminishing of the generator output are used to normalize the yield of the gamma ray detectors 4,5, 6 and 13 and of the neutron detector 15.
	www.wipo.int /cgi-pct/guest/getbykey5?KEY=00/03237.000120&ELEMENT_SET=DECL (3758 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The object of neutron collimation is to establish a beam of neutrons with specified flux density and neutron energy characteristics.
		The hermetically sealed neutron generator device is characterized by generation of a number of charged particle beams directed from a number of sources against the cylindrical target.
		The neutron generation or fusion rate profile is a set of plateaus, The inner plateaus are higher due to the focusing of several beams in the centre.
	www.wipo.int /cgi-pct/guest/getbykey5?KEY=03/19996.030306&ELEMENT_SET=DECL (14276 words)

	Sandia National Laboratories - Neutron generator model (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The neutron generator is Sandia¹s first new weapon component to enter the stockpile that must be qualified as radiation hardened in the absence of underground testing.
		As the part of the nuclear weapon that serves as the ³trigger,² the neutron generator produces a burst of neutrons, fragments of atomic nuclei.
		Because it uses short-lived tritium, the neutron generator is one of the components in a nuclear weapon that must be replaced regularly.
	www.sandia.gov /LabNews/LN01-28-00/neutron_story.html (848 words)

	Compact Neutron Generators
		The generators invented by Ka-Ngo Leung and colleagues are unusual because they are compact, designed to be long-lasting and inexpensive to construct yet capable of using safe deuterium-deuterium reactions to produce a high neutron yield or flux.
		Accelerator-based neutron generators have been proposed for treating tumors via brachytherapy but the high energy accelerators necessary for the procedure are typically too large for hospital environments.
		Neutrons are emitted at all angles from the spherical generator.
	www.lbl.gov /Tech-Transfer/techs/lbnl1764.html (1289 words)

	A New Way to Make "Neuts"
		Neutrons can penetrate deeply to find defects in large machine parts or tiny microdevices, elucidate the structure of biological systems and polymers, sense fluids in geological formations, and probe solids and liquids on the atomic scale.
		BNCT is an experimental treatment for an inoperable form of brain cancer that uses energetic neutrons from reactors or accelerators, but Leung's calculations indicated that with a D-T reaction, a compact neutron generator could produce the needed amount of neutrons at the right energy, around 10,000 electron volts.
		Instead of a generator shaped like a TV picture tube — with a single beam of ions from a plug-shaped source striking a target plate — they built a coaxial cylinder, in which a rod-shaped ion source emits beams radially along its length, striking a large target wrapped around it.
	enews.lbl.gov /Science-Articles/Archive/neutronGenerator.html (703 words)

	Compact accelerator neutron generators - The Industrial Physicist
		It consists of a source to generate positively charged ions; one or more structures to accelerate the ions (usually up to ~110 kV); a metal hydride target loaded with either deuterium, tritium, or a mixture of the two; and a gas-control reservoir, also made of a metal hydride material.
		The most common ion source used in neutron generators is a cold-cathode, or Penning ion source, which is a derivative of the Penning trap used in Penning ion gauges.
		Most compact accelerator neutron tubes are loaded with 1 to 2 Ci of tritium; for comparison, a typical tritium exit sign used in an airplane or hotel might contain as much as 10 to 20 Ci of the isotope.
	www.aip.org /tip/INPHFA/vol-9/iss-6/p22.html (1904 words)

	APPLIED PHYSICS: A SIMPLE NEUTRON GENERATOR
		As a result, portable neutron generators have found a wide range of applications, including well-logging for oil exploration, and the screening of baggage for airline security.
		According to this picture, the neutron halo might be expected to contribute a longer-range attractive force, which would reduce the energy of the fusion barrier.
		The simple use of slits to define a submicrometer neutron beam width in the range of 100 5000 angstroms is, however, both difficult and inefficient for various reasons.
	scienceweek.com /2005/sw050520-2.htm (1347 words)

	FNG/TUD SiC EXPERIMENT
		The angle between the deuteron beam of the neutron generator and an axis crossing neutron source and centre of the detector was 0 degrees.
		Neutron and photon flux spectra were measured on the central axis of the assembly at four positions (P1,...,P4) at x = 12.70, 27.94, 43.18 and 58.42 cm.
		Calculations: A computational analysis was performed with the Monte Carlo code MCNP- 4C [4] using a full 3D model of the assembly, the neutron generator and the experimental hall.
	www.nea.fr /html/science/shielding/sinbad/tud_sic/tudsic-a.htm (1034 words)

	Pulse neutron generator: Facts and details from Encyclopedia Topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		In physics, the neutron is a subatomic particle with no net electric charge and a mass of 939.6 mev/c² (kg, slightly more than a proton)....
		Leung developed the neutron generator that produces short neutron pulses by pulsing instead of using a mechanical chopper.
		Radiation generally means the transmission of waves, objects or information from a source into a surrounding medium or destination....
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/p/pu/pulse_neutron_generator.htm (358 words)

	Compact neutron generator development at LBNL
		A wide variety of applications ranging from medical (BNCT, Boron Neutron Capture Therapy) and basic science (neutron imaging, material studies) to homeland security (explosive detection and nuclear material non-proliferation) are in need of compact, high flux neutron generators.
		The development of two different types of neutron tubes are being discussed in this presentation, namely compact, pulsed operation neutron generators and cw, high yield neutron generators.
		These generators are currently operating at D-D neutron yields of 108 n/s and 109 n/s respectively.
	repositories.cdlib.org /lbnl/LBNL-53255 (248 words)

	Frascati Neutron Generator (FNG)
		FNG was designed for conducting neutronics experiments in the framework of the research activity on controlled thermonuclear fusion.
		The neutronics design of blanket and shields of the next-step fusion devices requires verification that the neutron cross section data used in the calculations are as accurate as possible and confirmation that the calculation tools used to transport the neutrons are as reliable as practical.
		In this case the neutron output is about one hundred time less than the 14 MeV output due to the lower cross-section of the D-D reaction.
	www.fusione.enea.it /LABS/FNG/detail_en.html (371 words)

	neutron number - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about neutron number
		Number of neutrons possessed by an atomic nucleus.
		Isotopes are atoms of the same element possessing different neutron numbers.
		This information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /neutron+number (80 words)

	Oilfield Glossary: Term 'neutron generator'
		A device for producing high-energy neutrons by using a charged particle accelerator.
		Neutron generators are used in various pulsed neutron devices and some neutron porosity measurements.
		The first neutron generators were built in the late 1950s and soon led to the first pulsed neutron capture log.
	www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com /Display.cfm?Term=neutron+generator (102 words)

	Reservoir Monitoring - Reservoir Performance Monitor (RPM)
		The generator is pulsed at distinct frequencies and the detectors operate in various acquisition modes to obtain the different logging measurements.
		Carbon/Oxygen spectroscopy mode – principal measurement is the C/O ratio The neutron generator pulses at 10 kHz in the C/O acquisition mode with the full inelastic and capture gamma ray energy spectra recorded by each detector.
		Pulsed Neutron Capture mode – principle measurement is sigma, the thermal neutron absorption cross section In the PNC logging mode, the neutron generator pulses at 1 kHz while the detectors record complete time spectra, and an energy spectrum, used to monitor instrument stability.
	www.bakerhughes.com /bakeratlas/reservoir_production/RPM_index.htm (409 words)

	Letters, February 2004 - The Industrial Physicist
		The article by David L. Chichester and James D. Simpson “Compact accelerator neutron generators” describes the conventional sealed-tube beam-on-solid-target type of neutron generator, but it ignores two other newer neutron-generator technologies that are easy to find on the Web.
		The other neutron generator has been developed as a purely commercial marketready product by a start-up company operating from the United Kingdom and Germany called Neutron Systems Development (NSD) Ltd.
		Like some of the conventional neutron generators, it was eventually cast off by the parent corporation.
	www.aip.org /tip/INPHFA/vol-10/iss-1/p4.html (1990 words)

	EA-1264; Rapid Reactivation Project
		Neutron generators facilitate and sustain nuclear fission in a nuclear weapon by providing a flux of neutrons to the nuclear weapon system.
		Neutron tubes are ceramic-to-metal hermetically-sealedhermetically sealed devices containing deuterium ions (D) that are accelerated by an electric field toward collision with a target containing a metal tritide (T).
		Wastewater generated by the neutron generator project is currently produced by discharge from restrooms, plating bath rinse water, chemical clean rinse water, soap and other cleaning solutions, process cooling water with rust inhibitors, and water from air handler condensation.
	www.globalsecurity.org /wmd/library/report/enviro/ea1264.htm (13539 words)

	Jefferson Lab in the News - Lab is Part of Project to Build Neutron Generator
		The addition, a 12,000-square-foot expansion of Building 58 will house equipment for the neutron generator, a $1.4 billion, 1.2-mile facility that six federal labs across the country will piece together by June 2006.
		Experiments are set up nearby to channel those neutrons and use them, like light beaming from a microscope, to examine objects from crystals to metals to proteins.
		These accelerator-based generators are an alternative to nuclear reactors, which are a powerful neutron source but too controversial to make any political wish lists.
	www.jlab.org /news/articles/2001/generator.html (720 words)

	Abstract: COMPACT NEUTRON GENERATOR DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATIONS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Neutrons in these generators are formed by using either the D-D, T-T or the D-T fusion reaction.
		All the neutron generators are utilizing 13.5 MHz RF induction discharge to produce a pure deuterium or a mixture of deuterium-tritium plasma.
		Neutron generators with different configurations and sizes have been designed and tested at LBNL.
	www.ndt.net /abstract/wcndt2004/706.htm (250 words)

	New way to make 'neuts'
		Instead of a generator shaped like a TV picture tube - with a single beam of ions from a plug-shaped source striking a target plate—they built a coaxial cylinder, in which a rod-shaped ion source emits beams radially along its length, striking a large target wrapped around it.
		Distance is also required to moderate neutrons to useful energies: experiments have to be placed a long way from the neutron source.
		Since Experiments can be placed nearby, the number of neutrons per unit area from the compact source actually equals or betters the powerful LANSCE accelerator, over the same range of useful energies.
	www.eurekalert.org /features/doe/2001-11/dbnl-nwt061802.php (956 words)

	Activation Technology Corporation N550 Neutron Generator
		Activation Technology's N-550 Neutron Generator is a compact and versatile system that operates in a pulsed and continuous mode.
		Neutron tubes producing 2.5 MeV from a D-D reaction are also available.
		The N-550 neutron generator's main components include the accelerator head, ion source pulser, HV power supply and control circuitry.
	www.atcng.com /n550.htm (157 words)

	[No title]
		Description of the Source and Experimental Configurations: Using a 14-MeV-fusion-neutron source (deuterium atoms accelerated onto a tritium target) at the ENEA Frascati Neutron Generator Facility was used to perform measurements of neutron penetration of a 94-cm-thick mockup of the first-wall, blanket, vacuum vessel, and toroidal field coils.
		The neutron source intensity was measured by the associated particle method, using a Silicon Surface Barrier Detector (SSD).
		The cell heating deposition tally (F6 N,P in MCNP) was used to calculate the neutron and gamma heating in stainless steel or copper during n,p coupled transport calculations.
	www.nea.fr /html/science/shielding/sinbad/FNG_BLKT/FNGBKT_A.HTM (910 words)

	Available Technologies: Compact Systems for Effective and Precise Brachytherapy
		Proton brachytherapy is preferable to neutron brachytherapy for treating small tumors because protons don’t travel as far in the body as neutrons.
		The Berkeley Lab neutron source could be inserted directly into a tumor, minimizing damage to healthy tissue while delivering a potent dose of radiation to the tumor.
		An accelerator based neutron source such as the Berkeley Lab D-D or D-T neutron generator has the advantage of being switchable, eliminating the need for shielding and a remotely afterloaded HDR system.
	www.lbl.gov /tech-transfer/techs/lbnl2114.html (632 words)

	Information Bridge: DOE Scientific and Technical Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		In the summer of 1993, the neutron generator was disassembled into three large sections consisting of the titanium-tritide target, the oil diffusion pump and the corona shield/accelerator tube assembly.
		In June of 1995 the neutron generator was further disassembled to enable storage in 55 gallon drums and thoroughly surveyed for loose surface contamination.
		All activation products of neutron generator components, as a result of the exposure to 14 MeV neutrons are short lived, and would have decayed to below detection levels in the period of time since the unit was last operated, a period of approximately six years.
	www.osti.gov /bridge/product.biblio.jsp?osti_id=671980 (546 words)

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