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Topic: Neutron radiation

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	Neutron radiation
		Radiation is a term we use to talk about energy being released from atoms that have too much energy for one reason or another.
		Radiation is in the form of energetic particles or electromagnetic waves.
		A neutron is a particle that is found in the nucleus, or center, of atoms.
	www.hps.org /publicinformation/ate/q609.html (1700 words)

	What are the Advantages of Neutron Radiation vs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Neutrons are subatomic particles (particles that are smaller than an atom) that are produced by a piece of equipment called a cyclotron.
		By contrast, neutrons have a lower oxygen enhancement ratio (OER), which is approximately 1.6 for neutrons compared to 2.5 to 3.0 for photons.
		Neutrons depend less on oxygen to act as a mediator and thus have a greater tendency to cause death to the cell through direct interaction.
	www.orgsites.com /ca/acco/WhataretheAdvantagesofNeutronRadiation.htm (374 words)

	Detecting Effect Of Gravity On Neutron Star Radiation
		Neutron stars are formed when a massive star runs out of fuel and its core collapses.
		Although neutron stars have been studied extensively for more than three decades, the exact nature of neutron stars is still unknown.
		One key to narrow the range of possibilities is to measure the strength of gravity on the surface of a neutron star by observing its effect on X-rays from very near the surface of the star.
	unisci.com /stories/20022/0610021.htm (737 words)

	EPA - Other Modes of Radioactive Decay (EPA's Radiation Protection Program: Understanding Radiation) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Neutron radiation is energy released from an atom in the form of neutral particles called neutrons.
		Neutron radiation is used by researchers to investigate the sub-atomic structure of matter.
		Since the proton is essentially changed to a neutron, the number of neutrons increases by 1, the number of protons decreases by 1, and the atomic mass remains unchanged.
	www.epa.gov /radiation/understand/positron.htm (571 words)

	SDV Nuclear Glossary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Delayed neutrons account for approximately 0.75% of the neutron output from fission and this is an important aspect of controlling the increase in energy output of reactors.
		A neutron emitted as a nuclide undergoes fission.
		Radiation emitted or reflected in the infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum.
	glossary.dataenabled.com /sdvglossary_radiation.html (1332 words)

	Nuclear Weapon Radiation Effects
		Residual radiation is defined as that radiation which is emitted later than 1 minute after detonation and arises principally from the decay of radioisotopes produced during the explosion.
		The intensity of initial nuclear radiation decreases rapidly with distance from the point of burst due to the spread of radiation over a larger area as it travels away from the explosion, and to absorption, scattering, and capture by the atmosphere.
		This is due principally to neutron capture by sodium (Na), manganese, aluminum, and silicon in the soil.
	www.fas.org /nuke/intro/nuke/radiation.htm (1995 words)

	Glossary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Neutron- A neutral, or uncharged, particle which is stable when contained in the nucleus.
		Radiation counters- Machines used to detect and count the energy of the radiation given off by a given object.
		Reactor- A device which produces controlled amounts of heat and radiation by nuclear fission, although research is being done to use nuclear fusion in a reactor instead.
	reactor.engr.wisc.edu /glossary.html (795 words)

	Method and apparatus for neutron radiation monitoring - Patent 4498007
		Neutron radiation is known to be hazardous, both to living organisms and to semiconductor electronic equipment.
		Present neutron radiation monitors generally require detailed calibration records in order for the quantity of neutron radiation to which they have been exposed to be accurately determined.
		A simplified, accurate neutron radiation monitor is needed which does not require detailed traceability of individual monitors for accurate readings to be obtained.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4498007.html (3100 words)

	Howstuffworks "How Nuclear Radiation Works"
		These neutrons can be absorbed by other atoms and cause nuclear reactions, such as decay or fission, or they can collide with other atoms, like billiard balls, and cause gamma rays to be emitted.
		Neutron radiation can be used to make nonradioactive atoms become radioactive; this has practical applications in nuclear medicine.
		Neutron radiation is also made from nuclear reactors in power plants and nuclear-powered ships and in particle accelerators, devices used to study subatomic physics.
	science.howstuffworks.com /nuclear2.htm (682 words)

	Neutron Radiation Effects Program (NREP): Indiana University Cyclotron Facility
		The Neutron Radiation Effects Program (NREP) utilizes a 7 MeV proton beam impinging on a beryllium target to generate a neutron spectrum with an endpoint of 5 MeV via the reaction 7Be(p,nX).
		The neutron flux (April 2006) is shown in the table below.
		A more detailed description of the facility and neutron flux measurements was presented at the Space Parts Working Group (SPWG) meeting in San Antonio, TX 1/11/2006.
	www.iucf.indiana.edu /rerp/nrerp.php (173 words)

	Chadwick's Discovery of the Neutron
		If we suppose that the radiation is not a quantum radiation, but consists of particles of mass very nearly equal to that of the proton, all the difficulties connected with the collisions disappear, both with regard to their frequency and to the energy transfer to different masses.
		It is possible to prove that the mass of the neutron is roughly equal to that of the proton, by combining the evidence from the hydrogen collisions with that from the nitrogen collisions.
		Since the number of neutrons passing through the counter was the same in each case, the number of deflections should be proportional to the target area for collision, neglecting the effect of the material of the counter, and allowing for the fact that argon is monatomic.
	dbhs.wvusd.k12.ca.us /webdocs/Chem-History/Chadwick-1932/Chadwick-neutron.html (6526 words)

	GTB Study Guide - Section 2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Neutrons are ejected from nuclei with a significant amount of kinetic energy and are referred to as fast neutrons when their energy level is greater than about 0.1 MeV.
		The decrease in the gamma radiation is dependent upon the energy of the photons, the type of shield material and the thickness of the shield.
		The decrease in the neutron radiation is dependent upon the energy of the neutrons, the type of shield material and the thickness of the shield.
	cted.inel.gov /cted/rfhtm/gtbsgch2.htm (6456 words)

	NASA - Exploration Systems - Bonner Ball Neutron Detector (BBND)
		Neutron radiation is estimated to be 20 percent of the total radiation on ISS.
		As 20% of the radiation that bombards the space station is neutron radiation, it is necessary to characterize the real-time effect.
		The overall neutron environment at the ISS orbital altitude is influenced by geomagnetic rigidity cut off on galactic cosmic rays, except in the South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA) region where geomagnetospheric trapped protons cause a severe radiation environment.
	exploration.nasa.gov /programs/station/BBND.html (1700 words)

	Wildlife News: Full moon warns of earthquakes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Russian physicists have found that flashes of neutron radiation from the Earth surface are bound to increasing in seismic activity.
		The researchers of the Department of Cosmic Radiation of the Research Institute of Nuclear Physics at Moscow State University have noticed that at new moon and full moon periods the intensity of neutron radiation sharply increases in the areas of seismic activity.
		In these periods flashes of neutron radiation with intensity dozen times higher than background level are observed in the areas of seismic activity, so the scientists suggest using the neutron flows for short-term earthquake forecast.
	www.naturalworldtours.co.uk /articles2001/feb/feb0301k.htm (373 words)

	Fast Neutron Therapy
		Neutron Radiation is produced from a large and expensive particle accelerator called a cyclotron.
		Neutrons, pions and heavy ions (such as carbon, neon and argon) deposit more energy along their path than x-rays or gamma rays, thus causing more damage to the cells they hit.
		Seventy-three percent were treated with fast neutron radiation alone, the rest with a combination of neutrons and photons.
	www.bctonline.com /~dwhiting/lms/neutrons.htm (2175 words)

	Low cost CCD camera protection against neutron radiation damage.
		Low cost CCD camera protection against neutron radiation damage.
		Although CCD cameras are rather resistant to stray radiation, they are damaged by the low flux of neutrons which are produced by the linac as a side effect.
		Although PE is a good medium to moderate faster neutrons, thereby reducing some of the bulk defects, it will not capture thermal neutrons which induce surface damage.
	radiotherapy.researchtoday.net /archive/2/3/599.htm (232 words)

	Neutron Radiation
		Neutrons are attenuated (reduced in energy and numbers) by three major interactions, elastic
		In the absorption reaction, the neutron is actually absorbed into the nucleus of an atom.
		neutron is captured, but the atom is left in an excited state.
	www.tpub.com /content/doe/h1019v1/css/h1019v1_89.htm (345 words)

	Radiation protection circuit for protection against gamma ray and neutron radiation - Patent 4794261
		A circuit comprises at least one radiation sensitive circuit to be protected against radiation, and protection means, series coupled to said radiation sensitive circuit, for providing an impedance that increases with increases in radiation.
		The drawing shows a radiation sensitive circuit 10 to be protected against radiation, a first power supply 12 series coupled to the circuit 10, and a protection means or circuit 14 coupled to the supply 12 and the circuit 10.
		In operation, when no radiation is present, the resistence of the PIN diode 18 is low, e.g., about 0.5 ohm, and thus nearly the full voltage from the second power supply 16 is applied to the laser 20.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4794261.html (1115 words)

	Radiation Center Neutron Activation Analysis: Introduction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Neutron activation analysis stands at the forefront of techniques for the quantitative multi-element analysis of major, minor, trace and rare elements.
		The principle involved in neutron activation analysis consists of first irradiating a sample with neutrons in a nuclear reactor (such as the Oregon State University TRIGA Reactor) to produce specific radionuclides.
		With sequential instrumental neutron activation analysis it is possible to measure quantitatively about 35 elements in small samples (5 to 100 mg), and for activatable elements, the lower limit of detection is on the order of parts per million or parts per billion depending on the element.
	ne.oregonstate.edu /facilities/radiation_center/naa.html (264 words)

	Radiation Effects (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Neutron particles are released following nuclear fission (splitting of an atomic nucleus producing large amounts of energy) of uranium or plutonium.
		No known radiation effects were shown in the people who tested it, and the radiation did not spread as far as they would have thought.
		The proportion of cancer deaths attributable to radiation exposure is higher among those who were exposed closer to the hypocenter, as in the case of deaths due to injuries from the blast, heat, or radiation.
	www.hiroshima-is.ac.jp /Hiroshima/radiation.htm (3727 words)

	Radiation Center Neutron Activation Analysis: Applications (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Neutron activation analysis was one of the methods used to analyze the lunar samples returned by the Apollo missions, a testament to the reliability and accuracy of the technique.
		Today instrumental neutron activation analysis and radiochemical neutron activation analysis, have found diverse application in studies requiring preservation of the sample and/or low levels of sensitivity for the elements of interest.
		Neutron activation analysis has been used successfully in research as diversified as nutrient uptake in plants, petrogenetic modelling of geologic phenomena, identification of impurities in new metals and alloys, environmental monitoring, and analysis of forensic evidence for criminal and civil cases.
	ne.oregonstate.edu /facilities/radiation_center/naa2.html (291 words)

	[No title]
		The Bonner Ball Neutron Detector (BBND) is a piece of equipment developed by the National Aeronautics/Space Development Agency of Japan (NASDA) as part of a set of experiments to study the environmental and biological effects of space radiation.
		In January of 1998, the Bonner Ball Neutron Detector first flew aboard the Space Shuttle Endeavor to perform neutron radiation measurements inside the vehicle during the penultimate U.S. mission to the Russian Space Station Mir (STS-89).
		Neutrons are uncharged atomic particles that have the ability to penetrate living tissues.
	www.nsbri.org /Radiation/ISS-EXP.html (1265 words)

	what is a neutron bomb?
		Armor can absorb neutrons and neutron energy, thus reducing the neutron radiation to which the tank crew is exposed, but this offset to some extent by the fact that armor can also react harmfully with neutrons.
		The neutron bomb delivers blast and heat effects that are confined to an area of only a few hundred yards in radius.
		Because of its short-range destructiveness and the absence of long-range effect, the neutron bomb would be highly effective against tank and infantry formations on the battlefield but would not endanger cities or other population centres only a few miles away.
	www.manuelsweb.com /neutronbomb.htm (386 words)

	RADIATION EXPOSURE OF POPULATION HIGHER THAN GOVERNMENT ESTIMATES: GREENPEACE
		Greenpeace also found high radiation levels on a public road near the plant on Sunday -- 24 hours after the all-clear was given by the government -- and compelling evidence of high levels of neutron radiation.
		Neutron radiation is the most penetrating and one of the most dangerous forms of radiation.
		Greenpeace said that during the critical accident period, which lasted some 20 hours, high levels of neutron radiation (1) appear to have irradiated the environment up to a distance of at least 500 metres from the site of the accident.
	archive.greenpeace.org /pressreleases/nucreact/1999oct11.html (742 words)

	BBND
		The Bonner Ball Neutron Detector (BBND) is a system developed by the National Aeronautics/Space Development Agency of Japan (NASDA) to measure neutron radiation as part of a set of experiments to study the environmental and biological effects of space radiation.
		Neutron radiation information obtained from the Bonner Ball Neutron Detector (BBND) can be used to develop safety measures to protect crewmembers during long-duration missions on the International Space Station (ISS) and on possible journeys to Mars.
		Neutron radiation will be continuously recorded on the BBND hard drive throughout Increment 2 and Increment 3.
	hrf.jsc.nasa.gov /science/bbnd.asp (585 words)

	NASA - Bonner Ball Neutron Detector fact sheet (02/01)
		Neutron radiation can affect the blood-forming marrow in the mineral bones of human beings and other animals.
		By operating the Bonner Ball in space, neutron radiation information can be collected and used for the development of safety measures to protect crew members during long duration space flights.
		Neutron radiation is more common than proton radiation, which rarely is produced naturally on Earth.
	www.nasa.gov /centers/marshall/news/background/facts/bonner1.html (684 words)

	V.N. Peleshko_abstract (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Experimental data on sensitivity of the BDN-01 neutron detector of the RSU-01 radiometer-dosimeter in polyethylene spherical moderators with different diameters are presented.
		The results of neutron spectra unfolding by the BON95 code based on the parametrization method and iterative algorithm are given.
		The developed neutron spectrometer has high sensitivity and is intended for the operative measurements of spectral and dose characteristics of neutron radiation at the personnel workplaces of nuclear plants.
	www.jinr.ru /RuPAC2004/Abstracts/Peleshko_abstract.html (152 words)

	NIST Calibration Services: Neutron Sources and Neutron Dosimetry
		Neutron source emission rates are determined by the manganous sulfate bath method, in which the emission–rate of the source to be calibrated is compared to the emission–rate of NBS–1, the national standard Ra–Be photoneutron source.
		Neutron personnel instruments, both passive (e.g., dosimeters) and active (e.g., remmeters) are calibrated on the basis of a certified free–field dose–equivalent or dose equivalent rate.
		Passive neutron detectors, generally activation foils, can be irradiated to a certified neutron fluence (or average fluence–rate) in a fission neutron spectrum or by a Maxwellian thermal neutron field.
	ts.nist.gov /ts/htdocs/230/233/calibrations/ionizing-rad/neutron.htm (663 words)

	The Neutron Bomb \| Nuclear Fusion \| Science \| atomicarchive.com
		The neutron bomb differs from standard nuclear weapons insofar as its primary lethal effects come from the radiation damage caused by the neutrons it emits.
		The augmented radiation effects mean that blast and heat effects are reduced so that physical structures including houses and industrial installations, are less affected.
		Because neutron radiation effects drop off very rapidly with distance, there is a sharper distinction between areas of high lethality and areas with minimal radiation doses.
	www.atomicarchive.com /Fusion/Fusion5.shtml (167 words)

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