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Topic: Neutron scattering

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	Neutron properties
		Neutron scattering gives detailed information about the microscopic behavior of condensed matter, playing a major role in shaping the experimental and theoretical understanding of materials ranging from magnetism and superconductivity to chemical surfaces and interfaces.
		Neutrons are spin-1/2 particles and therefore have a magnetic moment that can couple directly to spatial and temporal variations of the magnetisation of materials on an atomic scale.
		The cross-sections for magnetic scattering and scattering from the chemical structure are fortunately of the same magnitude, permitting the simultaneous measurement of the magnetic and chemical behaviour of materials.
	web.utk.edu /~jturne12/neutron_properties.htm (869 words)

	Neutron Scattering
		Neutrons, produced either as a product of nuclear fission in a reactor, or by a spallation process, have energies which depend on the temperature of the moderator used to reduce their energies.
		Neutrons also possess wavelengths which are ideally suited to allow measurement of structural information over a huge range, covering the wavefunction of hydrogen to structural morphology of macromolecules.
		Neutrons also possess a spin and consequently a magnetic moment which can interact with any unpaired electrons in the sample, although this is not widely exploited by the polymer community.
	users.ox.ac.uk /~dgbuck/people/bucknall/research/neutrons.htm (600 words)

	STRUBI Gilbert Group: Neutrons Introduction
		Neutron scattering and X-ray scattering are analogous in that they both reveal information concerning the structure and dynamics of the system under investigation.
		In an (elastic, coherent) neutron experiment such as small-angle neutron scattering, neutron reflection, or within the various neutron diffraction geometries, the intensity with which neutrons are scattered from a sample is measured at a variety of angles.
		This allows the scattering from a hydrogenated component of a scattering species to be deconvoluted from the deuterated whole, permitting the measurement of scattering from components representing ~1% by mass of a particle.
	www.strubi.ox.ac.uk /people/gilbert/neutrons.html (1302 words)

	Thermal Neutron Scattering
		The neutron by itself is "almost" stable in that it has a mean lifetime of 11 minutes before it decays (into a proton, electron and neutrino) which is a long time by particle-physics standards, and it is stabilized by combining roughly equal numbers of neutrons and protons in a nucleus of an element.
		Neutrons are produced copiously in the cores of nuclear reactors, and when particle accelerator main beams (usually protons or electrons) strike a target.
		The neutrons useful for determining magnetic ordering structures have energies corresponding to thermal equilibrium at room temperature (or colder), and those are what are produced in a nuclear reactor running at room temperature.
	www.vsu.edu /pages/488.asp (701 words)

	Neutron Scattering and the Life Sciences
		Neutron scattering techniques have been used by a wide range of scientists mainly from the physical sciences for the last 30 years and more.
		Earlier highlights included: (i) The quaternary structure of the nucleosome, where neutron scattering was the first technique to demonstrate that the DNA was wound on the outside of the histones, (ii) The ribosome, where all 21 proteins of the 30S sub-unit were placed by neutron triangulation of labelled sub-units produced by in vivo deuteration.
		The range of time scales accessible to neutron scattering is moreover exactly that of interest for the internal dynamics of protein molecules and both amplitude and frequency information are available simultaneously.
	www.ill.fr /Colleges/C8/documents/timmins.html (1342 words)

	Introduction to Neutron Scattering (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Neutron scattering is a technique similar to x-ray or electron scattering.
		The neutral nature of the neutron allows for nondestructive and deeply penetrating studies of many materials which would otherwise be damaged by the harmful radiation doses of x-ray and electron beams.
		Neutron beams are also able to penetrate through bulk samples since they do not interact with the struture of the material as much as with the nuclear sites within the material.
	www-personal.engin.umich.edu /~jlhendri/page2.html (502 words)

	HudsonLab: INS Spectroscopy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Inelastic neutron scattering is the process by which neutrons collide with atomic nuclei and either gain or lose kinetic energy.
		Another place where neutron scattering is done is at The National Institute for Standards and Technology (NIST), specifically The NIST Center for Neutron Research.
		Neutron Scattering: A Primer, is one of the best and most comprehensive introductions to neutron scattering.
	hudsonlab.syr.edu /inss.html (764 words)

	[No title]
		The neutron generator is Sandia¹s first new weapon component to enter the stockpile that must be qualified as radiation hardened in the absence of underground testing.
		For stellar masses less than about 1.44 solar masses (the Chandrasekhar limit), the energy from the gravitational collapse is not sufficient to produce the neutrons of a neutron star, so the collapse is halted by electron degeneracy to form white dwarfs.
		This prompted them to study the neutron bursts when these tidal forces are at their greatest - that is, when the Sun, Earth and moon line up - at the time of a new moon or a full moon.
	www.lycos.com /info/neutron--neutron-scattering.html (647 words)

	STRUBI Gilbert Group: Small-angle Neutron Scattering
		The resulting 1-dimensional plot of I(Q) (the intensity of scatter I as a function of the reciprocal space scattering vector Q where Q=(4pisin(theta/2))/lambda, theta is the scattering angle and lambda the neutron wavelength) may be analyzed in a number of ways to provide information at a range of resolutions.
		Their analysis relied on the use of X-ray scattering, where the hydration layer has long been known to contribute to the measured signal, compared to neutron scattering, where controversy surrounded whether surface-bound water was detectable.
		O the protein is observed negatively contrasted against the high scatter from the background solvent; the fact that the protein seems smaller than it is known to be results from the strongly negative contrast imparted by a dense hydration layer.
	www.strubi.ox.ac.uk /people/gilbert/sans.html (3149 words)

	welcome to nslbatan
		Neutron scattering activity in Indonesia has been started since the first research reactor TRIGA Mark II in Indonesia located in Bandung, West Java is commissioned in early 60's.
		The High Resolution Small Angle Neutron Scattering Spectrometer which is similar to Bonse-Hart type diffractometer for small angle X-ray scattering extends the Q range covered by SANS spectrometer to lower Q. Consequently, the sensitivity to inhomogenity on length increases up to some microns.
		Neutron radiography is a non-destructive imaging technique that is capable of visualizing the internal characteristics of a sample.
	centrin.net.id /~nslbatan (2542 words)

	KENS \| Neutron Scattering and Materials Structure Science
		Neutrons have a high penetrating power, and the energy or wavelength is optimal for materials research.
		Thus, neutrons are an ideal prove for investigating not only the atomic structure but also kinetics of matters from hard materials like magnets and superconductors to soft materials such as macromolecules and biomolecules.
		Furthermore, the Japan-UK collaboration on pulsed neutron scattering and other international cooperation are going on, which contributes both to advances in the neutron sources themselves and to their applications in materials and life sciences.
	neutron-www.kek.jp /kens_e/intro/intro01.html (220 words)

	Introduction To Small Angle Neutron Scattering
		Neutrons, on the other hand, can be used to probe the bulk properties of samples with pathlengths of several centimetres or, alternatively, samples with somewhat shorter pathlengths but contained inside complex pieces of apparatus (cryostats, furnaces, pressure cells, shear apparatus, etc).
		The flux of neutrons on a SANS instrument at the most powerful of neutron sources is typically several orders of magnitude lower than the flux of photons on a SRS SAXS beamline, and not too dissimilar to the flux from a laboratory rotating anode X-ray generator.
		The scattering length density of a molecule is remarkably sensitive to the value of the density used in its calculation and so a reliable knowledge of the latter is a pre-requisite for a successful contrast matching experiment.
	www.isis.rl.ac.uk /largescale/loq/documents/sans.htm (4243 words)

	Neutron Scattering 1968-76
		In neutron scattering, the primary scattering center is the nucleus, so that we are not subject to the constraint favoring heavy atoms for x-ray scattering.
		Because magnetic scattering is sensitive to the magnitude and orientation of magnetic moments, and to the spatial distribution of the electrons giving rise to the magnetic moment, it is a sensitive probe of magnetic structure and properties.
		During the period 1968-1976, the HFBR was the premier instrument for neutron scattering in the world, and research performed in the Chemistry Department reflected that fact.
	www.bnl.gov /chemistry/History/NeutronScattering1968-76.asp (837 words)

	Neutron scattering (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Neutron scattering is an excellent method for probing the structure of molecular and particulate dispersions, especially hydrocarbon dispersions.
		We use small angle neutron scattering (SANS) to study the structure and interactions of nanoscale dispersions of polymers, clays, asphaltenes, ferrofluids, and nanoemulsions.
		We investigate the phenomenon of multiple neutron scattering in complex fluids that strongly scatter neutrons, and we use neutron spin echo (NSE), a dynamic neutron scattering technique, to probe the diffusion of particulates in suspension at very small time and length scales.
	www.chem.ucla.edu /dept/Faculty/Mason/research/neutronscattering/neutronscattering.html (187 words)

	CHAPTER 3
		Coherently elastic scattering of neutrons measures the correlation between scattering centres and is, therefore, useful to the study of the conformation of polymers.
		These neutrons are slowed down in four moderators at three different spectral temperatures, and are then delivered to a large experimental hall which is designed to accommodate up to 20 neutron scattering instruments (Fig.3.3).
		Stuhrmann (1974) has shown that it is advantageous to divide the scattering into two new components dependent respectively on the external shape of the molecule and on its internal fluctuations of scattering-length density.
	www.friedli.com /research/PhD/neutron/chap3a.htm (2503 words)

	TAML: Structural Materials - Neutron Scattering
		Neutron powder diffraction data collected as a function of temperature allows the determination of the expansivity of clathrate hydrates with various guest molecules.
		Neutron diffraction is a powerful tool for characterizing structural materials with complex microstructures because (1) neutrons penetrate most engineering materials three to four orders of magnitude deeper than conventional x-rays (cm vs. µm), and (2) neutrons distinguish phases and crystal planes.
		The underlying goal of the proposal is to “accomplish the national agenda of advancing neutron science and engineering in the USA to the leadership position in the world” by providing the most-advanced research and education opportunities to the user community.
	www.phys.utk.edu /taml/fields/neutron.html (1557 words)

	Neutron Scattering, Brookhaven National Laboratory
		Welcome to the home page of the Neutron Scattering Group, a member of the Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science Department at Brookhaven National Laboratory.
		We perform our scattering experiments at the top neutron facilities in the world.
		Within the U.S., we work regularly at the NIST Center for Neutron Research (NCNR) and at the High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL).
	neutrons.phy.bnl.gov (445 words)

	Principles of neutron scattering (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Neutron diffraction is also as sensitive to lighter elements as it is to heavier elements.
		Inelastic scattering is achieved by sending monochromated neutron beams into the sample and measuring the energy loss due to the phonons and magnons excited in the sample.
		Two scientists are granted with having pioneered these two areas of neutron scattering and are responsible for many of the achievements and applications of the technique.
	www-personal.engin.umich.edu /~jlhendri/page4.html (305 words)

	Neutron Scattering Highlights on Biological Systems
		Neutron scattering will be presented as a powerful tool to find answers to a wide range of interesting scientific questions.
		The scope of the proposed workshop is to provide insight into neutron scattering techniques and their application for studies on biological systems.
		A section will be devoted to presentations highlighting the capabilities of neutron scattering instrumentations in large facilities in order to provide a forum for users.
	www.allconferences.com /conferences/20060807044329 (551 words)

	Sustained Research and Science Prizes
		Consideration is given to the impact that the candidate's neutron scattering results have had on the subfield.† Preference is given to applicants whose work was carried out predominantly in North America.
		Tranquada’s outstanding contributions to neutron scattering science have been previously recognized by the award of Fellowship in the American Physical Society and with the award of the BNL Research and Development Award, both in 1997.
		Dr. Yildirim combined first-principles calculations with neutron measurements to demonstrate that the high transition temperature is the result of a particularly anharmonic vibration of the atoms that couples strongly to the electronic states in the system.
	www.neutronscattering.org /NSSAPrizes/Science_Prizes/2006_SciencePrizes.htm (950 words)

	The Canadian Institute for Neutron Scattering (CINS) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Neutron scattering from materials allows scientists to explore the structure and dynamics of materials down to atomic length scales.
		The neutron scattering facility is operated by the National Research Council (NRC).
		For any scientist who wishes to conduct neutron beam research, a proposal for beam time may be submitted at any time.
	www.cins.ca (297 words)

	NEUTRON ONLINE HELP
		NEUTRON is a computer program for calculating the phonon extinction rules for inelastic neutron scattering experiments.
		Given the space group and the phonon symmetry specified by the wave vector q, the program examines the inelastic neutron scattering activity of the corresponding phonons for all possible types of scattering vectors Q=H-q, where H is a reciprocal lattice vector.
		Using the distribution of the reciprocal lattice vectors (Brillouin zones) into types with respect to the symmetry group of the scattering vector, it is possible to show that Brillouin zones belonging to the same type are characterized by the same set of selection rules.
	www.cryst.ehu.es /rep/neutron/neutron_help.html (1272 words)

	European Neutron-Muon Portal
		The European Neutron Scattering Association, ENSA, is an affiliation of the national neutron scattering societies which directly represent neutron beam users.
		It is a platform for discussion and a focus for action in neutron scattering and related topics within Europe.
		Over 4500 neutron scatterers, two thirds of the world’s total number, reside in Europe and exploit European facilities.
	neutron.neutron-eu.net /n_ensa (267 words)

	Polymers Division - Research Facilities - Small Angle Neutron Scattering Facility
		The US's leading neutron scattering facility is maintained by the NIST Center for Neutron Research.
		Neutron scattering is used to probe molecular and microstructural features of polymers and other materials.
		The section which houses the detector rolls along rails in the frame to allow the sample-to-detector distance to be changed from 3.6 m to 2.0 m.
	polymers.msel.nist.gov /facilities/neutron/index.html (459 words)

	Neutron Probe
		When the fast neutrons encounter hydrogen in the soil, they lose energy and are slowed down or thermalized.
		The slow neutrons enter the nucleus of the gas, the nucleus is raised to a high energy state and photons are emitted from the nucleus.
		The electronic counting device is used to measure the number of thermalized neutrons which is proportional to the soil water content.
	weather.nmsu.edu /Teaching_Material/soil698/neutr.html (551 words)

	Smallangle Neutron Scattering
		Hydrogen and deuterium have very different scattering length and this can be exploited in contrast variation measurements in which it is usual that part of the molecule in solution is deuterated.
		Scattering techniques are ideal for investigating the structure and interactions in soft matter.
		The problem with conventional polymer polyelectrolytes is their rather weak scattering power when performing SANS or SAXS experiments, which makes it almost impossible to produce data with a sufficient quality over the required range of scattering vectors q at low concentrations, where single-coil properties still can be resolved.
	www.chem.au.dk /~jansp/tools.html (1851 words)

	NIST Center for Neutron Research
		Neutron tomography gives 3D images of water in a proton exchange membrane fuel cell.
		Neutron interferometry, neutron radiography, and fundamental physics using neutrons are active research areas at the NCNR
		The Center For High Resolution Neutron Scattering (CHRNS), supported by the National Science Foundation and NIST, is an important component of the NCNR, providing users with access to six neutron scattering instruments.
	www.ncnr.nist.gov (374 words)

	HFIR Center for Neutron Scattering (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The HFIR Center for Neutron Scattering at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory is the highest flux reactor-based source of neutrons for condensed matter research in the United States.
		The Center is a national user facility operated by ORNL for the United States Department of Energy.
		Thermal and cold neutrons produced by the High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) are used to study physics, chemistry, materials science, engineering, and biology.
	neutrons.ornl.gov (68 words)

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