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Topic: Neutron sources

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	NIST Center for Neutron Research
		Neutron tomography gives 3D images of water in a proton exchange membrane fuel cell.
		Neutron interferometry, neutron radiography, and fundamental physics using neutrons are active research areas at the NCNR
		The Center For High Resolution Neutron Scattering (CHRNS), supported by the National Science Foundation and NIST, is an important component of the NCNR, providing users with access to six neutron scattering instruments.
	www.ncnr.nist.gov (304 words)

	Neutron source - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Neutron source is a general term referring to a variety devices that emit neutrons, irrespective of the mechanism used to produce the neutrons.
		Cf-252 neutron sources are typically 1/4" to 1/2" in diameter and 1" to 2" in length.
		This nuclear reaction can be used to construct a neutron source by intermixing a radioisotope that emits alpha particles such as radium or polonium with a low atomic weight isotope, usually in the form of a mixture of powders of the two materials.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Neutron_source (624 words)

	NEUTRON SOURCES
		Some of these neutrons are produced by naturally occurring (intrinsic) neutron sources, while others may be the result of fabricated (installed) neutron sources that are incorporated into the design of the reactor.
		Source neutrons are important because they ensure that the neutron population remains high enough to allow a visible indication of neutron level on the most sensitive monitoring instruments while the reactor is shutdown and during the startup sequence.
		Neutrons may be produced by the interaction of a gamma ray and a deuterium nucleus.
	www.tpub.com /doenuclearphys/nuclearphysics36.htm (1091 words)

	Neutron Summary
		The neutron and proton are instances of a nucleon.
		Neutrons that elastically scatter off atoms can create an ionization track that is detectable, but the experiments are not as simple to carry out; other means for detecting neutrons, consisting of allowing them to interact with atomic nuclei, are more commonly used.
		For access to intense neutron sources, researchers must go to specialist facilties, such as the ISIS facility in the UK, which is currently the world's most intense pulsed neutron and muon source.
	www.bookrags.com /Neutron (2008 words)

	[Neutron] Workshop on "Single-Crystal Diffuse Scattering at Pulsed Neutron Sources"
		"Single-Crystal Diffuse Scattering at Pulsed Neutron Sources" ============================================================= Intense Pulsed Neutron Source Argonne National Laboratory June 16-17, 2003 We invite anyone interested in disordered crystalline systems to participate in the Workshop on "Single-Crystal Diffuse Scattering at Pulsed Neutron Sources", to be held on June 16-17, 2003, at Argonne National Laboratory.
		Single-crystal diffuse coherent neutron scattering is a powerful technique for probing complex nanoscale (spin and lattice) disorder in crystalline materials.
		The Spallation Neutron Source, currently being built at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, provides an opportunity to perform diffuse scattering experiments with unprecedented efficiency, since the time-of-flight Laue technique can take full advantage of the high brightness of the new source.
	www.neutron.anl.gov /pipermail/neutron/2003/000808.html (301 words)

	Portable Neutron Generators
		The Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) is an accelerator-based neutron source being built in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, by the U.S. Department of Energy.
		Neutron emission from the d-d reaction is slightly peaked in the forward (along the axis of the ion beam) direction.
		The neutron tube is, in turn, enclosed in a metal housing, the accelerator head, which is filled with a dielectric media to insulate the high voltage elements of the tube from the surroundings.
	www.sciner.com /Neutron/Neutron_Generators_Basics.htm (1805 words)

	[No title]
		The neutron is a powerful tool for the study of condensed matter (solids and liquids) in the world around us, having significant advantages over other forms of radiation in the study of microscopic structure and dynamics.
		Neutrons are stable when bound in an atomic nucleus, whilst having a mean lifetime of approximately 1000 seconds as a free particle.
		Neutrons had then been known as building blocks in the atomic nucleus for more than a decade (Nobel Prize to Chadwick in 1935 for their discovery).
	www.isis.rl.ac.uk /aboutIsis/whatisaNeutron.htm (733 words)

	Neutrons Spill Secrets
		It is the home of the $1.4 billion Spallation Neutron Source, a rather unglamorous name for one of the most ambitious -- and, if you ask the researchers involved, promising -- science projects ever assembled on U.S. ground.
		Neutrons also have what is known as a magnetic moments: When in a magnetic field, they twirl.
		A similar spallation source is in the works in Japan, and a proposed spallation source in Europe is in "a holding pattern," he says.
	whyfiles.org /shorties/142spallation_neutron/index.html (1741 words)

	Active Interrogation: Neutron Sources
		Two likely choices for the nuclear probe are neutrons, one of the two kinds of particles found in all known nuclei except the lightest isotope of hydrogen, and highly penetrating photons (electromagnetic radiation).
		For our project, we chose to use energetic neutrons as the nuclear probe, in part because, at LLNL, we had a pulsed neutron generator on hand that could be immediately pressed into use.
		The pulsed neutron source that was conveniently on hand, and used in our initial experiments at the LLNL cargo-scanning laboratory, employed a small, low-energy accelerator that fused the nuclei of hydrogen isotopes to produce 14 MeV neutrons.
	www.llnl.gov /cargoscan/neutron.html (372 words)

	[No title]
		The most powerful spallation neutron source in the world is the ISIS Facility near Oxford in the United Kingdom.28-30 It is based around a 200 m A, 800 MeV, proton synchrotron operating at 50 Hz, and a tantalum target which releases approximately 12 neutrons for every incident proton.
		Neutron Activation Analysis is a comparative technique; standards are prepared from certified solutions of known concentration of the elements of interest.
		The use of neutron scattering as a means of studying the structure and dynamics of systems has grown continuously since neutrons became available in reasonable quantities from research reactors and accelerators.
	www.lycos.com /info/neutron--neutron-source.html (649 words)

	Lower-energy neutron sources for increasing the sensitivity of nuclear gages for measuring the water content of bulk ...
		The sensitivity of a gage using a nuclear source for measuring the water content of bulk materials, such as plastic concrete, is increased by use of a lithium or fluorine neutron nuclear source.
		For the particular case at hand regarding a bulk material such as plastic concrete the use of a lithium source instead of a beryllium source is to increase the sensitivity by increasing the fraction of neutrons emitted by the source which are moderated by the water content and detected by detector 14.
		However, the failure of the use of the lithium source to improve significantly the sensitivity of the nuclear gage is considered to be due to the approach of a saturation effect at this lower neutron energy.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4039809.html (2758 words)

	Compact accelerator neutron generators - The Industrial Physicist
		In contrast, radioisotope neutron sources are used in a myriad of industrial applications, including thickness gauging and petroleum exploration.
		Although radioisotope sources are ideal for fixed installations that run continuously, they are not well suited for applications that require pulsed neutrons, and they may create safety issues and logistical complications as well.
		The most common ion source used in neutron generators is a cold-cathode, or Penning ion source, which is a derivative of the Penning trap used in Penning ion gauges.
	www.aip.org /tip/INPHFA/vol-9/iss-6/p22.html (1904 words)

	BES User Facilities
		High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) Center for Neutron Scattering at ORNL in Oak Ridge, TN Intense Pulsed Neutron Source (IPNS) at Argonne National Laboratory in Argonne, IL Manuel Lujan Jr.
		The Intense Pulsed Neutron Source (IPNS) at Argonne National Laboratory is a short-pulsed spallation neutron source that first operated all of its instruments in the user mode in 1981.
		Neutron Scattering Center (Lujan Center) at Los Alamos National Laboratory provides an intense pulsed source of neutrons to a variety of spectrometers for neutron scattering studies.
	www.sc.doe.gov /bes/BESfacilities.htm (2645 words)

	Spallation Neutron Source
		Alonso notes that while x-ray sources will always be much brighter ("neutron sources and bright light sources like the ALS are truly complementary," he said) neutrons have other advantages: "They have a magnetic moment and can measure a material's magnetic properties, something that is very difficult to do with photons.
		Accelerators were the first sources of copious quantities of the remarkable particle that James Chadwick discovered in 1932, a trend that culminated in the 37-inch cyclotron built by Ernest Lawrence and his colleagues in 1938.
		The neutron bunches arrive 60 times each second, but to be useful, the neutrons have to be slowed to thermal velocities -- reduced to a billionth of their energy -- by moderators of water and liquid hydrogen placed around the target.
	www.lbl.gov /Science-Articles/Archive/neutron-spallation-collab.html (962 words)

	Neutron radiation
		A neutron is a particle that is found in the nucleus, or center, of atoms.
		Also, several neutron sources are made by combining alpha-emitting isotopes like polonium or radiation with beryllium.
		Neutrons are used for each of the above too, but just not on the same level as the other radiations.
	www.hps.org /publicinformation/ate/q609.html (1723 words)

	Intense Pulsed Neutron Source
		It provides the nation's most reliable source of neutrons for the study of the atomic arrangements and motions in liquids and solids, a field known as condensed-matter physics.
		Neutrons are also uniquely useful for studying materials containing atoms of the lighter elements, like hydrogen and oxygen.
		NEUTRON SOURCE -- Argonne's Intense Pulsed Neutron Source (IPNS) is the nation's most reliable source of neutrons for the study of the atomic arrangements and motions in liquids and solids.
	www.anl.gov /Science_and_Technology/Virtual_Tour/ipns.htm (488 words)

	neutron
		Although the United States pioneered in developing neutron sources in the 1960s, the nation has now fallen behind Europe and Japan, where a new generation of research reactors and spallation neutron sources was built in the 1970s and 1980s.
		The source will be an aluminum chamber holding about a half liter of liquid hydrogen, at a temperature of 20 K (about 420°F): at this temperature, the hydrogen molecules move fairly slowly and neutrons that enter the chamber are slowed down by collisions with those molecules.
		Neutron guides work exactly like fiber optic guides—they are rectangular conduits, typically, 5 × 10 centimeters (2 × 4 inches), whose inside surfaces may be coated with multiple layers of nickel that will reflect any neutrons that strike the surface at a glancing angle, if they are not traveling too fast.
	www.ornl.gov /info/ornlreview/rev29-12/text/neutron.htm (2999 words)

	A New Way to Make "Neuts"
		Neutrons can penetrate deeply to find defects in large machine parts or tiny microdevices, elucidate the structure of biological systems and polymers, sense fluids in geological formations, and probe solids and liquids on the atomic scale.
		Commercial "neutron tubes," only a few inches long, are miniature, low-energy accelerators that produce neutrons by hitting a metal target with deuterium or tritium ions.
		BNCT is an experimental treatment for an inoperable form of brain cancer that uses energetic neutrons from reactors or accelerators, but Leung's calculations indicated that with a D-T reaction, a compact neutron generator could produce the needed amount of neutrons at the right energy, around 10,000 electron volts.
	www.lbl.gov /Science-Articles/Archive/neutronGenerator.html (703 words)

	Neutron Sources - Spallation Source
		Neutrons cannot only be produced "softly" with thermal neutrons by fission of heavy nuclei (reactor), but also with "brute" force by a cleavage reaction (spallation).
		The spectrum of the neutrons emittied by spallation is very similar to a fission spectrum.
		Therefore, like in a reactor, water can be used to slow down the neutrons in a realtively small volume to thermal energy to obtain a neutron source.
	www.physik.uni-kiel.de /kfn/infos/Neutronenquellen/spallation-engl.php (258 words)

	Bulletin 25 - Proliferation Risks of Spallation Neutron Sources (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The neutron yield, that is the number of neutrons produced per proton, is one of the most important parameters of a SNS and depends on the energy which the incident particle projects on the material, the geometry of the target, and other parameters.
		Although the average neutron flux of reactors is still superior to spallation sources, SNS have considerable potential for future developments in neutron performance.
		Investigating the direct proton bombardment of uranium does not cover those cases in which the neutron producing target does not consist of uranium but of another heavy metal and where the target is spatially separated from the breeding blanket in which the plutonium is produced.
	www.inesap.org /bulletin25/art21.htm (4130 words)

	European Neutron-Muon Portal
		Neutrons can see inside the material: they penetrate deep into matter, and reveal "where atoms are and what atoms do".
		ESS will be a fantastic and the brightest source of neutrons that will be used for experiments to look inside the materials.
		ESS will provide much more intensity than the present neutron sources, brighter neutrons beams that, with a suite of more than 40 neutron scattering instruments, will enable scientist of all disciplines investigating material in situ, in vivo, in real time and for real life applications.
	neutron.neutron-eu.net /n_ess (148 words)

	Bram Cohen's Journal
		It could be that neutrons so produced move too slow to get very far, especially since the beryllium itself slows them down, although some tradeoffs could be made there by having specks of radium in small quantities of beryllium instead of a block of radium in a block of beryllium.
		The materials might also be prohibitively expensive, although that appears to not be the case, or the yield in terms of number of neutrons might be low.
		Such a block would make a great heat source to be used in the same way as the heat sources in standard nuclear reactors are used.
	bramcohen.livejournal.com (4859 words)

	IPNS' success paved way to newest neutron source for materials research
		When the Intense Pulsed Neutron Source at the U.S. Department of Energy's Argonne National Laboratory began operations in 1981, few could envision that it would lead to the $1.4 billion Spallation Neutron Source, beginning operations this spring on the grounds of Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Tennessee.
		The Spallation Neutron Source, or SNS, is a unique collaboration of six Department of Energy laboratories, each bringing particular expertise to the design, construction and operation of the facility, which will provide the most intense pulsed neutron beams in the world for scientific research and industrial development.
		Neutrons are also uniquely useful for studying materials that contain atoms of the lighter elements, such as hydrogen and oxygen.
	www.physorg.com /news65118008.html (1224 words)

	An Overview of Neutron Activation Analysis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		When a neutron interacts with the target nucleus via a non-elastic collision, a compound nucleus forms in an excited state.
		The excitation energy of the compound nucleus is due to the binding energy of the neutron with the nucleus.
		Different types of reactors and different positions within a reactor can vary considerably with regard to their neutron energy distributions and fluxes due to the materials used to moderate (or reduce the energies of) the primary fission neutrons.
	www.missouri.edu /~glascock/naa_over.htm (3941 words)

	Archives of Older News Articles
		The second American Conference on Neutron Scattering, organized under the auspices of the NSSA, and hosted by the NIST Center for Neutron Research, was held in the Inn and Conference Center at the University of Maryland in College Park, MD June 6-10, 2004.
		Cliff was synonymous with neutron scattering in the U.S. and was a frequent visitor and scientific participant at all the major centers.
		Because of the outstanding capabilities of the HFBR and the critical shortage of neutron sources in this country, extensive efforts were made by the scientific community over the past 22 months to encourage the timely restart of the HFBR.
	www.neutronscattering.org /News/archives.htm (1275 words)

	European Neutron-Muon Portal
		Both sources are co-located with neutron facilities, and there is considerable overlap between both the science areas that neutrons and muons are used for and the communities of neutron and muon users.
		In particular, a variety of options exist for the development of neutron facilities within Europe, and consideration needs to be given to the relevance of these schemes for muon sources.
		There may also be opportunities for large-scale developments at the existing muon sources, together with the option of considering a stand-alone muon source.
	muon.neutron-eu.net /m_nmi3/muon_foresight (648 words)

	APOD Search Results for "neutron"
		The source is a young neutron star, the remnant of the collapsed stellar core kicked out by the explosion and moving away at about 1,000 kilometers per second.
		Since neutron stars and fl holes are the endpoints in the lives of massive stars, NGC 4697 must have had many bright, massive stars in its past.
		Since other common galactic sources of x-rays such as supernova remnants and neutron stars represent final stages in the life of a massive star, they are unlikely to be present in such a young cluster.
	antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov /cgi-bin/apod/apod_search?neutron (11324 words)

	Neutrons - Neutron Fluence Standards
		We have a manganese sulphate bath (photo), which is used to measure absolutely the neutron emission from radionuclide sources, and we also keep a set of calibrated sources so that we can produce neutron fields standardised in terms of neutron fluence.
		Most neutron measurements, including those made with the Van de Graaff accelerator, are carried out in a large low-scatter experimental area.
		A comparison of radionuclide source emission rates is presently underway and a comparison of thermal neutron standard fields is being planned.
	www.npl.co.uk /ionrad/science/neutrons/fluence.html (392 words)

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