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	Metropolitano de Lisboa > Works and projects > Works in progress > Glossary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		This is a classical method of tunnel construction where the tunnel is opened up by excavating and removing the earth that has been dug up, using any type of mechanical or manual excavating equipment.
		This is a construction method that was developed between 1957 and 1965, and given the name "New Austrian Method" to distinguish it from an older construction method that was also of Austrian origin.
		Tunnel excavating methods, which are carried out at greater depth, normally involve hardly any of this type of external interference.
	www.metrolisboa.pt /Default.aspx?tabid=755 (411 words)

	New Austrian Tunnelling method - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The New Austrian Tunneling method (NATM) was developed between 1957 and 1965 in Austria.
		It was given its name in Salzburg in 1962 to distinguish it from old Austrian tunnelling approach.
		The NATM is an approach of philosophy integrating the principles of the behaviour of rock masses under load and monitoring the performance of underground construction during construction.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/New_Austrian_Tunneling_method (327 words)

	3 - TUNNELLING METHODS
		Thanks to the NATM concept, modern rock support and ground improvement techniques, not only tunnel collapse of the shallow surrounding rock is prevented but also ground deformation and surface settlement are effectively controlledso that the safety of surface buildings and existing underground infrastructure is guaranteed.
		This tunnel is 8.15 m high and 33 m wide, and consists of a cell for a double metro line, two cells for a two-lane road and a narrow passage for cables and pipes.
		The tunnel is composed of 5 elements, with the longest one of 120 m.
	www.ita-aites.org /cms/index.php?id=305&type=98&no_cache=1&L=0 (1950 words)

	Road and Motorway Directorate of the Czech Republic - Tunnel Valík - The Key to the By-Pass of Plzen
		The Tunnel Valík is a part of the by-pass of Plzen on Motorway D5.
		The tunnel consists of two tubes 8.2 m high and 11.5 m wide, bored directly next to each other in order to reach the lowest possible permanent coverage of land, especially near both portals.
		Considering the fact that the tunnel leads through an area of the source of drinking water for Plzen, large number of requirements for the protection of environment were taken into account.
	www.rsd.cz /rsd/rsd.nsf/lkpplainnews/913E2F04BEC427C2C1256E8200435BD0 (686 words)

	Promat Tunnel Fire Protection - Terminology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		As the excavation progresses, a layer of concrete is immediately sprayed on the interior surface of the tunnel and rock bolts are driven in.
		This method attempts to maintain the original rock structure by avoiding settling, subsidence and deformation.
		Pipe roof method : Construction method in which steel pipes are laid along the sides and roof of the tunnel course and the tunnel was then constructed inside.
	www.promat-tunnel.com /idprt067.htm (269 words)

	The New Austrian Tunnelling Method is beginning to carve out an excellent world-wide reputation. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Although the NATM is the title given to the first attempts to apply the new measuring techniques to the field of tunnel design and excavation, much of the technology necessary to implement the technique today was invented by people in totally different fields.
		The NATM may be defined as a method of producing underground space by using all available means to develop the maximum self-supporting capacity of the rock or soil to provide the stability of the underground opening.
		It is chosen over other possible tunnelling methods principally because of its application advantages which include free excavation area, considerable flexibility in regard to unforeseen changes in geological and hydrological conditions, flexibility in terms of cross-sectional changes, and rapid mobilisation with readily available, unsophisticated and relatively inexpensive excavation equipment.
	dr-sauer.com.cnchost.com /natm/light.htm (2382 words)

	WTC2007 : Technical Excursions
		The tunnel was built between the years 1998 and 2004 by the New Austrian Tunnelling Method.
		The tunnels, which are driven using the New Austrian Tunnelling Method, pass under the preserved building of National Monument with the great equestrian monument of Jan Žižka of Trocnov.
		The remaining approximately 80% comprise subsurface reinforced concrete tunnels in new residential areas on the outskirts of the city.
	www.ita-aites.cz /showdoc.do?docid=1583 (886 words)

	Numerical Analysis of Tunnelling in Decomposed Granite Soil (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The purpose of this research is to evaluate the ground behaviour for the NATM tunnelling in decomposed granite soil using the finite element method.
		Typically, a single track tunnel has a height of 9.2m and a width of 10.6m, giving a cross sectional area of 66.5m The tunnels are designated to act as drains.
		The research also investigates the post construction behaviour of NATM tunnels and in particular, the effect of the pore water flow condition on ground movements and forces in the tunnel lining.
	www.soils.cv.ic.ac.uk /shin.html (879 words)

	Metro - Construction
		At their deepest point, the tunnels are some 33 metres below ground level.
		A total of nine kilometres of twin bored tunnels have been constructed.
		Three methods were used to construct the tunnel: Boring, Cut and Cover and the New Austrian Tunnelling Method (NATM).
	www.m.dk /en/construction (65 words)

	WTC2007 : Technical Excursions
		The tunnel was built between the year 1986 and 1997 using two traditional techniques, namely the ring method and shield tunnelling.
		The tunnel was built between the years 1998 and 2004 by the New Austrian Tunnelling Method.
		The tunnels, which are driven using the New Austrian Tunnelling Method, pass under the preserved building of National Monument with the great equestrian monument of Jan Žižka of Trocnov.
	www.wtc2007.org /showdoc.do?docid=1583 (904 words)

	__________ Welcome to the Marmaray Project Website ____________
		When the tunnels become very shallow, or the rock becomes very soft, the tunnels are constructed either using a soft-ground TBM or directly by digging down from the surface (cut-and-cover tunnels).
		In places where the tunnel shape changes, such as where trains can cross from one tunnel to the other, other methods using a number of specialized procedures may be used (such as New Austrian Tunnelling Method (NATM), drill-and-blast, and road-header).
		Tunnels drilled under the city will be interconnected every 200 meters to ensure that service personnel can come easily from one duct to the next, and to ensure safe rescuing routes and access for rescuing personnel in case of an accident in one of the bores.
	www.marmaray.com /html/tech_bored.html (525 words)

	5 - Compressed Air (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		While in the past when groundwater was involved injections of dif-ferent materials were a common method to seal the tunnel, today this might not be allowed due to the possible contamination of groundwater.
		The adoption of the overpressure in the tunnel and the required volume of air to replace air losses through the tunnel face and the shotcrete lining is until today a crucial point in scien-tific research.
		The new approach leads to a better estimation of the total costs of the compressed air supply in tunnelling during the design phase.
	www.ifb.tugraz.at /situ/ALLES/20.htm (2286 words)

	Metro - Tunnel construction
		Practically the entire tunnel was bored because this is the safest method with the least impact on the surroundings.
		When boring in areas with heavy water inflow, the boring chamber is sealed off from the rest of the boring machine and the tunnel by pressurising the chamber and thereby preventing water from penetrating the tunnel.
		The tunnel construction elements were lowered at the work sites and conveyed by work trains through the tunnel to the TBM.
	www.m.dk /en/tunnelconstruction (404 words)

	New Austrian Tunnelling method at AllExperts
		Therefore in the last decade NATM was also applied to soft ground excavations and to tunnels in porous sediments.
		When tunneling engineers talk on NATM, they often mean different things because some of them define it as a special technique, but others as a sort of philosophy.
		As defined by the Austrian Society of Engineers and Architects, the NATM constitutes a method where the surrounding rock or soil formations of a tunnel are integrated into an overall ring-like support structure.
	en.allexperts.com /e/n/ne/new_austrian_tunnelling_method.htm (1110 words)

	TUNNELLING UNDER COMPRESSED AIR - PRACTICAL EXPERIENCES, EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS AND FINITE ELEMENT MODELLING (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		In this paper practical experiences with tunnelling under compressed air as well as related field and laboratory tests are presented and a mathematical model capable to simulate the dewatering process of soil subjected to compressed air is described.
		This was due to the air pressure in the tunnel and in the adjacent soil and due to the upwards directed flow forces resulting from air flow in the ground [2].
		The aim of this research work within the framework of the Austrian joint research initiative Numerical Simulation in Tunnelling is a synthesis of practical experiences and experimental investigations on the one hand with mathematical modelling on the basis of the finite element method on the other hand.
	www.iahr.org /membersonly/grazproceedings99/doc/000/000/019.htm (2618 words)

	Wine cave - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Tunnel legs are usually 30 to 100 ft (9 to 30 m) in length and pillars are typically a minimum of 20 ft (6 m) wide.
		On most occasions, the New Austrian Tunneling Method (single or multiple face), also known now as Sequential Excavation Method (SEM), with minor innovative technology advances, is used to excavate and support wine caves.
		The tunnels are usually excavated using a tunnel roadheader or a milling head attachment on an excavator.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Wine_caves (1993 words)

	Geotechnology in Construction
		The new challenge is to relate Design to Construction, which requires a study of the Technology used to create some facility.
		Analyses of the successful New Austrian Tunnelling Method (NATM) trial at Heathrow, and the subsequent collapse of the Heathrow Express tunnels in the Central Terminal Area, were carried out for W.S. Atkins by Dr Ganesh Dasari.
		Other aspects of tunnel construction include the influences of soil grouting on newly constructed tunnel linings: this was studied by Dr Siew Wei Lee in conjunction with Nishimatsu Construction.
	www-civ.eng.cam.ac.uk /geotech_new/people/bolton/geotechnology.html (929 words)

	New Civil Engineer Plus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		TUNNELLING EXPERTS this week questioned contractors’ decision to use the New Austrian Tunnelling Method (NATM) on the section of the São Paulo Metro which collapsed earlier this month.
		NATM was being used to excavate the 18.5m diameter station tunnel as part of the Metro’s £735M Line 4, or Yellow Line.
		Because NATM excavation involves nibbling away at the ground the tunnel profile is asymetrical during construction, with forces acting on it out of equilibrium.
	www.nceplus.co.uk /b_bank/search_results_details/?report_ID=7302&report_num=0&channelid=6 (1131 words)

	Tunnelling and Underground Works
		Physical details of the more significant tunnels and underground structures designed by SMEC and SMHEA in Australia, and the many tunnels SMEC has designed (forming part of hydropower and multi-purpose schemes) in overseas countries, are presented in Appendix D. SMEC provides ventilation design services for all its tunnels and underground power station projects.
		In the case of the Cordeaux tunnel, SMEC made theoretical calculations of the curvatures and subsidence of the ground settlement curve due to extraction of coal, recommended restrictions on mining near the tunnel and made an estimate of the amount of coal which could not be extracted (sterilised) in order to protect the railway.
		Tunnel alignment and profile were adjusted to minimise the amount of coal which would have to be sterilised.
	www.smec.com.au /technical/tunnel/index.htm (453 words)

	EFFC - News Story
		Future use of the New Austrian Tunnelling Method (NATM) is to be reviewed by the Catalan government after a major collapse on Barcelona's Metro extension.
		Client Generalitat de Catalunya (GDC) said this week that while the use of NATM would not be banned outright, in future additional excavation supports would be mandatory.
		NATM is an open-faced method of tunnelling using temporary support such as sprayed concrete and rock bolts.
	www.foundationworld.org.uk /jsp/effc.jsp?lnk=022&id=115 (213 words)

	Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (DMRC)
		Tunnelling was adopted in those areas where surface disturbance was not possible in places like Connaught Place, Chawri Bazaar, New Delhi Station, Delhi Main Station etc. Two different types of machines were used depending upon the conditions of the soil through which these machines were required to do Boring.
		The New Austrian Tunnelling Method (NATM) which uses temporary support of the rock by means of Shotcrete (sprayed concrete) and rock bolts till the installation of permanent concrete lining was used between Chawri Bazaar and New Delhi.
		This method was introduced at a later stage as an additional tunnelling technique to ensure that the Delhi Metro meets its target deadline on this activity.
	www.delhimetrorail.com /commuters/whats_new.html (7503 words)

	Fujita Research Report - Tunnelling
		Both of these methods are very flexible (engineering decisions are made on-site as the tunnel is constructed), and both employ shotcrete, either as a primary or final lining of the tunnel.
		After the collapse of the Heathrow tunnel in 1994 however it was thought possible that NATM tunnelling would be suspended throughout the UK and preparations were made to use a 7.7 m diameter shield.
		Four different tunnel plans are being considered: three concrete tunnels (one tethered to the seabed; two supported by pontoons) and one steel tunnel (supported by pontoons).
	www.fujitaresearch.com /reports/tunnelling.html (2603 words)

	Heathrow collapse firm wins Dubai Metro work
		Austrian engineering firm Geoconsult was blamed for its part in the tunnel collapse, which was described by the judge in the trial that followed as “one of the worst civil engineering disasters in the United Kingdom in the last quarter of a century”.
		Now the company’s Singapore office is taking charge of overseeing tunnelling work on the Dubai Metro after being appointed by the Dubai Rapid Link Consortium, whose members include Japanese companies Obayashi and Kajima, as well as the Turkish Yapi Merkezi and Capita Symonds from the UK.
		Geoconsult was responsible for monitoring ground movement on the Heathrow project, which was excavated using the controversial New Austrian Tunnelling Method.
	www.dubaicity.com /news/3-11metro-work.htm (497 words)

	RTE - NEWS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Residents in north Dublin opposed to the planned port tunnel say they want an independent assessment of the health and safety effects of the tunnel on local communities.
		Geoconsult are also involved in the design of the Dublin Port Tunnel and are planning to use the same "New Austrian Tunnelling Method" as was used at Heathrow.
		Today a spokesman for the Combined Residents Association against the Port tunnel said they have maintained all along that the method is unsafe.
	www.rte.ie /pda/news/1999/0216/1611.html (161 words)

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