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Topic: New Criticism

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	New Criticism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		New Criticism was the dominant trend in English and American literary criticism of the early twentieth century, from the 1920s to the early 1960s.
		The New Criticism is one of the concepts satirized in Isaac Asimov's short story "The Immortal Bard" (1954), in which a physics professor learns the secret of time travel and tries bringing prominent individuals from the past into the present.
		Recent developments in the field of critical literature theory have shown that New Criticism is far too narrow in its scope to allow for proper development of thought, and has been discontinued by academic societies in favor of more prominent theories, such as Deconstruction Theory or Freudian Psychoanalytic criticism.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/New_Criticism (719 words)

	Literary criticism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The literary criticism of the Renaissance developed classical ideas of unity of form and content into a literary neoclassicism which proclaimed literature to be central to culture and entrusted the poet or author with the preservation of a long literary tradition.
		Early in the century the school of criticism known as Russian Formalism, and slightly later the New Criticism in Britain and America, came to dominate the study and discussion of literature.
		Some critics work largely with theoretical texts, while others read traditional literature; interest in the literary canon is still great, but many critics are also interested in minority and women's literatures, while some critics influenced by cultural studies read popular texts like comic books or pulp/genre fiction.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Literary_criticism (798 words)

	virtuaLit: Critical Approaches
		New Critics emphasize that the structure of a work should not be divorced from meaning, viewing the two as constituting a quasi-organic unity.
		New Critics especially appreciate the use of literary devices, such as irony, to achieve a balance or reconciliation between dissimilar, even conflicting, elements in a text.
		Whatever the source of the New Criticism’s popularity (or the reason for its eventual decline), its practitioners and the textbooks they wrote were so influential in American academia that the approach became standard in college and even high school curricula through the 1960s and well into the 1970s.
	bcs.bedfordstmartins.com /virtualit/poetry/critical_define/crit_newcrit.html (485 words)

	New Criticism
		New Criticism is an approach to literature which was developed by a group of American critics, most of whom taught at southern universities during the years following the first World War.
		The new critics believed that a text should not have to be understood relative to the responses of its readers; its merit (and meaning) must be inherent.
		Because New Criticism is such a rigid and structured program for the study of literature, it is open to criticism on many fronts.
	www.lawrence.edu /dept/english/courses/60A/newcrit.html (747 words)

	Foley, "From New Criticism to Deconstruction"
		American poststructuralist literary criticism tends to be an activity of textual privatization, the critic's doomed attempt to retreat from a social landscape of fragmentation and alienation.
		Deconstruction collapses the New Critic's dualistic distinction between the languages of nonfiction and poetry : to postulate a realm of the "aesthetic'' apart from that of discourse in general is to privilege the workings of the mimetic imagination and to deny the textuality -- indeed.
		The root cause of the problems besetting New Criticism and deconstruction as theories of literature and methods of reading is, I propose, their /61/ common elimination of history from the lexicon of literary study.
	victorian.fortunecity.com /holbein/439/bf/new_crit_to_decon.html (6743 words)

	New Criticism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The task of the New Critic is to interpret the text, exploring the ways in which each part of the text contributes to the central unity.
		New Criticism flourished from the 1930’s to the 1960’s and is very similar to the Russian Formalism literary movement.
		The next step in applying New Criticism is to examine some of the outlining themes to determine their complexity and whether or not they contribute to the central unifying theme.
	www.fccps.k12.va.us /gm/faculty/english/newcriticism.htm (2141 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Biblical Criticism (Higher)
		Biblical criticism in its fullest comprehension is the examination of the literary origins and historical values of the books composing the Bible, with the state in which these exist at the present day.
		The critical dissection of books was and is accomplished on the ground of diversity of vocabulary and style, the phenomena of double narratives of the same event varying from each other, it is claimed, to the extent of discrepancy, and differences of religious conceptions.
		The majority of contemporary critics incline to Harnack's view, which is that the Fourth Gospel was composed by John the Presbyter or the "elder" referred to in a fragment by Papias, and asserted by the Harnackians to be distinct from the Apostle and a disciple of the latter.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/04491c.htm (6052 words)

	New Criticism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		New Criticism, incorporating Formalism, examines the relationships between a text's ideas and its form, between what a text says and the way it says it.
		New Criticism attempts to be a science of literature, with a technical vocabulary, some of which we all had to learn in junior high school English classes (third-person, denoument, etc.).
		Thus, New Critics insist that the meaning of a text is intrinsic and should not be confused with the author's intentions nor the work's affective dimension (its impressionistic effects on the reader).
	www.wsu.edu:8001 /~delahoyd/new.crit.html (349 words)

	Overview--New Criticism
		While many of the assumptions underlying New Criticism have been rejected by newer critical theories, the close reading of the text espoused by formalism remains a common mode of discourse in the literature classroom.
		New forms of mass literature and literacy, an increasingly consumerist society and the increasingly visible role of commerce, mass media, and advertising in people's lives.
		For the New Critic or the Formalist, the meaning of a literary work is not determined by the author's intention, nor by the reader's perception, nor by the cultural background.
	www.calstatela.edu /faculty/jgarret/441/ovr-nc.htm (1296 words)

	Teaching and Studying Literature at the End of Ideology
		Literature really is criticism of life, and students and teachers of literature have been the conscience of the culture to an extent that might have satisfied even Arnold--whatever he might have thought of the concrete directives of that conscience.
		And third, the New Critics meant to deny the "affective fallacy" that the poem is its psychological effects on the reader.
		The answer is clear in the reasons the New Critics give for setting such extraordinary value as they do on irony, ambiguity, tension, and paradox, in critical practice: these devices are important for their "resolution of apparently antithetical attitudes," which both daily life and science leave in dissonance.
	www.writing.upenn.edu /~afilreis/50s/ohmann.html (7006 words)

	The Old New Criticism and its Critics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The fact is that the New Criticism is condemned not because it treats the literary work as an empty form remote from history, but because it understands literary form and the relation between meaning and history in a way that undermines the Gnostic materialism characteristic of most contemporary ideologies.
		The various debates between the New Critics and traditional literary historians and between the New Critics and the Chicago Aristotelians, back in the forties and fifties, tended to be either personal or technical-matters of tone and temperament or emphasis and degree.
		When the various attacks upon the New Criticism in the course of the last three decades are thus considered, it is evident that they are all essentially attacks upon the ontological integrity of the literary work as such.
	www.firstthings.com /ftissues/ft9308/articles/young.html (4309 words)

	Style: The New Criticism and Contemporary Literary Theory: Connections and Continuities. - Review - book reviews (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The New Criticism is most recently incarnated in this collection of essays, a volume in the series Wellesley Studies in Critical Theory, Literary History, and Culture (the title of which itself asserts, or at least suggests, a critical position of no little complexity and difficulty).
		It is the "contention" of the editors that "the current dismissal of the New Criticism as a 'past fashion' forgets that earlier efforts at understanding continue to be the starting point from which we must proceed to understand and develop new analyses" (xix).
		The New Critics are represented by essays from John Crowe Ransom, Allen Tate, Robert Penn Warren, Cleanth Brooks, and Rene Wellek.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m2342/is_4_31/ai_53479818 (1249 words)

	[No title]
		Some critics of this approach have argued that a New Critic's commitment to revealing organic unity of a work blinds him or her to elements in the text that do not contribute to this unity.
		Others have argued that in dismissing the importance of history, or the response of readers as irrelevant to an understanding of the work, New Critics have contradicted their own claims that meaning is context bound.
		In the midst of this hegemony of New Criticism,
	www.assumption.edu /users/ady/HHGateway/Gateway/Approaches.html (2083 words)

	Encyclopedia: New criticism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		In literary criticism, close reading describes the careful, sustained interpretation of a brief passage of text.
		The method of New Criticism is foremost a close reading, concentrating on such formal aspects as rhythm, meter, theme, imagery, metaphor, etc. The interpretation of a text shows that these aspects serve to support the structure of meaning within the text.
		Critics' circle chairman Andrew Johnston said the decision to hand the best picture award to The Lord of the Rings had been "decisive", adding, "It is easily the best of the three.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/New-criticism (492 words)

	New Criticism Necessary? Marsh: JoDI (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Before deciding whether or not a new form of criticism is necessary, though, it might help to decide whether or not there is something 'new' to criticize in the first place.
		Thus, habits of critical recognition continue to be essential, that is, noting if and in what ways a given work has been "remediated" (Bolter and Grusin 2000: 45) or refashioned from current or older art forms (how a particular hypermedia work borrows from collage or typographic poetry, for example).
		As for a (new) form of criticism, the answer is obviously 'yes and no'.
	jodi.ecs.soton.ac.uk /Articles/v03/i03/Marsh/newcriticism.html (425 words)

	Introduction to Textual Criticism
		As new papyri continue to be discovered, new numbers are added to the series (thus the lower the number, the earlier a papyrus was probably found).
		The first complete New Testament to be published was the edition of Erasmus, now known as the Textus Receptus ("The text received [by all]" -- a phrase derived from an advertising blurb in a later edition!).
		A good critical edition will explain how it is to be read, but you can also find information in the article on Critical Editions -- which also briefly describes the nature and history of several of the major editions.
	www.skypoint.com /~waltzmn/intro.html (10516 words)

	[No title]
		One of the unique difficulties in reading the reign of New Criticism over the seventeenth century, as we have done in ENG 415, is the conflict between aesthetic practice and political context.
		New Critical practice and Modernist poetics have been oft considered as allies in the fight against de-humanizing industrial practices and the failure of religion.
		Although New Criticism may call for close readings (with[in] text) or an "interior" hermeneutics, the formulation of the interpretive strategy and its community is a radically political affair.
	www.english.ilstu.edu /strickland/215/sample/hammel.html (4478 words)

	Literary Criticism Study Guide
		New Critics refer to the historical / biographical critic's belief that the meaning or value of a work may be determined by the author's intention as "the intentional fallacy." They believe that this approach tends to reduce art to the level of biography and make it relative (to the times) rather than universal.
		Formalistic critics believe that all information essential to the interpretation of a work must be found within the work itself; there is no need to bring in outside information about the history, politics, or society of the time, or about the author's life.
		Psychological critics might see Samson's bondage as a symbol of his sexual impotency, and his destruction of the Philistine temple and the killing of himself and many others as a final orgasmic event (since death and sex are often closely associated in Freudian psychology).
	www.literatureclassics.com /ancientpaths/litcrit.html (4347 words)

	Old Testament Criticism and New Testament Christianity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		On the contrary, it is a necessity for all who use the Bible to be "critics" in the sense of constantly using their "judgment" on what is before them.
		What is called "higher" criticism is not only a legitimate but a necessary method for all Christians, for by its use we are able to discover the facts and the form of the Old Testament Scriptures.
		The historicity of the kings mentioned in Genesis 14 was once seriously questioned by criticism, but this is impossible today, for their historical character has been proved beyond all question, and, in particular, it is now known that the Amraphel of that chapter is the Hammurabi of the Monuments and a contemporary with Abraham.
	www.xmission.com /~fidelis/volume1/chapter7/thomas.html (6201 words)

	NEW TESTAMENT
		Collection of essays by major scholars in the field of literary criticism, covering theories from Plato through to the "new critics" of the 1950's and beyond.
		Oral Biblical Criticism: The Influence of the Principles of Orality on the Literature Structure of Paul's Epistle to the Philippians.
		Surveys and evaluates the course of critical theory as developed by the "new critics" in the US from 1960 to 1980.
	www.vanderbilt.edu /AnS/religious_studies/NTBib/narra.html (1002 words)

	Media Criticism and News Ethics
		But a new battle against the culture of the image is emerging.
		The News Media's Effort To Hide From Significant Truth: Instead of merely covering the way power is used and misused, news organizations have become part of the system of power.
		The Hidden Ideology of News: News stories contain implicit claims that are hidden forms of ideology.
	www.transparencynow.com /news/tableof.htm (323 words)

	New Criticism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		New Criticism was the dominant trend in English and American literarycriticism of the early twentieth century, from the 1920s to the early 1960s.
		Its adherents were emphatic intheir advocacy of close reading and attention to texts themselves, andtheir rejection of criticism based on extra-textual sources, especially biography.
		Richards's Practical Criticism is one of the most "theoretical" works of the New Criticism; that is, it is areflection on critical method.
	www.therfcc.org /new-criticism-18671.html (256 words)

	Poetry and New Criticism
		A formalist critical approach that dominated literary studies from the 1940s to the early 1960s.
		Although no longer current as a theory of criticism, New Criticism’s influence can still be felt in the methodology of close reading and in the emphasis on supplying concrete, specific examples from the text to support critical interpretations.
		The New Criticism (David Arnason, St.John's College, University of Manitoba)
	www.cnr.edu /home/bmcmanus/poetry1.html (452 words)

	TAP: Web Feature: New Criticism. by Michael Tomasky. October 30, 2003. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Wesley Clark, speaking on Tuesday to a liberal foreign-policy conference sponsored by the Prospect, the Center for American Progress (John Podesta's new outfit) and The Century Foundation, could have gone in any of several directions in attacking the Bush administration's foreign policy.
		He didn't ignore those issues entirely, but the heart of his attack came in the form of "a blistering review" (The New York Times' words) of the administration's actions prior to September 11.
		Clark, assaying pre-9-11 intelligence failures, said that responsibility for those failures can't be fobbed off on "lower-level intelligence officers," and he came within a few inches of saying outright that the Bush administration was responsible for the attacks having happened.
	www.prospect.org /webfeatures/2003/10/tomasky-m-10-30.html (961 words)

	Literary Criticism and Theory
		The databases are Contemporary Literary Criticism, Project Muse, World Shakespeare Bibliography, Biography Resource Center, MLA International Bibliography, and the Database of Award-Winning Children's Literature.
		After you have become familiar with the terms and concepts of literary criticism by reviewing the books and web guides you are now more prepared to start your research.
		To search for critical essays or journal articles on databases use subject headings or keywords with the terminology that is specific to the theory/criticism you are studying.
	www.lesley.edu /library/guides/research/litcrit.html (534 words)

	New Criticism and Poetry Anlysis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Basics of New Criticism -- class discussion from AP Seminar, June 2002
		Basics of New Criticism -- class discussion notes from AP Workshop, July 2000
		New Criticism Explained by a Prof from Southern Oregon
	virtual.clemson.edu /groups/dial/AP2000/newcrit.htm (143 words)

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