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Topic: New Economic Policy (Malaysia)

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	Malaysian New Economic Policy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Malaysian New Economic Policy (NEP or DEB for Dasar Ekonomi Baru in Malay) was an ambitious, though controversial, socio-economic restructuring program launched by the Malaysian government in 1971 under the then Prime Minister Tun Abdul Razak.
		Also, in 1969 Malaysia experienced her worse ever racial rioting, the NEP was also perceived as a means of preventing such outbreaks in future.
		Malaysia's New Economic Policy and "National Unity" presented by Jomo K. Sundaram at UNRISD conference in Durban, South Africa, 3 - 5 September 2001.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/New_Economic_Policy_(Malaysia) (1607 words)

	MSN Encarta - Malaysia
		Some 5 percent of Malaysia’s land is under cultivation for field crops and 18 percent is used for plantation agriculture.
		In 2001 Malaysia’s annual fish catch was 1.4 million metric tons, nearly all of it from ocean waters.
		Malaysia’s tin reserves rank among the largest in the world, although production has declined sharply, from about 70,000 metric tons of concentrates in the early 1970s to about 3,359 in 2003.
	ca.encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761558542_5/Malaysia.html (466 words)

	Malaysian Economic Policy and FDI. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Malaysia is among the top five recipients of foreign direct investment in the world and while in recent years it has come mainly from other Asian countries, 1993 saw the US as the biggest inward investor with RM1.7 billion.
		Economic development in Malaysia was first built on the basis of Import Substitution, indicated by the large shift of GNP distribution from agricultural sectors to manufacturing sectors.
		Malaysia aims for the year 2000 to have at least 1.6% of GDP spent on R&D and is predicting that at least 40% will come from the private sector.
	www.geocities.com /TimesSquare/1848/malay.html (3440 words)

	Malaysia - Atlapedia Online (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		West Malaysia is bound by Thailand to the north, the South China Sea to the east, Singapore to the south and the Strait of Malacca to the west.
		East Malaysia is bound by Indonesia to the south, the South China Sea to the west and north, and the Sulu Sea to the northeast.
		The principal rivers of East Malaysia are the Rajang, Baram, Lupar, Limbang, Kinabatangan and Padas.
	www.atlapedia.com /online/countries/malaysia.htm (1455 words)

	OVERVIEW OF THE NEW ECONOMIC POLICY AND FRAMEWORK FOR THE POST-1990 ECONOMIC POLICY* Malaysian Institute of Economic ...
		Weaknesses in the economic structure became apparent after the recession in 1985: the narrow industrial base; the dependence on commodities that continues to be threatened by growing competition from neighbouring countries; the problem of graduate unemployment and the skills gap; the low indigenous technological development and the problem of an over sized public sector.
		The role of his new economic configuration in the region depends on the impact of investment and trade and responses of its regional entities to adjustment pressures in the coming decades within the context of global restructuring.
		Population policy should be one of supporting for slower growth and should not be pronatalist, if it is to contribute to the doubling of the per capita income of the country and to closing the racial income imbalances and to improve the distribution of income.
	mgv.mim.edu.my /MMR/8908/890804.Htm (15872 words)

	Malaysian New Economic Policy biography .ms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The Malaysian New Economic Policy is a controversial economic policy first implemented by the Malaysian government lead by Tun Abdul Razak in 1971.
		Originally planned to end in 1999, the NEP is currently in its eighth incarnation and is scheduled to run until the year 2010.
		Over time, the share of the national wealth owned by the non-Bumiputra races has increased beyond the 40% mark in spite of the policies implemented under the NEP However, this represents an aggregation of the non-Bumiputra population and certain segments of the population live in direst poverty, particularly much of the Malaysian Indian.
	malaysian-new-economic-policy.biography.ms (1231 words)

	History of South East Asia
		Malaysia’s history since World War II has been primarily the story of the reassertion of Malay primacy without precipitating serious racial discord.
		The new nation was a delicate exercise in ethnic arithmetic.
		The opening of new economic opportunities and the solid rise in prosperity helped mollify those non-Bumiputeras who had feared NEP and who still disliked many of its features, notably the level of government control over business and the favouritism shown towards Malays in areas such as education and employment.
	www.aseanfocus.com /publications/history_malaysia.html (7825 words)

	NBR.com - Where America Turns for Business News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The Prime Minister cites the economic progress of the past 30 years as evidence against the charge that the New Economic Policy stunted economic growth.
		On April 18, 2002, he told a news conference that the stabilizing Japanese yen will not pressure the ringgit to be devalued.” He added that the yen would have to weaken to 140 to the greenback for the government to review the ringgit peg.
		(Malaysia adopted a fixed exchange rate at RM 3.80 to the dollar at the height of the Asian economic crisis in September 1998 to insulate the ringgit from manipulation by currency traders).
	www.nightlybusiness.org /Asia/video10d.htm (1170 words)

	Search Preview on вЂњBumiputera is the winner of the MalaysiaвЂ™s New Economic Policy.вЂќ Discuss
		Monetary Policy The sub par performance of the U. The Federal Reserve expects economic activity to strengthen later this year and in 2004, in part because of the accommodative stance of monetary policy and the broad-based improvement in financial conditions.
		Fiscal policy is the part of government policy, which is concerned with raising revenue through taxation and with deciding on the amounts with purposes of increasing or decreasing government spending....
		One of the key economic policies governments focus on, or use to achieve their desired goal of a stable and growing economy is monetary policy.
	www.learnessays.com /free_search/%E2%80%9CBumiputera_is_the_winner_of_the_Malaysia%E2%80%99s_New_Economic_Policy.%E2%80%9D_Discuss/1.html (994 words)

	MALAYSIA
		Policies related to programmes for better accessibility to education, better social welfare benefits, equitable distribution of economic cake and social services, improved contribution of agricultural sector to the economy and planned diversification of the nation's industrial base remained important features of the government's long term plan.
		Consequently the New Economic Policy (NEP) was formulated and implemented in 1970, which necessitated an even bigger role for the government in terms of its size, involvement and expenditure.
		The concept of the Malaysia Incorporated which was announced by the Prime Minister of Malaysia in 1983 is one of the major strategies for national economic growth based on the underlying philosophy that cooperation and collaboration between Government and business is essential for an accelerated industrial development.
	unpan1.un.org /intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan000219.html (5192 words)

	Search Preview on Bumiputera is the winner of the Malaysia s New Economic Policy Discuss
		MALAYSIA IS BORN The first prime minister of the new nation was Tunku Abdul Rahman.
		Malaysia is a very diverse country and the legends and myths that surround its already fascinating and interesting background makes Malaysia a must to visit for tourist all over the world.
		Malaysia is one of the most ethnically and religiously diverse nations in the world today, with all of the worlds major religions, as well as major Asian ethnic groups, represented.
	www.learnessays.com /free_search/Bumiputera_is_the_winner_of_the_Malaysia_s_New_Economic_Policy_Discuss/1.html (1018 words)

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	OnlineWomen: Malaysia
		Malaysia has a land area that consists of two major parts: the Peninsular Malaysia and East Malaysia, separated at the nearest by 500 kilometers of the South China Sea.
		Malaysia was a mix of people from many races and cultures, and uniting them under a common flag was not an easy enterprise.
		Malaysia's New Economic Policy (1970-1990), according to the CIDA, emphasized poverty alleviation and the promotion of ethnic Malays by favoring greater participation of Malays in education, commercial activities and government agencies.
	www.onlinewomeninpolitics.org /malaysia/malaymain.htm (1052 words)

	Malaysian New Economic Plan
		In the 1960s, Malaysia began its first stage of Import Substitution Industrialization, which consisted of high tariffs to motivate domestic investment, the underpricing of fuel and utilities to keep production costs down and tax and interest rate breaks to pioneer industries.
		Because of this, the Malaysian government implemented their “New Economic Policy” in 1971, which had the goal of redistributing the wealth to increase the ownership of enterprise by Malays from the then 4% to 30% of the total capital.
		As a result of the NEP, combined with the economic growth led by ISI, there was a dramatic increase in national pride and the participation of Malays in the economy.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/malaysian_new_economic_plan (546 words)

	Index of Economic Freedom 2005 - Malaysia
		The nationalist rhetoric and economic policies of his predecessor, Mahathir bin Mohammad, were frequently obstacles to economic growth.
		This restriction, known as the New Economic Policy (NEP), raised the living standards of the ethnic Malay majority, but not the country as a whole; instead, many economists believe that the NEP inhibited foreign investment.
		Malaysia’s fiscal burden of government and informal market scores are 0.5 point better this year, and its government intervention score is 1 point better.
	www.heritage.org /research/features/index/country.cfm?id=Malaysia (953 words)

	New Economic Policy -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		the economic policy of the government of the Soviet Union from 1921 to 1928, representing a temporary retreat from its previous policy of extreme centralization and doctrinaire socialism.
		The policy of War Communism, in effect since 1918, had by 1921 brought the national economy to the point of total breakdown.
		Includes information on the general economic climate, employment situation, and the performance of the domestic and export sectors.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article?tocId=9055456&query=new (971 words)

	TIMEasia Magazine: Malaysia - Archives
		With the N.E.P. expiring at year's end, the 142-member New Economic Consultative Council, convened 20 months ago by the government, is formulating a recommendation due later this month on whether the program should be continued.
		To administer and enforce the pro-bumiputra policies, the N.E.P. has spawned a huge government bureaucracy that, according to critics, practices old-fashioned political cronyism and patronage in the name of social justice.
		Malaysia is Southeast Asia's most prosperous country after Singapore, with a per capita GNP of more than $2,000.
	www.time.com /time/asia/2003/mahathir/mahathir900820.html (948 words)

	Keranamu Malaysia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		By the end of the 1990's, the New Economic Policy and its successor, the New Development Policy begun in 1991, had done much to eliminate racial tensions.
		Malaysia's economy had grown at a robust rate for two decades, and rapid economic growth had brought prosperity to all racial groups in the country.
		Government leaders announced a new goal called "Vision 2020," which aimed to make Malaysia a fully developed nation with a high standard of living by 2020.
	www.snecx.com /web/ertimerdeka/hist_new.html (229 words)

	Harvard University Press/Environment and Development in a Resource-Rich Economy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Malaysia interests development practitioners for many reasons, not least because of its remarkably rich natural environment.
		Environment and Development in a Resource-Rich Economy provides an invaluable analysis of major natural resource and environmental policy issues in the country during the 1970s and 1980s--a period of profound socioeconomic changes, rapid depletion of natural resources, and the emergence of serious air and water pollution problems.
		What is path-breaking about this book is its emphasis on economics as a source of concepts and methods for analyzing natural resource and environmental issues and policy responses.
	www.hup.harvard.edu /catalog/VINENV.html (171 words)

	Dump new economic policy, says RSS- The Times of India (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		NEW DELHI: In an emphatic thumbs down to the pro-privatisation sections in the government, RSS chief K Sudershan said on Wednesday that those attempting to "ape the west" and open the economy to foreign investors should be removed from key posts.
		Describing the morning meeting with his colleagues at Joshi's residence as an "exchange of ideas", he said that the issue of divestment in sectors like oil and defence had been under dicussion in the government for over a month now and the Prime Minister would call a meeting soon to evolve a consensus.
		Sangh outfits have been attacking the Centre's economic policy, with the Swadeshi Jagran Manch, Bharatiya Kisan Sangh and Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh launching a nationwide agitation.
	timesofindia.indiatimes.com /articleshow/23989481.cms (503 words)

	Reducing Income Disparity for Stability and Development: Malaysia's Experience - Storming Media
		Abstract: Malaysia, a plural nation comprising of the indigenous Malays (Bumiputeras), and the immigrant Chinese and Indians bas embarked on a unique program called the 'New Economic Policy' (NEP) to ensure a fairer share of wealth, income, prosperity and opportunities between the ethnic groups.
		The policy makers planned to reduce poverty amongst the entire population, especially the rural poor.
		The NEP was an appropriate policy for plural Malaysia as it kept the nation prosperous, peaceful and economically successful since the 70s whereby Malaysia had enjoyed peace and prosperity with average annual growth of nearly 7%.
	www.stormingmedia.us /79/7955/A795504.html (349 words)

	The Hopeful Bootstrapper » Blog Archive » New Economic Policy
		Non-bumis live under widespread and considerable electoral, economic, educational and even religious restrictions and also have to live with the risk of racially motivated stirring from malay politicians who could put one nation to shame.
		This Malaysia, a land where racism is used to justify racism, is Mahathir’s creation and if that isn’t the pot calling the kettle fl, then I need a new palette.
		Instead, we should consider it equally among other possibilities, such as the government’s policies creating a feeling of unfair treatment despite the premise that we are all equal as citizens of Malaysia.
	bootstrapper.net /posts/new-economic-policy (1432 words)

	Managing Natural Wealth
		The remarkably rich natural environment of Malaysia attracts the interest of both industry and the environmental community.
		Managing Natural Wealth analyzes major natural resource and environmental policy issues in the country during the 1970s and 1980s—a period of profound socioeconomic change, rapid depletion of natural resources, and the emergence of serious problems with pollution.
		First published in hardcover in 1997, this pathbreaking book emphasized economics as a source for analyzing the issues involved in environmental and natural resource management in developing countries.
	www.rff.org /rff/rff_press/bookdetail.cfm?outputID=8041 (197 words)

	Publisher description for Library of Congress control number 2004014820 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Managing Natural Wealth analyzes major natural resource and environmental policy issues in the country during the 1970s and 1980s -- a period of profound socioeconomic change, rapid depletion of natural resources, and the emergence of serious problems with pollution.
		First published in hardcover in 1997, this path-breaking book emphasized economics as a source for analyzing the issues involved in environmental and natural resource management in Malaysia.
		Managing Natural Wealth includes a review of key developments since the 1990s by S. Robert Aiken and Colin H. Leigh, two geographers with a long-standing interest in environmental change in Malaysia and an understanding of the institutional context of its environmental policy that is unmatched in the scholarly community.
	www.loc.gov /catdir/description/jhu051/2004014820.html (254 words)

	Market, Government and Malaysia's New Economic Policy
		Leading economic institutions such as the World Bank have argued that liberalisation holds the key to growth, poverty alleviation and redistribution.
		Using Malaysia as an example, this paper argues that growth, poverty alleviation and redistribution in the country was achieved under circumstances of both interventionist policies as well as market coordination.
		Throughout the New Economic Policy (NEP) period (1970-90), strong incentives were offered to both the import-substitution and export-oriented manufacturing sectors, and the state made strong forays into the market to redress poverty and inequality.
	www.unites.uqam.ca /ideas/data/Articles/oupcambjev:25:y:2001:i:1:p:57-78.html (222 words)

	Malaysia Economic Policy and T (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Malaysia has a substantially open foreign exchange regime.
		Malaysia's debt service ratio declined from a peak of 18.9 percent of
		Malaysia, of which 60 percent are enterprise-level unions, and twelve
	www.gips.org /SDGI/WalnutPages/socialstudies/Dragon/Malaysia.html (2996 words)

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