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Topic: New Laws of 1542

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Conquistador

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	Laws
		Commentaries on the Laws of England The Commentaries on the Laws of England is an influential 18th century treatise on t...
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		Shield laws Shield laws are laws that are passed by some states in order to protect the reporters' right to keep their s...
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /topics/laws.html (1036 words)

	International law - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		International treaty law is comprised of obligations states expressly and voluntarily accept between themselves in treaties.
		Some people assert that international law developed to deal with the new states arising, others claim that the lack of influence of the Pope and the Catholic church gave rise to the need for new generally-accepted codes.
		He suggested this in his The New Cyneas (1623), choosing Venice to be the selected city for all of the representatives to meet, and suggested that the Pope should preside over the meeting.
	open-encyclopedia.com /International_law (1808 words)

	New Laws - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		During the Spanish colonization of the Americas, the New Laws of 1542 were created to prevent the exploitation of the indigenous people by the encomenderos.
		They were enforced by Blasco Núñez Vela, the first viceroy of Peru, who quickly became unpopular among the encomenderos and fled to Quito to escape a large revolt.
		Spaniards and their descendants already involved in such activities in the New World were often in conflict with the New Laws and their implementation.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/New_Laws_of_1542 (173 words)

	Conquistador. Who is Conquistador? What is Conquistador? Where is Conquistador? Definition of Conquistador. Meaning of ...
		Conquistador (meaning "Conqueror" in the Spanish language) is the term used to refer to the soldiers, explorers, and adventurers who brought much of the Americas under the control of Spain in the 15th through the 17th century.
		The leaders of these expeditions are called conquistadores, a name that denotes that they felt connected with the reconquista, the Christian (re)conquest of the Iberian peninsula from the Muslim Moors (711-1492).
		In 1542, New Spanish colonial laws were made to protect Indians, known as the New Laws of 1542.
	www.knowledgerush.com /kr/encyclopedia/Conquistador (595 words)

	International law (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Sinceinternational law increasingly governs much more than merely relations between sovereign states, it may be better defined as law decided and enforced at the international, as opposed tonational level.
		Some people assert that international law developed to deal with the new states arising, others claim that the lack ofinfluence of the Pope and the Catholic church gave rise to the need for new generally-accepted codes.
		International Law continued to develop with the colonization of the New World, the American Revolution, the French Revolution, the Napoleonic Wars,and on into the 20th century.
	www.therfcc.org /international-law-311.html (1682 words)

	Conquistador - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Genoese Columbus's discovery of the New World in 1492 afforded Spain a headstart in Colonization of the Americas, i.e.
		North, South America, continental Central and the Caribbean regions; the whole area was designated the West Indies, as the explorers originally presumed they had reached the (inexistent) Atlantic coast of the Asia-Pacific Far East, which was being reached and soon colonized as 'East Indies', notably the archipelago of the Philippines and Guam.
		In 1542, new Spanish colonial laws known as the New Laws of 1542 were passed to protect the rights of Native inhabitants.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/conquistador (928 words)

	Incas and Conquistadors (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The New Laws were remarkably pro-native, forbidding any kind of native slavery and allowing encomiendas to be reviewed and removed from abusive Spaniards.
		Of most concern to the Spanish settlers, however, was the ruling that there were to be no further grants of encomiendas and that existing encomiendas were to revert to the Crown on the death of the current holder.
		He applied the New Laws vigorously, provoking the settlers at every opportunity and causing general unrest.
	www.hc09.dial.pipex.com /incas/conquest-1542.html (385 words)

	Encyclopedia: Gonzalo Pizarro
		He was also one of the most corrupt, brutal and ruthless conquistadors in the New World.
		The New World is one of the names used for the continents of North and South America and adjacent islands collectively, in use since the 16th century.
		In law, treason is the crime of disloyalty to ones nation.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Gonzalo-Pizarro (1393 words)

	Antonio de Mendoza - Wikipedia
		Having traveled to what is today New Mexico, he told of a gleaming city that local Indians described as only the smallest of the seven.
		Thanks to the efforts of the great reforming clergyman Bartolomé de las Casas, the so-called New Laws of 1542-43 were decreed for the colonies.
		Hearing that attempted implementation of the New Laws in Peru had caused a civil war, Mendoza elected to withhold them.
	ms.wikipedia.org /wiki/Antonio_de_Mendoza (631 words)

	Historical Text Archive: Articles: Repartimiento
		After the New Laws were passed the repartimiento referred to the allocation of the labor force while the tributes paid by the labor force is referred to as the encomienda.
		Therefore, a new system had to be established to allow the Spanish colonists to control the Indian population, to assist in the conversion of the Native population to the Catholic Church, and to take full advantage of the untouched silver and gold mines that filled the inlands of Latin America.
		In the New Laws, which came about due to the inhumane treatment of the Native populations, Spain decreed that no longer would the Indians be subjected to unchecked aggression of the encomenderos.
	historicaltextarchive.com /sections.php?op=viewarticle&artid=637 (4088 words)

	New Lenox - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about New Lenox (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		New Lenox lies on the Lincoln Highway, 10 km/6 mi east-southeast of Joliet.
		New Lenox was founded in the 1820s, the first European settlement in the Hickory Creek area, which hitherto had been the site of many long-established American Indian villages.
		This information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /New+Lenox (127 words)

	ARARA :: issue 6 [New Peoples, New Lands]
		It was accepted that, in accordance with the principles of natural law, which were deeply embedded in medieval Christian society, the indigenous populations of the Indies were free peoples, entitled to full rights of liberty and property.
		These early years in the history of New Spain were characterized, at least in certain quarters, by a highly positive, and indeed optimistic, evaluation of the capacity of the indigenous inhabitants, and of their aptitude for Christianity.
		Reports of the New Laws led to rumblings in New Spain, where viceroy Mendoza thought it prudent to suspend their application, and to open revolt among the conquerors and settlers of Peru.
	www2.essex.ac.uk /arthistory/arara/issue_six/paper1.html (4873 words)

	New Lebanon - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about New Lebanon
		Rural town in Columbia County, southeastern New York State; population (1990) 2,400.
		In the 19th century, the town was home to a branch of the Shaker sect, and the Mount Lebanon Shaker Village here has been restored as a visitor centre.
		New Lebanon was the birthplace of the Democratic politician Samuel Jones Tilden (1814–86).
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /New+Lebanon (130 words)

	Bibliography - New Spain
		Hanke extends his analysis of the debate to consider the 1573 law redefining conquest as "pacification" and its implications for subsequent theories of race relations.
		This comprehensive study addresses the sermons of Friar Antonio de Montesinos, the Laws of Burgos, the Requerimiento [Requirement], various 16th century social experiments in peaceful conversion, and the encomienda system and its partial abolishment through the New Laws.
		This comprehensive analysis of the work of Vitoria is given a historical context in introductory chapters on the era of discovery and on the historical background of the Spanish school.
	www.lehigh.edu /~ineng/justification/MAP/new_spain/bibliography.htm (2089 words)

	Modern History Sourcebook: The New Laws of the Indies, 1542
		The Laws and ordinances newly made by His Majesty for the government of the Indies and good treatment and preservation of the Indians created a set of pro-Indian laws - so pro-Indian that they some had to be revoked in Mexico and in Peru due to settler opposition.
		This is to be their chief care, that on which we principally desire them to report, and in which they can best serve us.
		From The New Laws of the Indies, ed.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/mod/1542newlawsindies.html (533 words)

	Peru -> History on Encyclopedia.com 2002 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		However, the New Laws were never administered for the benefit of the native peoples.
		Fearing the power of the new state, Chile intervened militarily and the confederation was terminated (1839) after the battle of Yungay.
		In 1993 voters approved a new constitution that allowed Fujimori to run for a second consecutive term; he was easily reelected in 1995, and his party won a large majority in the new congress.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/section/peru_history.asp (2585 words)

	The Las Casas-Sepúlveda Controversy: 1550-1551
		Neither the Laws of Burgos nor the Sublimis Deus, however, had the impact, in Spain and in Spanish America, of the 1542 New Laws.
		Although the cloudy atmosphere of the Las Casas-Sepúlveda controversy eventually faded as the Spanish presence in the New World became permanent, the questions raised in the debate, though in modified form, continued to have an impact on colonial life.
		Lewis Hanke, All Mankind is One: A study of the Disputation Between Bartolomé de Las Casas and Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda in 1550 on the Intellectual and Religious Capacity of the American Indian (Illinois: Northern Illinois University Press, 1974), 67.
	userwww.sfsu.edu /~epf/2001/hernandez.html (5504 words)

	Definition of Toledo Reforms
		The years 1533-1569 were considered the years of crisis and turmoil in New Spain.
		The problems that emerged during this time were the New Laws of 1542 that were established by Blasco Núñez Vela and the weakening of the encomienda system.
		These laws were established to put an end to Amerindian slavery and to end the economic exploitation of the Amerindians by the establishment of a fair taxation system.
	www.wordiq.com /definition/Toledo_Reforms (436 words)

	OLD WORLD PRIESTS IN THE NEW WORLD:
		in 1540, which was largely responsible for the crown introducing the New Laws of the Indies in 1542 to curb colonial atrocities, Las Casas was given the bishopric of Chiapas.
		The crux of the controversy was the reduction of the encomienda, for the laws forbade any new encomienda grants, refused encomenderos to bequeath their grants to their heirs, and ordered all ecclesiastics to relinquish their encomiendas.
		Las Casas pushed the Humanist line that Spanish behaviour in America was wholly contrary to the natural “Law of Nations” that views all people as equal and free to make their own decisions based on their own rationality.
	www.geocities.com /sydsmrg/Perkins-R_Priests_in_New_World.htm (5560 words)

	Peru Colonial Administration
		Therefore, it moved quickly to quell the civil disturbances that had racked Peru immediately after the conquest and to decree the New Laws of 1542, which deprived the encomenderos and their heirs of their rights to native American goods and services.
		They were charged at the provincial level with the administration of justice, control of commercial relations between native Americans and Spaniards, and the collection of the tribute tax.
		As the crown's political authority was consolidated in the second half of the sixteenth century, so too was its ability to regulate and control the colonial economy.
	www.country-studies.com /peru/colonial-administration.html (593 words)

	wikien.info: Main_Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Conquistador (meaning "Conqueror" in the Spanish language) is the term used to refer to the soldiers, explorers, and adventurers who brought much of the Americas under Spanish rule between the 15th and 17th centuries.
		Columbus's discovery of the New World in 1492 afforded Spain a headstart in Colonization of the Americas.
		The leaders of Spanish expeditions to the New World called themselves conquistadores, a name derived from reconquista, the Christian desire to (re)conquer the Iberian peninsula from the Muslim Moors (711-1492).
	www.alanaditescili.net /index.php?title=Conquistador (633 words)

	Conquistador (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Conquistador (meaning "Conqueror" in the Spanishlanguage) is the term used to refer to the soldiers, explorers, and adventurers who brought much of the Americas under the control of Spain in the 15th through the 17thcentury.
		The first settlement on the mainland was Darién in Panama, settled by Vasco Núñez de Balboa in 1512.
		In 1542, New Spanish colonial laws,known as the New Laws of 1542, were made to protect Indians.
	www.therfcc.org /conquistador-47197.html (554 words)

	Hans P. Kraus Collection of Hispanic American manuscripts; a guide, by J. Benedict Warren: a machine-readable ...
		Among the manuscripts are contemporary colonial writings that document exploration of the New World, the government of New Spain, the workings of the Inquisition, taxation, economic conditions in the colonies, Spanish relationships with the Indians and the French, and the loss of parts of the Spanish Empire to American encroachment.
		The Queen had been informed that, although the sons of the Indian nobility and the Indian girls were being educated well in the monasteries and by the pious women, respectively, their parents gave them over unwillingly or hid them, and it had been suggested that they be taken away and put in the schools.
		Because the King felt that greater temperance should be shown in a new land and greater emphasis placed upon good example and avoidance of scandal, he charges them not to excommunicate for slight reasons and not to impose pecuniary fines on laymen.
	lcweb2.loc.gov /master/gc/gcesp/0013/0013.sgm (17701 words)

	The New Mexico Genealogical Society
		The New Mexico Genealogical Society has been working on the extraction of sacramental records from the registers of the Archives of the Archdiocese of Santa Fe since 1974.
		New Mexico Genealogical Society members who work on the project of extracting the material from the registers are careful with the material and expert at translating the information recorded.
		The Archdiocese of Santa Fe is proud to be associated with this project and is extremely grateful to the New Mexico Genealogical Society for undertaking this important task to preserve the history of New Mexico and its people.
	www.nmgs.org /bksA16-19.htm (1303 words)

	AllRefer.com - encomienda (Latin American History) - Encyclopedia
		Transplanted to the New World, it gave the conquistador control over the native populations by requiring them to pay tribute from their lands, which were "granted" to deserving subjects of the Spanish crown.
		This resulted in efforts by the Spanish king and the Dominican order to suppress encomiendas, but the need of the conquerors to reward their supporters led to de facto recognition of the practice.
		The crown prevented the encomienda from becoming hereditary, and with the New Laws (1542) promulgated by Las Casas, the system gradually died out, to be replaced by the repartimiento and finally debt peonage.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/E/encomien.html (350 words)

	Hans P. Kraus Collection (Library of Congress Special Collections) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		In 1969 Hans P. Kraus, New York publisher and rare book dealer, presented to the Library of Congress a collection of 162 manuscripts relating to the history of Spanish America during the colonial period, 1492 to 1819.
		From the archives begun by Juan de Zumárraga, first bishop of Mexico, there are royal decrees and related papers dating from 1527 to 1660 that include the signatures of Emperor Charles V, his wife Isabella of Portugal, their children King Philip II and Juana, and Cardinal García de Loaysa.
		Another set of documents pertains to the sixteenth-century civil administration of the Spanish Indies and throws light on the preparation of the New Laws of 1542 and the career of Bartolomé de Las Casas.
	www.loc.gov /spcoll/139.html (281 words)

	Page 5: Confesionario: Avisos y Reglas Para Confesores
		[3] But even before the New Laws were promulgated, his enemies moved to get him away from court, insisting that it was his duty to accept a bishopric and help enforce the new ordinances.
		His friends impressed on him that, by accepting the miter, he would automatically be free from the vow of obedience and could use the ecclesiastical arm to enforce the New Laws.
		His action aroused much enmity against him, but he was indifferent: the text of the New Laws was explicit, leaving no opening for false implementation.
	www.opwest.org /Archive/2003/200303_OriqueThesis/200303_05_OriqueThesis.htm (1892 words)

	Miscegenation and Racism: Afro-Mexicans in Colonial Mexico
		Nobody knows when the first African slaves came to Mexico, or New Spain as it was called, but their numbers grew in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.
		As a result of the demographic collapse of the Indian population, the Spanish Crown progged on by clerics enacted the New Laws in 1542-1543 to protect Indians form exploitation.
		The New Laws, a series of decrees, banned the use of Indians to engage in dangerous labor.
	www.theblacklist.net /Afro-Mexicans.htm (8501 words)

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