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Topic: New Netherland

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	A Brief Outline of the History of New Netherland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Although merchants came to New Netherland for business purposes, the area was not colonized and at the end of the three year period the company's monopoly was not renewed.
		In 1655 New Netherland defeated New Sweden and occupied the Swedish stronghold, Fort Christiana (Wilmington).
		In fact, in 1658 when one of these New Netherland Jews, named David de Ferrera, was given a overly harsh punishment for a minor offence, it took the intervention of an important Jewish stockholder in the company, Joseph d'Acosta, to have the punishment reduced.
	www.coins.nd.edu /ColCoin/ColCoinIntros/NNHistory.html (4532 words)

	New Netherland Institute - Home Page
		The New Netherland Project was established under the sponsorship of the New York State Library and the Holland Society of New York.
		Its primary objective is to complete the transcription, translation, and publication of all Dutch documents in New York repositories relating to the seventeenth-century colony of New Netherland.
		The Project is supported by the New York State Library, the National Endowment for the Humanities, and the New Netherland Institute.
	www.nnp.org (148 words)

	The New Netherland
		In 1621, a new trading firm was established, the Dutch West India Company, which was more willing to capitalize on the resources of North America than the East India Company had been.
		In 1626, the settlement of New Amsterdam was established at the mouth of the Hudson River.
		Meanwhile, English settlers were expanding into the New Netherland, forcing the Dutch out of New Hope in the Connecticut Valley and establishing new settlements on Long Island.
	www.u-s-history.com /pages/h561.html (868 words)

	New Netherland Dutch
		That regional entity was known as New Netherland.
		Flourishing demographically, the New Netherland Dutch thus became the core settler stock for most early New York communities in the New York City area, and upriver, particularly in Kingston, Schenectady, and Beverwyck.They also were the primary population source for Rensselaerswyck.
		By 1664, eighty-two New Netherland family groups were present in the stockaded village of Albany.
	www.nysm.nysed.gov /albany/nnd.html (889 words)

	Colonial New York
		The English claimed New Netherland on the ground of the Cabot discoveries; and Charles II now, 1664, coolly gave the entire country, from the Connecticut to the Delaware, to his brother James, Duke of York, ignoring the claims of the Dutch colony, and even disregarding his own charter of two years before the younger Winthrop.
		New York now became a royal colony, and the new king, who at heart despised popular government, refused to sign the Charter of Liberties, abolished the New York assembly, and sent Andros to govern the colony as consolidated with New England and New Jersey.
		News of the accession of William and Mary and of the imprisonment of Andros at Boston created a great excitement in New York; and the militia, led by Jacob Leisler, a German merchant, took possession of the government.
	www.usahistory.info /colonies/New-York.html (2939 words)

	New Netherland - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A private commercial venture since patents were issued by the States General in 1614, New Netherland became a province of the Dutch Republic in 1624.
		New Netherland as a province, so founded in 1624, comprised the modern day New York Tri-State area with Manhattan as its locus and extended, however, to just south of the Delaware Bay to Cape Henlopen and east of the Connecticut River to include Cape Cod, named New Holland by Henry Hudson in 1609.
		New Netherland was thus destined to become the State General’s stepchild until 1654 when it had surrendered Dutch Brazil, obtained through conquest from the Portuguese in 1630.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/New_Netherland (2730 words)

	New Amsterdam - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		New Amsterdam (Dutch: Nieuw Amsterdam) was the name of the 17th century fortified settlement in the New Netherland territory (1614-1674) of which legal possession as a North American province of the Dutch Republic was taken in 1624 through physical settlement by the Dutch West India Company under the auspices of the States General.
		New Netherland was ceded permanently to the English in November 1674 in the Treaty of Westminster.
		New Netherland was provisionally ceded by director-general Peter Stuyvesant to the English in a surprise incursion on September 24, 1664 when the two European nations were at peace.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/New_Amsterdam (2174 words)

	New Jersey History
		And the Dutch were slowly colonizing New Netherland, a vast tract of land extending from Connecticut south to Maryland - land that the English considered to be their own.
		New Netherland was positioned between the existing English settlements in New England and their settlements in Maryland south through the Carolinas.
		This general area of eastern New Jersey was settled almost entirely by immigration from olde New England (Massachusetts, Connecticut and Long Island), until the beginning of a Scottish migration that lasted from 1681 to 1687.
	users.erols.com /kadekds/NewJerseyHistoryw.html (5083 words)

	Slavery in New York
		Free fls in New Netherland were trusted to serve in the militias, and slaves, given arms, helped to defend the settlement during the desperate Indian war of 1641-44.
		The population already was racially mixed, and slavery in New York at first was passed down not exactly by race, but by matrilineal inheritance: the child of a male slave and a free woman was free, the child of a female slave and a free man was a slave.
		New Yorkers were treated to a round of grisly spectacles as Negroes were burned alive, racked and broken on the wheel, and gibbeted alive in chains.
	www.slavenorth.com /newyork.htm (2254 words)

	Manhattan, New York City, neighborhood profile
		New Amsterdam’s significance, therefore, lies in the fact that it gave rise to what would become the most diverse city in the world, and the nation’s largest municipality―itself a legal concept introduced, in 1653, in New Amsterdam.
		Having so saved the New Netherland culture from destruction, the political power of a minority among the majority was soon to transform, over time, the region from a utilitarian community based on the values of a republic and the Dutch language to a class society based on royal values and the English language.
		In 1873, the western portion of the present Bronx County was transferred to New York County, and in 1895 the remainder of the present Bronx County was transferred to New York County.
	www.newyorkcity-realestate.com /citytour/NY/Manhattan.php (1190 words)

	New York State Senate >> About the Senate >> Historical Timeline
		New England colonies are combined by King James II into the Dominion of New England, and Edmund Andros is appointed governor of this area.
		New York's Royal Governor William Tryon, appointed to the position in 1771, is forced to leave New York City and stay on a British warship anchored in the harbor.
		The New York State Constitution is adopted by the Convention of Representatives of the State of New York and read from the Kingston Courthouse in Kingston, New York.
	www.senate.state.ny.us /sws/aboutsenate/timeline.html (3416 words)

	Maps - Fordham University Libraries
		This plate was engraved in 1650 based on a 1648 manuscript map that accompanied a 1649 petition on the New Netherland Commonalty delivered by Adriaen van der Donck to the States General (the governing body of the Dutch Republic).
		This concept was far removed from New Netherland's original claim that included control of both sides of the Delaware River and the Connecticut River in order to thus secure the fur trade for itself.
		Allard erased the view from the plate in 1673 and etched an entirely new view (the Restitutio View) on it to celebrate the retaking of New Netherland by a fleet of 21 ships under the command of Cornelis Evertsen who retook New York for the Dutch by disembarking 600 soldiers on August 23, 1673.
	www.library.fordham.edu /maps/maplisting.html (2995 words)

	From Revolution to Reconstruction: Essays: The United States of America and the Netherlands: Nieuw Nederland - New ...
		New Netherland could not compete with such profits: the Indians' beaver skins paled next to the more impressive wealth of gold and silver.
		The result of all this was an increase in population from an estimated 2,000 in 1648 to 10,000 in 1660.
		The British in New England and Virginia, on either side of New Netherland, continued to outnumber the Dutch at least four to one.
	odur.let.rug.nl /~usa/E/newnetherlands/nl4.htm (1007 words)

	Money Substitutes in New Netherland and Early New York
		Throughout the New Netherland records several cases exist where a defendant was contracted to pay in beaver or other commodity but could not obtain the specified commodity and so offered to pay the plaintiff in wampum.
		Events in New Netherland during the fall of 1658 called for immediate action and although it seems to have been unknown to the directors, when they composed their February 1659 reply, the action they called for had already been taken months before.
		The directors felt the New Englanders were robbing the company of their revenues by exporting the beavers and at the same time causing problems for New Netherland by bringing into the colony excessive quantities of wampum, which the directors stated, "is a currency utterly valueless, except among New Netherland Indians only." (Laws p.
	www.nd.edu /~rarebook/coins/ColCoin/ColCoinIntros/NNWampum.htmlOLD (20345 words)

	Settlement of New York
		New Netherland was governed successively by Peter Minuet, Walter Van Twiller, William Kieft, and Peter Stuyvesant, who were sent out by the Dutch West India Company, and whose rule extended from 1626 to 1664.
		The manner in which New Netherland was settled by the Dutch was quite different from that of New England.
		As a proof of the bad governorship of New York, it may be said that there is good reason to believe that one of its rulers was interested with the pirates who infested the coast.
	colonialancestors.com /ny/settlement.htm (1032 words)

	[No title]
		In New Netherlands, "The appointment of the schout was the right of the Amsterdam Chamber of the West India Company, and he reported directly to the Company.
		However, the settlement was not considered large enough to warrant a minister, and Bastien Krol returned to New Netherland with power to baptize and marry, provided he used the liturgy of the church in his services.
		New Amsterdam had begun its history in 1626 as a frontier settlement under the control of the West India Company, a Dutch commercial enterprise whose ventures included slave-trading posts in Africa and colonies in Brazil and New Netherland.
	www.lycos.com /info/new-netherland--new-amsterdam.html (902 words)

	New York
		Dutch immigration to New Netherland was slow compared to other North American colonies because they were a wealthy people and few wanted to leave the comfort of their homes for the dangers of living among warring tribes.
		Their alliance with the Iroquois whose territories spanned Northern New York effectively kept the French at bay but they were powerless to stop the Swedes from settling at the mouth of the Delaware River or to prevent the New England colonists from pressing south to occupy the Connecticut valley and the shores of Long Island.
		Resenting the wedge between the New England and the southern colonies, the English refused to recognize the Dutch claim to New Netherland and in 1664, King Charles II gave his brother, the Duke of York, all the land between the Hudson and Connecticut Rivers.
	www.great-adventures.com /destinations/usa/new_york/newyork.html (2045 words)

	AllRefer.com - New Netherland, United States (Miscellaneous U.S. Geography) - Encyclopedia
		New Netherland, territory included in a commercial grant by the government of Holland to the Dutch West India Company in 1621.
		The principal settlement in the tract after 1625 was New Amsterdam (later New York City) at the southern end of Manhattan island, which was purchased from Native Americans in 1626.
		In 1664 the territory was taken by the English, who divided it into the two colonies of New York and New Jersey.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/N/NewNethe.html (235 words)

	Dutch Colonization
		Although the Netherlands only controlled the Hudson River Valley from 1609 until 1664, in that short time, Dutch entrepreneurs established New Netherland, a series of trading posts, towns, and forts up and down the Hudson River that laid the groundwork for towns that still exist today.
		The colony was proving quite profitable, New Amsterdam had developed into a port town of 1500 citizens, and the incredibly diverse population (only 50 percent were actually Dutch colonists) of the colony had grown from 2,000 in 1655 to almost 9,000 in 1664.
		New Netherland produced immense wealth for the Dutch, and other foreign nations began to envy the riches flowing out of the Hudson River Valley.
	www.cr.nps.gov /nr/travel/kingston/colonization.htm (1417 words)

	New Netherland a Dutch colony that's rich with ethnic diversity -- Page 1 -- Times Union - Albany NY
		As much as half of the population of Dutch colony (present-day New York and New Jersey) came from the United Provinces of the Netherlands.
		The Netherlands was a haven for those seeking religious freedom and safety from decades of political violence.
		The first 30 families who sailed to New Netherland in 1624 were Walloons who had previously sought a religious haven in the northern Netherlands where Calvinism was the state religion.
	www.timesunion.com /AspStories/story.asp?storyID=48289 (533 words)

	Colonial History - New Amsterdam (New York City)
		The New Netherland Project - sponsored by the NY State Library; project to transcribe original documents relating to the Dutch colony.
		A Brief Outline of the History of New Netherland - part of a colonial currency exhibit, this site is devoted to the history of the Dutch colony and its trade.
		New Netherland Museum - the museum maintains a reproduction of the vessel the Half Moon, the ship Henry Hudson sailed to the New World.
	www.facstaff.bucknell.edu /goldcoop/newamsterdam.html (974 words)

	[No title]
		212, supra, and the _Representation of New Netherland_.
		NEW NETHERLAND (so called because it was first frequented and peopled by the free Netherlanders) is a province in the most northern part of America lying between New England (which bounds it on the northeast side) and Virginia lying to the southwest of it.
		It is bounded on the northeast by New England, and on the southwest by Virginia.
	www.gutenberg.org /dirs/etext02/nwnth10.txt (18216 words)

	The Royal Netherlands Embassy - Washington DC - Welcome
		New Netherland and After: Dutch Emigration to the U.S. There are approximately 8 million Americans of Dutch descent in the United States.
		During the Second Anglo-Dutch War, an English fleet appeared off the coast of New Amsterdam in 1664, and Peter Stuyvesant was forced to surrender the fort and the settlement to England.
		Heavy concentrations of Dutch-Americans are found in central and western New York, eastern and western Pennsylvania, central and southern Michigan, central Florida, eastern Wisconsin, central Washington, western and central Iowa, northeastern and southwestern Ohio, and central and northeastern Illinois.
	www.netherlands-embassy.org /article.asp?articleref=AR00000380EN (766 words)

	[No title]
		The new governor appointed by the King to receive the surrender of the New Netherland was one Edmund Andros, major in a dragoon regiment.
		By the treaty of Westminster, the New Netherland, the rightful possession of which by the Dutch was implied by its tenor, was ceded to the King.
		From the first Dutch settlement of New Netherland to the most recent session of the State Legislature, the history of New York State is documented in the records preserved in the New York State Archives.
	www.lycos.com /info/new-netherland.html (953 words)

	New York City
		In 1664 the English fleet arrived and demanded the surrender of the New Netherlands.
		New Amsterdam was now renamed New York, after the Duke of York (the future James II).
		New York City occupies Manhattan and Staten islands, the western end of Long Island, several islands in New York Harbor and Long Island Sound and a portion of the mainland.
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /USAnewyork.htm (2481 words)

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