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Topic: New York, Newfoundland and London Telegraph Company

	Technology, invention, and innovation collections
		The formation of the Atlantic Telegraph Company on October 20, 1856, was a result of a meeting of Field, Brett and Bright.
		The new company attempted but failed in 1857 to successfully launch the first Atlantic cable due to financial difficulties, but plans were made immediately for a second attempt in 1858.
		A new company, the Anglo-American Telegraph Company, was formed with the capital Atlantic Telegraph Company raised.
	americanhistory.si.edu /archives/d8073.htm (1359 words)

	Telegraph and Telephone Companies; By Newfoundland.ws
		News and messages from Europe, thrown overboard from the steamers in water-tight canisters, were picked up and telegraphed to North American newspapers from the telegraph office at Cape Race.
		The Company installed a new cable from North Sydney to Colinet, St. Mary's Bay in 1913, and from there the cable was trenched to the Bay Roberts station.
		This company was established by the Canadian government in 1950 to acquire the Canadian assets of Cable and Wireless Limited and certain assets of the Canadian Marconi Company.
	clarenville.newfoundland.ws /Clar_Telegraph.asp (4649 words)

	Peter Cooper - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Cooper was born in New York City, the son of Dutch descendents.
		He then erected a rolling mill and an iron mill in New York City, where he was the first to successfully use anthracite coal to puddle iron.
		As a prosperous businessman, he conceived of the idea of having a free institute in New York, similar to the Polytechnic Institute in Paris.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Peter_Cooper (611 words)

	Telegraphy: Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage
		The first telegraph system in Newfoundland was established as part and parcel of a scheme to land a trans-atlantic telegraph cable in Newfoundland.
		In 1854 the New York, Newfoundland and London Telegraph Company was granted a 50-year monopoly on telegraphy in Newfoundland, subsequently assumed by the Anglo-American Telegraph Company (AAT).
		Bond's policy of a comprehensive government telegraph system included construction of a new cable pole line along the railway from Port aux Basques to Whitbourne, which was extended to St. John's on expiry of the monopoly in 1904.
	www.heritage.nf.ca /society/railway_telegraph.html (736 words)

	Failure Magazine-Archives-History-Cable Ready
		In the intervening year, new paying-out machinery was designed under the watchful eye of Atlantic Telegraph's chief engineer, William Everett, while scientist and physicist William Thomson (later Lord Kelvin, for whom the Kelvin temperature scale is named) tested the electrical conductivity of the company's cable.
		When news of the messages became public, even more pronounced celebrations ensued, including one which ended in near-disaster when New York's City Hall was set ablaze by wayward fireworks, damaging the roof and the cupola.
		Then, on a voyage to New York the ship suffered an 83' x 9' gash in her hull upon hitting an uncharted rock (still referred to as Great Eastern rock) while rounding the tip of Long Island, damage that would have sunk any other oceangoing vessel of that era.
	www.failuremag.com /arch_history_cable_ready.html (4188 words)

	History of the Atlantic Cable & Submarine Telegraphy - Atlantic Cable Pioneers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Developer of the telegraph in the United States and an early proponent of the Atlantic Cable, Morse was recruited to the cable project by Cyrus Field to add name recognition and credibility to the enterprise.
		The company laid the 1865/66 Atlantic cables and many subsequent cables, and Pender remained a major force in the industry until his death in 1896.
		A prolific inventor, Bright was appointed Engineer-in-Chief to the Atlantic Telegraph Company at the age of 24.
	www.atlantic-cable.com /CablePioneers (702 words)

	HighBeam Encyclopedia - Cooper, Peter (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		He was president of this company for 20 years while he headed the North American Telegraph Company, which controlled more than half of the telegraph lines in the country.
		An outstanding leader in the civic affairs of New York City, Cooper led the successful fight to secure a public school system and did much to improve several of the municipal departments.
		His lasting monument is Cooper Union in New York City, built after his own plans to provide for education for the working classes.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/C/CooperP1.asp (513 words)

	Newfoundland Books - Atlantic Sentinel - D.R. Tarrant - Tide's Point
		During the 1850s, Newfoundland played a leading role in attempts to bridge the Atlantic, as its geographic location made it the natural choice as the western terminus for transatlantic cables.
		The story of transatlantic communications in Newfoundland began with the arrival of Frederick Gisborne in 1851 with plans to telegraphically connect the island with the Nova Scotia mainland.
		Field organized a number of companies to pursue this objective, including the New York, Newfoundland and London Telegraph Company, the Atlantic Telegraph Company, and Anglo-American Telegraph, all of which were involved with early transatlantic cables.
	www.tidespoint.com /books/atl_sentinel.shtml (417 words)

	Once Upon A Mine: Chapter I
		Ripley and Company of New York and a Mr.
		The telegraph company complained that it had expected larger profits from the mine with which to fund its trans-Atlantic cable, and caused the fearful Ripley to implore the Newfoundland government to lower or waive the 5 per cent royalty imposed upon the ore.
		The telegraph company next approached investors on the other side of the Atlantic Ocean, hoping that they would be more competent or at least solvent.
	www.heritage.nf.ca /environment/mine/ch1p4.html (1134 words)

	Submarine Cables of the World: Cable History Time-line (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The most notable driving users of the early telegraph were the press, which had reporters waiting on the docks when packet ships landed, grabbing their packets of news dispatches and running them to telegraph offices for filing into the domestic telegraph network.
		Meantime, the Atlantic Telegraph Company, as the Bright/Brett/ Whitehouse/Field-organised company was named, had ordered up 2,500 miles of insulated cable, containing a single copper conductor made of seven twisted strands, surrounded by gutta percha insulation, protected and strengthened by eighteen surrounding iron wires coated with hemp and tar.
		Telegraph cable engineers had made considerable improvement in "deck engines" to handle cable paying out to the ocean bottom, and the plan was changed to have the two ships meet and splice their sections in mid-ocean, and each pay out their half toward their own shore.
	www.iscpc.org /information/narhist.htm (4117 words)

	TransAtlantic Telegraph Companies
		The New York, Newfoundland, & London Telegraph Company was legally organized in the spring of 1854, and soon acquired the assets of the bankrupt Newfoundland Electric Telegraph Company.
		On this telegraph house we placed a flag-staff, which was to be kept in line by the steamer, as she crossed the Gulf, with a certain very excellent landmark on the top of a mountain some three, four, or five miles distant, – a landmark which seemed to be made on purpose for our use.
		The Newfoundlanders may rest assured that action on their part to put an end to concessions which interfere with inter-oceanic telegraph enterprise, being subjected to the natural laws of supply and demand, will be supported by public opinion both here [in England] and in the United States.
	www.alts.net /ns1625/telegraph02.html (11487 words)

	Inventor of the Week: Archive (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		He was born in New York City on February 12, 1791 and grew up in Peekskill, New York.
		Cooper died in New York on April 4, 1883, at the age of 92.
		And in 1859, Cooper established New York’s Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art, which provided free education to adults in art and technology.
	web.mit.edu /~invent/iow/cooper.html (494 words)

	Business, Literary, and Miscellany Collection
		Dickinson practiced law in Lansingburg and Troy, New York, from the 1790s; was president of the Farmers Bank of Troy, 1801–41; served in the NYS Assembly, 1816–17; and was a member of the U.S. House of Representatives as a Federalist, 1819–23, and a Whig, 1827–31.
		The New York Central Railroad is described in the volume as the principal owner of the Mohawk Valley Company, which in turn owned all "outstanding common stock" of the Rochester Gas and Electric Company.
		Schultze had a New York City office and was secretary of the New York, Boston, and Montreal Railway Company and president of the Sylvan Lake Ore and Iron Company, the Freehold and New York Railway Company, and the Clove Branch Railroad Company.
	library.albany.edu /speccoll/manuscript.htm (5071 words)

	Transatlantic Telegraph Cable (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		As was usual for all ships departing New York for any distant port, it was carrying the latest copies of New York newspapers ("journals"), brought on board at the last minute before the ship cast loose its lines and steamed away from the dock.
		A steamship departing New York would normally take about ten days to arrive at Liverpool, England. When the ship arrived at Liverpool, the New York news would be taken ashore and quickly telegraphed throughout the United Kingdom and all Europe. This was the latest news available, but it was ten days old.
		After the Cabot Strait telegraph cable was laid in 1856, there was a continuous electric telegraph line from New York to Cape Race. This means that messages could be sent in either direction between Cape Race and New York in a couple of hours.
	ns1758.ca /victco/cabotcablem.html (2075 words)

	American Experience \| The Great Transatlantic Cable \| People & Events \| PBS
		The wealthy businessmen and fellow New Yorkers who financed Cyrus Field's vision of a submarine cable across the Atlantic and served as the board of the company that would make that vision a reality were known the "Cable Cabinet."
		As he would later write, he saw in the cable "a means by which we would communicate between the two continents, and send knowledge broadcast over all parts of the world." Believing that the cable "offered the possibility of a mighty power for the good of the world," Cooper agreed to invest in it.
		All but White, who had died, were still Company officers at the time of the successful cable laying in 1866.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/amex/cable/peopleevents/p_cabinet.html (562 words)

	Ship Arrivals Canada 1856
		A new line of steamers is about to be established between Liverpool and America, a company having been formed under the law of limited liability in Canada and this country, with a capital of £250,000, to run to Portland, in Maine, calling at Newfoundland and Halifax, United States, to land freight and passengers.
		The inhabitants of Newfoundland have memorialised [sic] Government to grant sufficient aid to enable the establishment of direct communication with England both ways, and the present undertaking is calculated opportunely to supply the requirement.
		The Montreal Steam Ship company have entered into a contract with the government of Canada to carry the mails between Liverpool and Quebec during the summer months, twice a month, and, when the navigation of the St. Lawrence is closed, once a month to Portland, Maine.
	www.theshipslist.com /ships/Arrivals/Canada1856.htm (7045 words)

	Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online
		He went to Newfoundland in January 1857 as local superintendent of the New York, Newfoundland and London Telegraph Company (which was to be amalgamated with the Anglo-American Telegraph Company in 1873), whose operations consisted of a line across the island and a link with Cape Breton [see Frederic Newton Gisborne*].
		The company was then in the third year of a 50-year monopoly on the use of this line and a connecting line across the Avalon peninsula to St John’s.
		It was Bond’s intention to take over the company’s lines, but negotiations broke down in May. The government then built a second line on the Avalon peninsula connecting St John’s with the other public lines and reduced rates internally by 60 per cent.
	www.biographi.ca /EN/ShowBio.asp?BioId=40995 (1176 words)

	F.A.Q. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The charter granted to The New York, Newfoundland and London Telegraph Company in 1856, by the government of Newfoundland and Labrador, gave this company exclusive cable landing rights for a period of 50 years.
		He convinced a New York newspaper baron by the name of J. Gordon Bennett into forming a partnership with him.
		Since informal communication, not involving the payments of the commercial rates, was permitted, operators in Canso habitually chatted with their friends in London and New York.
	collections.ic.gc.ca /CABLE/faq.htm (1613 words)

	History of Nova Scotia, Jan 1860 - Dec 1869
		In May, 1860, the American Telegraph Company leased the telegraph lines and equipment owned and operated by the Nova Scotia Electric Telegraph Company, that is, all telegraph lines in Nova Scotia.
		Cyrus Field, a prominent citizen of the United States, to whose energy and perseverence also the formation of the companies in the United Kingdom, primarily the Atlantic Telegraph Company, and subsequently the Anglo-American Telegraph Company, was at the same time mainly attributable.
		The Nova Scotia Carriage Company was established in Kentville in 1868, to manufacture horse-drawn carriages and sleighs.
	www.littletechshoppe.com /ns1625/nshist10.html (10507 words)

	American Experience \| The Great Transatlantic Cable \| Timeline \| PBS
		Field and his brother hire cabinetmaker Charles Baudouine to furnish their houses, marking the first time in New York's history that a professional designer is hired to decorate a private residence.
		November 8: A bishop in Newfoundland, J. Bullock, suggests running a cable from Ireland to Newfoundland rather than Nova Scotia, which is further west, estimating a Newfoundland terminal could speed transmission of messages to America by 48 hours.
		Spring: After returning to New York, Field charters a second ship, the James Adger, to tow the Sarah Bryant across the Cabot Strait while the cable is laid from her decks.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/amex/cable/timeline (1038 words)

	Frederic Newton Gisborne Collection - Victoria University Library (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		He enlisted the support of several businessmen and was appointed engineer of the private company that emerged as a result.
		A second project, to lay an overland line from Newfoundland to Nova Scotia, failed, but in the winter of 1853-54 Gisborne returned to New York where he again solicited support from investors.
		When he rejected the terms offered, his connection with the company and his involvement in the construction of the trans-Atlantic telegraph system, which came to fruition in 1858, ceased.
	library.vicu.utoronto.ca /special/Gisborne/F13fonds.htm (766 words)

	PBS VIDEOdatabase of America's History and Culture -- Chapters (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		He was bored and looking for a new challenge when he learned of a venture to connect America and Newfoundland by cable.
		The telegraphs in New York ended at the docks of Lower Manhattan.
		Field had wealth, a loving family, and a lovely mansion on New York's Gramercy Park, but he was bored.
	pbsvideodb.pbs.org /programs/all_chapters.asp?item_id=46833 (1178 words)

	Town of Canso (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Charles Bellamy - was a superintendent of Commercial Cable Company, Hazel Hill, from 1926 to 1932.
		Windler was one of the technicians on duty when one of the most important messages came across the wires (The Titanic had struck an iceberg and was in danger of sinking).
		Since deadhead communication, not involving the payments of the commercial rates, was permitted, operators in Canso habitually chatted with their friends in London and New York.
	collections.ic.gc.ca /canso/faq/faq1.htm (1645 words)

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