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Topic: New Zealand foreshore and seabed controversy

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	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/New Zealand foreshore and seabed controversy
		The New Zealand foreshore and seabed controversy is a debate in the politics of New Zealand.
		The foreshore and seabed controversy was sparked when, on 19 June 2003, New Zealand's Court of Appeal ruled, in the Ngāti Apa decision, that Māori were entitled to seek "customary title" over areas of New Zealand's foreshore and seabed in the Māori Land Court.
		New Zealand First's price for this support was that ownership of the seabed and foreshore would be vested solely in the Crown, ending the concept of "public domain" (vesting ownership in the public at large rather than in the state) that United Future had promoted.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/New_Zealand_foreshore_and_seabed_controversy (2146 words)

	New York and Putnam Railroad
		The New York, Boston and Northern Railway was formed on November 18, 1872 as a consolidation of the New York and Boston with two companies to the north — the Putnam and Dutchess Railroad and Dutchess and Columbia Railroad.
		The New York, Boston and Montreal Railway was organized January 21, 1873 as a renaming of the New York, Boston and Northern.
		The New York, Westchester and Putnam Railroad was formed on July 3, 1877 as a reorganization, and was leased to the New York City and Northern Railroad, formed February 18, 1878, on March 1, 1878.
	libraryoflibrary.com /E_n_c_p_d_Old_Put.html (1662 words)

	iwi - Article and Reference from OnPedia.com
		With the development of the country now called New Zealand, a much bigger social unit, the meaning became analogous to that of tribe or clan.
		A notable example of this is the recent settlement between the New Zealand Government and the Ngāi Tahu, compensating that iwi for various losses of the rights that were guaranteed in the Treaty of Waitangi of 1840.
		A current claim by some iwi that they own the seabed and foreshore in their areas has polarised public opinion (see New Zealand foreshore and seabed controversy).
	www.onpedia.com /encyclopedia/iwi (700 words)

	CHARLES BRAY's New Zealan Journal
		New Zealand it’s always been known to be firmly to Britain that it was long considered as the Britain of the South Pacific.
		New Zealand is slightly larger in area than the United Kingdom but has a population of only 3.4 million, 74 per cent of whom live on the North Island.
		New Zealand was the first country to give women the vote in 1893, and the treaty of Waitangi in 1840 gave Maori and Europeans equal rights as citizens.
	www.greatestcities.com /users/cbray5003/Oceania/New_Zealand (5842 words)

	Seabed (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Seabed Treaty - The Seabed Treaty was a multilateral agreement between the United States, Soviet Union, United Kingdom, and 84 other countries banning the emplacement of nuclear weapons or "weapons of mass destruction" on the ocean floor beyond a 12-mile coastal zone.
		New Zealand foreshore and seabed controversy - The New Zealand foreshore and seabed controversy is a debate in the politics of New Zealand.
		Seabed - The seabed (also sea floor, seafloor, or ocean floor) is the bottom of the ocean.
	1.tmadata.com /Seabed.html (770 words)

	New Zealand National Party - TopSpin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		The New Zealand National Party currently forms the second-largest (in terms of seats) political party in the New Zealand Parliament, and thus functions as the core of the Opposition.
		The coalition went into the New Zealand general election 1935 election under the title of the "National Political Federation", a name adopted to indicate that the new group would serve New Zealanders from all backgrounds (in contrast to the previous situation, where United served city-dwellers and Reform served farmers).
		And as a result of the new electoral mechanics, the New Zealand First Party, led by former National MP and former Cabinet minister Winston Peters, held the balance of power after the 1996 elections.
	www.sirhumphreys.com /wiki/New_Zealand_National_Party (1926 words)

	Foreshore - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The foreshore, also called the intertidal or littoral zone, is that part of a beach that is exposed by the low tides and submerged by high tides.
		Since the foreshore is alternately covered by the sea and exposed to the air, organisms living in this environment must have adaptions for both wet and dry conditions.
		One recent example is the New Zealand foreshore and seabed controversy.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Foreshore (585 words)

	The New Zealand Wars (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		An overall policy of ‘amalgamating’ Maori into new settler institutions pervaded all dealings between Crown and Maori. As one historian has argued, New Zealand was no longer to be a place belonging to Maori, with space reserved for Pakeha.
		New Zealand was to be a place for Pakeha, and room now had to be found for Maori.
		There would seem to be a growing intolerance among New Zealanders for putting right the wrongs of the 19th century, when Maori were stripped of their economic base and their capacity to generate wealth to support their own.
	www.newzealandwars.co.nz /cau_treatyofwaitangi.html (1615 words)

	Scoop: Pacific Ecologist: R. Boast On Foreshore & Seabed
		New Zealand Courts have now established the government never has extinguished Maori customary title to the foreshore and seabed, so the way is open for Maori claims to at least potentially be made to these areas in the Courts.
		Principle of regulation: The Crown is responsible for regulating the use of the foreshore and the seabed, on behalf of all present and future generations of New Zealanders.
		The current foreshore and seabed bill introduced in April is essentially a political compromise, arising out of an arrangement between the Labour government and Mr Peters’ New Zealand First party, given that the government’s normal coalition partners, the Greens and United Future, albeit for quite different reasons, are not prepared to support the legislation.
	twm.co.nz /cnstcrsFS.htm (3384 words)

	New Zealand: Socialism and the Struggle for Maori Liberation
		Tim Bowron, cwi NZ In June 2003 the New Zealand Court of Appeal upheld in a landmark decision the right of 8 Marlborough tribes or iwi to have their claim to customary title over the local foreshore and seabed heard in the Maori Land Court.
		The reaction of the NZ Labour government to the Court of Appeal decision was to claim that under the Treaty of Waitangi which established the British Crown as the lawful government authority in Aotearoa/New Zealand, ownership of the foreshore and seabed also became vested in the Crown by “prerogative right”.
		Opposition to the government’s foreshore and seabed proposals does not mean however that socialists should give unqualified support to the demands of some Maori radicals who in the Paeroa Declaration of July 2003 call for the seabed and foreshore to be placed under the sole ownership of tribal iwi.
	www.socialistworld.net /eng/2004/02/24nz.html (973 words)

	[No title]
		New Zealanders will discover when they go to the beach this summer that the effect of the Foreshore and Seabed Bill, passed this week, is to preserve the status quo.
		Parekura Horomia says access to and use of the foreshore and beaches has always been an integral part of Maori culture, of New Zealand culture and that didn't change with the passing of the Bill.
		A key issue for the report was that direct investment in New Zealand shares does not attract a tax on the capital gain unlike indirect investment via a managed fund.
	www.beehive.govt.nz /Print/NewsletterPrint.aspx?DocumentID=21547 (788 words)

	Maori - NativeWiki
		In 1947, the New Zealand government renamed the "Department of Native Affairs" as the "Department of Māori Affairs" to recognise this.
		The New Zealand government decided to exempt Māori from the conscription that applied to other citizens in World War II, but nonetheless Māori volunteered in large numbers, forming the 28th or Māori Battalion, which performed creditably, notably in Crete, North Africa, and Italy.
		In many areas of New Zealand, the Māori language lost its role as a living community language (used by significant numbers of people) in the post-war years.
	www.nativewiki.org /Maori (3109 words)

	Cultural Survival
		This has been seen most starkly in the Foreshore and Seabed Act of 2004, which had the effect of extinguishing Maori aboriginal title to the foreshore and seabed areas and was passed despite almost universal Maori opposition.
		Under Aotearoa/New Zealand law, the treaty is not enforceable unless it has been explicity incorporated into legislation, but there is some precedent for the argument that legislation, especially legislation that affects Maori, should be interpreted consistently with the treaty whether or not the treaty principles are incorporated into it.
		In response to the government’s foreshore and seabed policies, Maori protested by marching the length of the North Island, finishing outside Parliament.
	twm.co.nz /maorilnd.html (1881 words)

	Iwi
		In modern-day New Zealand, iwi groups may exercise significant political power in the recovery and management of land and other assets.
		A notable example of this is the recent settlement between the New Zealand Government and Ng?i Tahu, compensating that iwi for various losses of the rights that were guaranteed under the Treaty of Waitangi of 1840.
		A current claim by some iwi that they own the seabed and foreshore in their areas has polarised public opinion (see New Zealand foreshore and seabed controversy).
	en.filepoint.de /info/Iwi (797 words)

	Foreshore for the courts to decide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Most New Zealanders are happy with that, most obviously because they are not Maori and so their rights are not at risk.
		Perhaps the Attorney-General's most outrageous and abhorrent claim is that the Foreshore and Seabed Bill is necessary to "clarify the law", it being "radically indeterminate because Maori have chosen to obtain redress through the Treaty of Waitangi".
		The chances of New Zealand courts dramatically empowering Maori are remote given their history, but the least we can do is let Maori enjoy their day in court.
	www.arena.org.nz /sbleane1.htm (1407 words)

	THE FORESHORE AND SEABED CONTROVERSY - VIEWED FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF A PERCEIVED IMPACT ON PRIVATE PROPERTY RIGHTS \| ...
		In the past, claims to property and areas of foreshore and seabed seem to have identified relatively discreet areas comprising shellfish, sandbanks, reefs, closely held harbours or estuaries and tidal areas or fishing holes where particular fish species were gathered.
		The present Government's approach involving the suggestion that the foreshore and seabed should not be "owned" by anyone but held as "public domain", a concept unknown to the common law is at the core of the debate.
		My fear is that if the Government proposed to settle the foreshore and seabed issue on the basis of a shared responsibility with Maori for the regulation and control of these areas, this could produce serious results for landowners who wish to pursue development options where access to the foreshore and sea is required.
	www.act.org.nz /node/24851 (4859 words)

	Maori - Information at Halfvalue.com
		The government in New Zealand give the Maori special treatments like benefits,health services, special entry for only pacific and maori students,and the list continues on, from the psych lecture today,maori are "traumatised" by the adapting to a different culture,'Acculturation'-which gives them acc...
		New Zealand was one of the last areas on Earth to be settled by humans.
		Among the first Europeans to learn the MÄori language and record MÄori mythology was George Grey, Governor of New Zealand from 1845 to 1855 and 1861 to 1868.
	www.halfvalue.com /wiki.jsp?topic=Maori (2957 words)

	Interpreting Customary Rights Orders under the Foreshore and Seabed Act: The New Jurisdiction of the Maori Land Court - ...
		Section 50(b)(i) of the Foreshore and Seabed Act requires that the "use, activity or practice" for which the applicant seeks a customary rights order "is, and has been since 1840, integral to tikanga Mâori".
		This is a surprising outcome (as was the government's stance throughout the foreshore and seabed debate) given New Zealand's reputation as a country with a genuine commitment to reconciliation.
		[94] Foreshore and Seabed Act 2004, s 50(1)(b)(i); also a CRO can be made on the basis of a spiritual association if that association is manifested in a physical activity, use or practice related to a natural or physical resource, s 49(2).
	www.austlii.edu.au /nz/journals/VUWLRev/2005/11.html (12721 words)

	New Zealand First
		New Zealanders were becoming bogged down in a quagmire of increasingly specious and futile claims and counter claims.
		This was a party that stated the seabed and foreshore must be in Crown ownership and agreed that customary rights had to be protected.
		New Zealand First pledges that any constitutional inquiry will be carried out by people of integrity outside the political system.
	www.nzfirst.org.nz /content/display_item.php?t=1&i=1746 (1729 words)

	Controversy
		Controversial issues are held as potentially divisive in a given society, because it leads to heated debates, arguments and tension.
		Some controversies are considered taboo to many people, unless a society can find a common ground to share and discuss their feelings on a certain controversial issue.
		Controversies to which the United States shall be a Party" (Article 3, Section 2).
	www.zdnet.co.za /wiki/Controversy (684 words)

	Iwi at AllExperts
		With the development of the country now called New Zealand, a much bigger social unit, the meaning became analogous to that of tribe or clan.
		Despite migration within New Zealand and intermarriage with non-MÄori over a couple of centuries, most iwi groups still exist and have significant political power, which they exercise to recover land and other assets taken from them over the last 150 years.
		A notable example of this is the recent settlement between the New Zealand Government and the NgÄi Tahu, compensating that iwi for various losses of the rights that were guaranteed in the Treaty of Waitangi of 1840.
	en.allexperts.com /e/i/iw/iwi.htm (972 words)

	The Militant - October 13, 2003 -- Maori assert rights to the sea’s riches
		CHRISTCHURCH, New Zealand— On June 19 the New Zealand Court of Appeal ruled that representatives of a group of iwi, or Maori tribes, in the South Island could take their claim to the foreshore and seabed to the Maori Land Court.
		The New Zealand government is seeking to extinguish Maori claims of customary title to the foreshore— the area between the high tide and low tide marks—and the seabed.
		Five hundred people marched in Nelson July 28 carrying placards that read, “Whites have rights too” and “One law for all New Zealanders.” The Nelson-Marlborough region at the top of the South Island is the center of lucrative marine farming—which expanded substantially during the 1990s—and tourism industries.
	www.themilitant.com /2003/6735/673510.html (780 words)

	National will look at softer seabed stand - 29 Nov 2005 - NZ Herald: New Zealand National news
		The foreshore law created such a grievance among Maori that it must be reviewed if race relations are to move forward, says National deputy leader Gerry Brownlee.
		Mr Brownlee, whose party's foreshore stance did not appear sympathetic to those aired by Maori around the Foreshore and Seabed Act's passing, made the comments yesterday.
		He could not say whether it would involve a simple repeal or new legislation, although he said at the least some new law would probably be needed to protect public access rights, necessary to get other parties on side.
	www.nzherald.co.nz /section/story.cfm?c_id=1&ObjectID=10357501 (687 words)

	Scoop: Winston Peters: This place was meant for you & me
		New Zealanders were becoming bogged down in a quagmire of increasingly specious and futile claims and counter claims.
		This was a party that stated the seabed and foreshore must be in Crown ownership and agreed that customary rights had to be protected.
		New Zealand First pledges that any constitutional inquiry will be carried out by people of integrity outside the political system.
	www.scoop.co.nz /stories/PA0411/S00456.htm (2833 words)

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