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	Russia, Security Strategy, I. Ivanov - CDI RW 29 October 2004
		Security Council secretary Igor Ivanov has announced that the council is "developing a new national security concept," implying that the new concept is needed "not because the old one is bad, but because the security situation has changed."
		The current security concept and the country's military doctrine were written during President Boris Yeltsin's last year in power and officially approved before Vladimir Putin's inauguration as president.
		When Putin demanded a new security concept in 2002, the council did not have the staff capacity to draft such a complex document.
	www.cdi.org /Russia/328-11.cfm (726 words)

	Security - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Security in a word is something which is often difficult to define precisely (see Wiktionary:security for dictionary definition).
		Security measures improve the likeliness of expectations to be met, and therefore improve security.
		Another side of this is a phenomenon called security theatre where ineffective security measures such as screening of airline passengers based on static databases are introduced with little real increase in security or even, according to the critics of one such measure, CAPPS with an actual decrease in real security.
	open-encyclopedia.com /Security (796 words)

	China's Position Paper on the New Security Concept
		The new security concept is, in essence, to rise above one-sided security and seek common security through mutually beneficial cooperation.
		It is a concept established on the basis of common interests and is conducive to social progress.
		Under the new historical conditions, the meaning of the security concept has evolved to be multifold with its contents extending from military and political to economic, science and technology, environment, culture and many other areas.
	www.fmprc.gov.cn /ce/cetur/eng/xwdt/t161685.htm (1388 words)

	Security - Encyclopedia.WorldSearch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The term can be used with reference to crime, accidents of all kinds, etc. Security is a vast topic including security of countries against terrorist attack, security of computers against crackers, home security against burglars and other intruders, financial security against economic collapse and many other related situations.
		The word "security" in general usage is synonymous with "safety," but as a technical term "security" means that something not only is secure but that it has been secured.
		The key difference between security and reliability is that security must take into account the actions of active malicious agents attempting to cause destruction.
	encyclopedia.worldsearch.com /security.htm (871 words)

	China’s “New Concept of Security” and Its Implications for the PLA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		China’s “New Concept of Security” and Its Implications for the PLA
		Security is mutual, and security dialogues and cooperation should be aimed at promoting trust, not at creating confrontations, still less at directing the spearhead against a third country or infringing upon the security interests of any other nation.
		Conspicuously absent from the formal articulation of the “New Concept of Security” is a military dimension.
	www.ndu.edu /inss/china_center/PLA_Conf_Oct01/MFinkelstein.htm (4976 words)

	China: Comparing Security Concepts, Dec. 29, 1997 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The traditional security concept holds that an external military offensive constitutes a major threat to another nation's existence and development; for the sake of its security, a nation must expand its military forces to a maximum and arm itself in such a way that it becomes stronger than its opponent.
		Second, according to the new security concept, whether a nation constitutes a threat to another nation is not determined by whether it is superior to the latter in military strength but by what policy the former pursues.
		Third, the traditional security concept holds that the main approach to bring about security is to engage in arms expansion, seek more alliances, and weaken the opponent's forces, whereas the new security concept believes that the correct approach to achieve security is to expand common interests, enhance mutual understanding, and develop mutual cooperation.
	russia.shaps.hawaii.edu /security/china/comparing-security.html (916 words)

	social security - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about social security
		During 1987 and 1988 further changes in the social-security system included the abolition of death and maternity grants, to be replaced by means-tested payments from a new Social Fund; and the replacement of maternity allowances by statutory maternity pay, paid by employers, not the state.
		The federal government is responsible for social security (Medicare, retirement, survivors', and disability insurance); unemployment insurance is covered by a joint federal-state system for industrial workers, but few in agriculture are covered; and welfare benefits are the responsibility of individual states, with some federal assistance.
		In 1997, 42% of the social security budget was spent on the elderly, 24% on the sick and disabled, and 9% on the unemployed.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /Social+Security (667 words)

	China's new security concept (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The implications of SCO's ascent to the "new stage of full-range cooperation" are twofold.
		The new security concept was first given expression in China's defence white paper in July 1998.
		The new concept was proposed as an alternative to the Cold War mentality of military alliances.
	www.observerindia.com /analysis/A212.htm (816 words)

	Editorial: Human Security Now
		Despite the fact that security is on the top of the agenda of many countries and organizations, little scrutiny of the concept is taking place.
		But neither can people be secure in the absence of strong, democratic and responsible states, as the multitude of collapsed states in the world illustrates.
		If security is to be protected, conflict prevented, human rights respected and poverty eradicated, we require urgently a new consensus on security.
	www.fordfound.org /news/view_news_detail.cfm?news_index=128&print_version=1 (856 words)

	Russian National Security Concept and Nuclear Policy
		A 1997 national security document (in Russian) had used a vague formulation that called for the use of nuclear weapons "in case of a threat to the existence of the Russian Federation as a sovereign state".
		The new document says nuclear weapons can be used "in the case of the need to repulse an armed aggression, if all other methods of resolving the crisis situation are exhausted or have been ineffective".
		Blair's view, the new security policy may increase the chances of potentially catastrophic lapses in a Russian military hobbled by financial problems and lapsed military discipline.
	www.armscontrol.ru /start/nsc.htm (610 words)

	The People's Liberation Army and China in Transition
		The concept continues to serve as a counterargument to the U.S. assertion that East Asia's economic prosperity--past, present, and future--is a direct result of the peace and stability that is underwritten by the forward presence of U.S. military forces and military alliances.
		In addition, the New Concept of Security was a reaction to Beijing's assessment that in the long term, the United States would maintain its primacy as the sole military superpower by developing and fielding advanced defense technologies.
		The new concept is little more than a set of principles—admirable principles in the main, but ones bereft of a framework around which to build a serious alternative international security structure on a global scale.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/library/report/2003/pla-china_transition_14_ch10.htm (4209 words)

	New security concept -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The new security concept is a (Click link for more info and facts about security policy) security policy enunciated by the (Click link for more info and facts about People's Republic of China) People's Republic of China in the late (The decade from 1990 to 1999) 1990s.
		The concept is that in the post- (A state of political conflict using means short of armed warfare) Cold War period, nations are able to increase their security through diplomatic and economic interaction, and that the Cold war mentality of competing and antagonistic blocks is outdated.
		Around 2002 and 2003, this security policy seemed to merge with the foreign policy doctrine known as (Click link for more info and facts about China's peaceful rise) China's peaceful rise.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/n/ne/new_security_concept.htm (163 words)

	Qian Qichen on New Security Concept (ARF, July 27, 1997) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		ARF, which is an important channel for discussing security issues in the Asia-Pacific region, has contributed positively to increased mutual understanding and trust among countries in the region and to regional peace and stability.
		It should take the maintenance of regional peace and security as its objective, living together in peace and treating each other as equals as its purpose, confidence-building as its core task and dialogues and cooperation as means to achieve the objective.
		In this context, we should foster a new concept of regional security responsive to the diversity of the region.
	russia.shaps.hawaii.edu /security/china/qian-arf-9707.html (1326 words)

	HARIAN UMUM SUARA MERDEKA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Foreign Minister Tang Jiaxuan told a regional security forum which opened in Brunei on Wednesday that cooperation in fighting terrorism and maintaining regional security should be based on a new security concept based on mutual trust and benefit and equality.
		Beijing uses the term "fair international order" to convey its opposition to U.S. dominance in international affairs and the phrase "new security concept" to describe its wish not be tagged a rival bywashington as was the case during the Cold War.
		"In addressing non-traditional security issues, it is essential to have the immediate interests in mind and also to treat both their symptoms and root causes and make efforts to eliminate poverty and establish a new international order that is fair and rational," Tang told the ARF meeting on Wednesday.
	www.suaramerdeka.com /harian/0208/02/eng1.htm (428 words)

	Disarmament Diplomacy: - New Russian National Security Concept
		"The national security concept of the Russian Federation (hereinafter referred to as the Concept) constitutes a system of views on ensuring the security of the individual, society and the state from external and internal threats in all spheres of life in the Russian Federation.
		The national security of the Russian Federation is interpreted as the security of its multinational people as the bearer of sovereignty and the only source of power in the Russian Federation.
		The ensurance of military security of Russia is a priority sphere of the country's operation.
	www.acronym.org.uk /43nsc.htm (1486 words)

	Arms Control Association: Arms Control Today: Russia's National Security Concept
		A new military doctrine, intended to complement the newly adopted concept and to replace the current doctrine, is under review by the Russian Security Council and is expected to be approved soon, possibly as early as March.
		The national security of the Russian Federation is understood to mean the security of its multinational people, in whom reside sovereignty and the sole source of authority in the Russian Federation.
		A new approach is essential for the organization and conduct of civil defence in the Russian Federation and there must be a qualitative improvement to the unified state system for early warning and removal of emergency situations, including its further integration into equivalent systems of foreign countries.
	www.armscontrol.org /act/2000_01-02/docjf00.asp (4426 words)

	BBC News \| EUROPE \| Analysis: Russia faces realities of war
		Russia's new national security concept places a greater reliance upon nuclear weaponry, but the document also provides a broader sense of Russia's world-view which indicates the potential for continuing tensions with the West.
		The new security concept corresponds to a harsh reality that Russia's military planners and its political leaders have understood for some years.
		The new Russian emphasis on nuclear weapons will encourage arms control advocates to press the Clinton administration to step up its efforts to conclude new nuclear disarmament agreements with Moscow.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/low/world/europe/603427.stm (358 words)

	Association for Asia Research- The impact of 9/11 on Chinese regional security cooperation
		Since the events of 9/11, China has elevated anti-terrorism to the top of its national security agenda and made it the core aspect of its "new security concept" for the region.
		Originally conceived as a means to limit U.S. influence in the region, China's "new security concept" was to reshape the structure of regional security.
		With the U.S. unlikely to be able to respond to new terrorist threats in Asia any time soon, Asian governments must develop alternative, less America-dependent anti-terrorism strategies, creating an opportunity for China to take the lead in the fight against terrorism in Asia as well as in strengthening regional security cooperation.
	www.asianresearch.org /articles/2155.html (1375 words)

	CNS - Overview: Russia's New National Security Concept
		This is because the Concept defines the economic crisis and domestic social and political instability as the main threats to Russian national security.
		According to the Concept, peacetime armed forces are intended for a local war, defined as the smallest-scale military conflict involving Russia and another state.
		The hallmarks of the new defense policy are (1) the perception that NATO uses force freely and will not hesitate to use it against Russia over political disagreements, and (2) a realistic appreciation of how Russia's weakened conventional forces are unable to resist a large-scale conventional attack by NATO.
	cns.miis.edu /pubs/reports/sokov2.htm (869 words)

	News & Views - Chinese Ambassador: new century needs new security concept (2/16/2001) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The 21st century needs a new security concept and the old security concept, based on military alliance at the expense of other countries' interests, should be discarded, Chinese Ambassador for Disarmament Affairs Hu Xiaodi said in Geneva Thursday.
		"Facing the new century, we firmly believe that, only through mutual understanding, accommodation, respect, coordination and cooperation, can all countries in the world join hands to maintain peace and security and achieve development and prosperity," Hu told the plenary of the Conference on Disarmament.
		In the new century, the Chinese ambassador stated that China would stick to its set of principles, positions and proposals, such as preserving strategic security and stability, promoting nuclear disarmament and preventing the weaponization of and an arms race in outer space.
	www.chinahouston.org /news/2001215211520.html (428 words)

	Security Enviroment in Asia-Pacfic:
		However, security cooperation at bilateral, trilateral and sub-regional levels has been growing rapidly in the past decade and more, which is conducive to a better security environment in the region and provides good opportunities for economic development in China and improved relations with her neighbors.
		Another security issue that will pose as a major challenge to China as well as some other Asia-Pacific countries is the strengthening of US military presence in Asia-Pacific and the US-Japanese security alliance in addition to joint US-Japanese research and development of TMD systems.
		In the new fiscal year budget beginning from April this year, Japan’s defense spending reaches a record height of nearly US$ 50.0 billion, a larger portion of which is earmarked for new weapons and equipment and for enhancing Japan’s overseas combat capabilities.
	www.ndu.edu /inss/symposia/pacific2001/ruanpaper.htm (3755 words)

	International Institute for Strategic Studies - Jun 4th - - Xinhua - Chinese official expounds on new security concept ...
		Now the new security concept not only has become the basic guiding principle and concept of value for China in solving international security issues but also has been recorded in many international documents and accepted and followed by the international community.
		Security issues today are no longer limited to the traditional political and military fields and have increasingly entered into all aspects of people's life.
		Security issues today have very strong comprehensive and transnational characteristics and involve relations between human society and the nature as well as relations between countries.
	www.iiss.org /index.asp?pgid=10819&fs=n (974 words)

	Arms Control Association: Arms Control Today: Russia Adopts New Security Concept;
		The new national security concept, which Acting Russian President Vladimir Putin signed January 10, is intended to "more distinctly outline the definition of a multipolar world and the way Russia will work on safeguarding national interests," according to Sergei Ivanov, secretary of Russia's Security Council.
		The document, which replaces the security concept adopted in December 1997, will be complemented by a soon-to-be-finalized military doctrine currently circulating within the Russian government.
		The new concept is striking in its repeated admission of national weakness and focuses primarily on internal issues-the economy, terrorism, separatist movements and environmental degradation-as the primary dangers to Russian society.
	www.armscontrol.org /act/2000_01-02/rujf00.asp (684 words)

	Russia: Nuclear Weapons: New National Security Concept
		The revision of nuclear strategy was apparently launched at a meeting of the Security Council in April 1999 shortly after the beginning of the war in Kosovo.
		The text of the Concept, however, creates the clear impression that reliance on nuclear weapons is intended to be a temporary "fix" until conventional forces are reformed and modernized.
		The 1997 Concept simply postulated that Russia would “participate in the process of negotiations on reduction of nuclear and conventional arms, as well as control over proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and the means of their delivery.” The new document modifies this goal quite considerably.
	www.nti.org /db/nisprofs/over/concept.htm (1097 words)

	Austria's New Security Concept (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		March 2000 http://www.transnational.org/features/2000/austriassecurity.html Austria's New Security Concept The Break Away of a Former Non-Aligned and Neutral Country in the Light of the Developing CESDP By Dr. Georg Schöfbänker Director, Austrian Information-Center for Security Policy and Arms Control, Linz.
		Since then, the new Austrian government is isolated within EU and most of the world, as no other national government of an EU-member state has ever been in history.
		Anyway, the new Austrian security concept has made clear that the current government will likely apply for NATO membership next year, when, after the Russian and US presidential elections have been decided, NATO will have to define its further course of cooperation or enlargement policy.
	stop-war.aufmupf.de /PineSGI410100032116232503292-100000.html (645 words)

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