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	The Rise and Fall of the Newburgh Conspiracy: How General Washington and his Spectacles Saved the Republic
		Born out of this growing loss of morale and confidence was a conspiracy to undertake a coup d'etat and establish a military dictatorship for the young United States, a plot to be styled later as the Newburgh Conspiracy.
		The Newburgh incident, though, was unique in that it was initiated within the corps of officers, the very elite of the military.
		Accordingly, the rumor was spread throughout Newburgh that although Congress itself was going to do nothing for the army or its officers, a substantial number of government leaders and legislators, as well as civilian creditors, were prepared to back the army in its determination to stand up for its rights.
	earlyamerica.com /review/fall97/wshngton.html (3023 words)

	Newburgh conspiracy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Newburgh Conspiracy was a plot hatched in 1783 near the end of the American Revolutionary War resulting from the fact that many of the officers and men of the Continental Army had not received pay for many years.
		With the end of the war and hence likely the resultant dissolution of the Continental Army obviously approaching, there seemed to the soldiers, many of whom were now deeply indebted from their term of service, a strong chance that Congress would not meet previous promises on back pay and pensions.
		The Continental Army was camped near Newburgh, New York.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Newburgh_conspiracy (824 words)

	Newburgh Conspiracy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Newburgh conspiracy The Newburgh Conspiracy was a plot hatched in 1783 near the end of the American Revolutionary War led by General Horatio Gates and.
		The Newburgh Conspiracy was a plot hatched in 1783 near the end of the American Revolutionary War led by officers Robert Morris and Alexander Hamilton of...
		This threat of a military coup--known as the " Newburgh Conspiracy "--was strongly opposed by Washington, who believed that the military needed to be...
	www.newburghconspiracy.info (355 words)

	N e w b u r g h/R e v e a l e d - History - Palatine
		By 1743, the year the ferry started, the Scots took over and changed the town's name to the Scottish "Newburgh." One of the most prominent of the Scottish residents was Jonathan Hasbrouck, a landowner and businessman, who bought a large tract of land and built a home that would later become George Washington's headquarters.
		Regardless of where America was born, "Newburgh's history is indissolubly bound up with that of the great struggle for freedom from foreign dominion," writes John Nutt in Newburgh: Her Institutions, Industries, and Leading Citizens (23).
		The conspirators leveraged their anger to send anonymous letters, known as the Newburgh Letters, which would circulate amongst the army with the aim of turning them against Congress and Washington.
	www.newburghrevealed.org /historypalatine.htm (566 words)

	Newburgh Conspiracy, Treaty of Greenville, and Northwest Ordinance (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Newburgh Conspiracy: Although the fighting of the American Revolution was over by this time (March 1783), it was still necessary to maintain a force at Washington's main camp at Newburgh, New York, until a final peace treaty was signed.
		The soldiers at Newburgh had gone without pay for a long time (Many had back pay due to them, of up to six years.) The soldiers were angry over the failure of COngress to honors its promises regarding salary, bounties, and life pensions.
		This conspiracy aimed for the removal of Washington and the military takeover of the Congress and the country.
	www.owlnet.rice.edu /~mwfriedm/terms/corinna5.html (1140 words)

	The Newburgh Conspiracy, December 1782-March 1783
		In retrospect, it may fairly be said that the greatest danger to the success of the American Revolution after Yorktown was the potential disintegration of the Continental Army.
		Mystery shrouds the so-called Newburgh Conspiracy, so named because the Continental Army officers who sent a memorial of grievances to Congress were stationed at Newburgh, New York.
		It has even been suggested that George Washington knew of the conspiracy in advance, but the evidence is thin.
	memory.loc.gov /learn/features/timeline/amrev/peace/newburgh.html (2208 words)

	The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History. For Teachers and Students. Seminars
		A conspiracy of officers lead by Horatio Gates now began to contemplate more direct action including a military takeover of Congress and the removal of Washington from command.
		In a timely letter from a Congressman, Washington, however, was warned of the conspiracy, and he subsequently conducted his own quiet investigation.
		At an illicit meeting of the rebellious officers in Newburg, New York, on March 15, 1783,Washington preempted any action by the conspirators by unexpectedly walking in and asking General Gates, leader of the rebellious cabal, if he could speak to the officers.
	www.gilderlehrman.org /teachers/seminar_docs/wash_doc2.html (884 words)

	Newburgh Conspiracy
		The conspiracy's real extent and intent remain murky in the absence of much direct evidence, but the army's widely known discontent lends support to some dire suspicions.
		But the conspiracy coalesced around Horatio Gates, the victor at the Battle of Saratoga (1777), a senior general and sometime rival of Washington; Gates's aide, John Armstrong, was in fact the author of the anonymously circulated letter of March 10 and another circulated on March 12.
		The conspiracy's usefulness to the intrigues of nationalists in Congress, however, raises suspicions that officers were either manipulated or instigated by players in a larger game.
	www.americanforeignrelations.com /Mu-Ne/Newburgh-Conspiracy.html (842 words)

	MILESTONE HISTORIC DOCUMENTS - THE NEWBURGH ADDRESS
		Washington was aware of the discontent among his officers but suspected nothing untoward until March 10 when he was given a written call for a meeting of general and field officers the next day.
		Accompanying the call for the meeting was an anonymous letter circulated among the officers in the camp at Newburgh, New York, a fiery appeal later known as the first Newburgh address.
		The unsigned document urged the officers that unless their demands were met, they should refuse to disband when the war ended, and that if the war continued they would "retire to some unsettled country" and leave Congress without an army.
	www.earlyamerica.com /earlyamerica/milestones/newburgh (488 words)

	Newburgh gang member pleads guilty
		A second member of Newburgh's Benkard Barrio Kings street gang pleaded guilty yesterday in Orange County Court to conspiring to sell drugs in and around the city.
		Guadalupe Rodriguez, 33, of Newburgh, pleaded guilty to second-degree conspiracy, a felony.
		Among those he named as part of the drug conspiracy was Raul Garza, who also faces conspiracy charges and has been identified by police as the BBK's leader.
	archive.recordonline.com /archive/2004/09/15/brf987.htm (213 words)

	The History Place - Washington Prevents the Revolt of his Officers.
		At the close of the Revolutionary War in America, a perilous moment in the life of the fledgling American democracy occurred as officers of the Continental Army met in Newburgh, New York, to discuss grievances and consider a possible insurrection against the rule of Congress.
		On March 10, 1783, an anonymous letter was circulated among the officers of General Washington's main camp at Newburgh.
		It addressed those complaints and called for an unauthorized meeting of officers to be held the next day to consider possible military solutions to the problems of the civilian government and its financial woes.
	www.historyplace.com /unitedstates/revolution/prevents.htm (975 words)

	A Brief Profile of the Continental Army - The Newburgh Conspiracy
		A deputation of senior officers had gone to the capital city to finally resolve the pension issue, but the real engineers of what would come to be known by the misnomer of “the Newburgh Crisis” were not soldiers, but purely and fully politicians.
		It is likely that any particularly inflammatory evidence was destroyed, and it is very certain that virtually all of the main participants had little to say about their roles in later years.
		In line with the overall hushed aura surrounding the entire “Newburgh Crisis”, there is remarkably little documentation of events during the two days between the appearance of the second anonymous address and the designated Saturday meeting.
	www.revwar75.com /ob/newburgh.htm (3780 words)

	Clinton talks of conspiracy
		Newburgh — Forget the "vast right wing conspiracy" for the moment.
		And, Clinton, who, as first lady, suggested a "right wing conspiracy" was behind her husband's impeachment travails, saw an easy parallel between the 222-year-old scheme and the effort to curb use of the filibuster in the Senate that was settled last night.
		The Newburgh conspiracy had been invoked minutes earlier by Rep. Maurice Hinchey, D-Hurley, who joined Clinton at the news conference to announce $500,000 in federal funding each year until 2009 to help coordinate promotion of the nation's Revolutionary War sites.
	archive.recordonline.com /archive/2005/05/24/clinton2.htm (504 words)

	NOTE
		Richard H. Kohn, “The Inside History of the Newburgh Conspiracy: America and the Coup d’Etat,” WMQ 27 (April 1970).
		This conspiracy linked the army’s desire for compensation and commutation of their back-pay into a lump payment with the manipulations of such nationalists as Alexander Hamilton who hoped to pass fiscal measures that would strengthen the central government.
		After an unauthorized meeting and the writing of the Newburgh Address, Washington called a meeting and addressed the officers, who crumbled under the remonstrances of their CNC.
	www.gpc.edu /~ralderso/BibEssaySimple.htm (2613 words)

	Military.com Content (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The infamous "Conway cabal," which sought to replace Washington with Gates, is supposed to have taken place at this time.
		There is now some doubt on the part of historians that the conspiracy ever existed, but whispers of Gates' involvement in this and in the "Newburgh conspiracy" tarnished his reputation.
		After a command in Boston and a sabbatical on his Virginia plantation, Gates became commander of the Southern Army, which was routed by the British in the Battle of Camden, S.C., on Aug. 16, 1780.
	www.military.com /Content/MoreContent?file=ML_gates_bkp (419 words)

	Rediscovering George Washington . Letter to Henry Knox, March 12, 1783 \| PBS
		The appearance of the Ice yesterday [strikeout] [inserted: left] me no hope of seeing you & the prospect this morning, is nearly as unpromissing, [sic] but if the River will admit a passage tomorrow, I should be glad to see you & General Huntington at Dinner but be here earlier.
		In this oblique letter, Washington calls for a confidential meeting with Generals Henry Knox and Jedediah Huntington to formulate a response to the Newburgh conspiracy, a plot by a group of officers to force the army’s will upon Congress.
		The Newburgh conspiracy was America’s closest brief encounter with military rule.
	www.pbs.org /georgewashington/collection/war_1783mar12.html (260 words)

	The Chronicle: Colloquy: Responses
		It's curious that Bellesiles makes no mention of the Newburgh Conspiracy of 1783 -- in which the officer corp of the Continental Army was on the verge of overthrowing Congress in a military coup.
		The Conspiracy is also described at http://www.earlyamerica.com/review/fall97/wshngton.html and in the US Army's American Military History at http://www.army.mil/cmh-pg/books/AMH/AMH-05.htm.
		Because of the Newburgh Conspiracy, most members of Congress agreed with Washington on the dangers of a Standing Army and supported use of the Militia.
	chronicle.com /colloquy/2002/guns/19.htm (2688 words)

	Embassy of the United States in Manila
		So a military conspiracy developed—now called the Newburgh Conspiracy—in which the American military, frustrated with the ingratitude of the government sought to overthrow it and make Washington king.
		Rumors of “dangerous conspiracies” and “sinister practices” pervaded the atmosphere.
		He knew his troops had some just complaints against the government, but he knew the dangers of allowing the military to interfere in political affairs.
	manila.usembassy.gov /wwwhr232.html (744 words)

	Digital History
		Following the British surrender at Yorktown, George Washington moved 11,000 Continental soldiers to Newburgh, New York.
		Resentful at the lack of support they had received during the war and bitter at Congress' failure to compensate them for their wartime sacrifices with back pay and pensions, many officers and soldiers threatened a military uprising.
		This threat of a military coup--known as the "Newburgh Conspiracy"--was strongly opposed by Washington, who believed that the military needed to be subordinate to civilian authority.
	www.digitalhistory.uh.edu /documents/documents_p2.cfm?doc=318 (209 words)

	Contemporary Civil-Military Relations: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The Newburgh Conspiracy of 1783 involved a threatened coup by officers and soldiers of the Continental army who were disgruntled over pay and pension issues.
		3 Although the Newburgh conspirators did not embrace an antidemocratic ideology, they were certainly willing to employ antidemocratic methods to obtain their objectives.
		The initiative by the Newburgh conspirators to bring about the end of the Republic through the force of arms, although unsuccessful, demonstrated that within a significant segment of the military there existed a pervasive feeling of distrust and open disdain for civilian authorities.
	www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil /airchronicles/apj/wester.html (3259 words)

	The Man Who Saved a Revolution: The Newburgh Address
		The bulk of the Continental Army would find their way to their final encampment at Newburgh New York, to await news about the peace talks taking place in Paris.The fighting with Britain may have been over, but the Revolution was not.
		The broad issue was financial justice for an army that thought it had been spat upon and generally abused by an ungrateful civilian populace.
		It was this act, and the statement "Gentlemen, you must pardon me. I have grown gray in your service and now find myself growing blind." This caught the officers of guard, and his statement had verbalized for them their sense of personal sacrifice, of thwarted dignity and honor.
	www.history1700s.com /articles/article1145.shtml (798 words)

	The Last Crisis
		Hamilton sent an urgent letter to General Washington advising him of the growing situation in Philadelphia with the officer's delegation, and it arrived just in time.
		The plan to redress their grievances had become a conspiracy.
		The delegation in Philadelphia and some of the Officers in New Windsor were organizing it.
	www.americanrevolution.org /wnewburg.html (1568 words)

	H-Net Review: Joseph R. Fischer on A Revolutionary People at War: The Continental Army & ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The Newburgh Conspiracy represented the final break between the army and the people.
		The actions of a few officers and the tacit support of many suggested that the army was buying none of the idea that the American public possessed a concept of virtue worthy of the name.
		His actions to diffuse the conspiracy and his acquiescence in the disbanding of the army proved critical to the nation's future.
	www.h-net.msu.edu /reviews/showrev.cgi?path=10073864769123 (1356 words)

	NEWBURGH New York Our Childhood Home
		River City Photos is an interesting place where you can visit and view hundreds of HISTORIC images of Newburgh, New York.
		Newburgh Free Library Newburgh Free Library 124 Grand St. Newburgh, NY 12550 (914) 561-1985
		The Newburgh Address (also known as The Newburgh Conspiracy) From David Ramsay's Life of George Washington, first U.S. edition, 1807
	joewihit3.tripod.com /genealogy/NEWBURGH.html (773 words)

	The Herald » Blog Archive » “…not only gray, but nearly blind…”
		When his officers were angry late in the war because Congress had not paid them as promised, he refused to support their plan to march on Congress.
		Instead he confronted the officers planning this action, known as the Newburgh Conspiracy.
		Eyewitness accounts relate that Washington used his failing eyesight as the example, saying “Gentlemen, you will permit me to don my spectacles, for I have grown not only gray but nearly blind in the service of my country” when he was unable to read a document.
	www.tooabsent.com /theherald/?p=25 (856 words)

	Newburgh Petition
		The officers threatened to rebel against their government, but Washington put down the Newburgh Conspiracy with ease.
		The Newburgh Petition illustrates the severe financial difficulties facing the new country.
		It also shows the desires of some Americans to seek their fortunes on the western frontier.
	www.ohiohistorycentral.org /entry.php?rec=1464 (169 words)

	The Patriot Resource: Horatio Gates
		In 1782, Congress repealed its resolution calling for the court of inquiry and Gates served under General George Washington at Army Headquarters in Newburgh, Virginia.
		His aides were part of the Newburgh Conspiracy in March 1783 that threatened revolt if the soldiers did not receive pay.
		It is unknown what role, if any, Gates had in the conspiracy.
	www.patriotresource.com /people/gates/page5.html (431 words)

	AmericanHeritage.com / THE NEWBURGH CONSPIRACY
		Some historians call the incident the “Newburgh Addresses”; others know it as the “Newburgh Conspiracy.” Simply stated, it was a chain of events culminating in a meeting to decide whether the officers would trust Congress to redeem overdue pay and pension claims or whether they would open the national treasury with the army’s bayonets.
		What is not clear (and never has been) is how far they were willing to let the army go before stopping it—and how they expected the mutiny genie, once uncorked, to be forced back into its bottle.
		The general easily convinced Congress that Washington was sitting on a powder keg, that only a satisfactory response to the army’s petition could prevent an explosion at Newburgh.
	www.americanheritage.com /articles/magazine/ah/1981/3/1981_3_40.shtml (4553 words)

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