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	Newtonian telescope - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Newtonian telescope is a type of reflecting telescope invented by the British scientist Sir Isaac Newton (1643-1727), using a parabolic primary mirror and a flat diagonal secondary mirror.
		Newtonians have coma, which is blurring of images away from the optical center.
		Newtonians have a central obstruction due to the secondary mirror in the light path.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Newtonian_telescope (294 words)

	A critique of Newtonian physics by Alex Paterson
		Newtonian Physics theory is based on the late 17th century notion that the Universe is made up of solid objects which are attracted towards each other by a force called 'Gravity'.
		Newton's Laws of Motion (Newtonian Mechanics) successfully described the motions of planets, mechanical machines and fluids and this success gave rise to the notion that the laws of Newtonian Physics were basic laws of nature and as such were immutable.
		Newtonian physics (although interestingly enough, not Newton himself) maintained that everything in existence could be described "objectively" because all phenomena were strictly a result of the physical interactions of all its physical parts.
	www.vision.net.au /~apaterson/science/physics_newtonian.htm (634 words)

	Postmodern Deconstruction Of Newtonian Science: A Physical-to-social Transposition Of Causality
		This deconstruction of ‘Newtonian text,’ which demonstrates that the presumed causality of external forces in classical physics indeed is a social construct (as postmodern sociology claims all theory to be), refutes the presupposition of natural science about the objectivist foundations of modern scientific discourse.
		For example, the inverse square laws for Newtonian gravitation and the Coulomb fields of electric charge in SAC constitute geometric information physically distributed in space, which the sentient forces of bodies are aware of and respond to lawfully.
		Newtonian mechanism in classical physics and the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum theory) while effectively denying any place (in hard-core science) for others with equal experimental validity (for example, David Bohm’s theory of quantum force in which particle causality is essentially subjectivist and agent-causal).
	theoryandscience.icaap.org /content/vol002.001/05zaman.html (9160 words)

	Mikel Rodriguez (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		After that, the Newtonian reflector went on to became the most popular type of telescope in the world.
		Newtonians can not be made much faster than about f/4 due to severe coma.
		Long focal length Newtonians may be left spherical as the difference between the paraboloid and sphere becomes insignificant for extremely shallow curves.
	www.earlham.edu /~rodrimi/Newtonian.htm (350 words)

	Classical and Ritchey-Chretien Cassegrain Research & Development
		Because the secondary on the Newtonian is so much smaller and lighter, it doesn't require spider vanes as thick as those needed for the larger secondaries of the Cassegrain types.
		The Newtonian is far easier to both collimate and hold collimation than the Cassegrain styles with their f3 primaries.
		The parabolic primary mirror on the Newtonian is one of the least expensive mirror figures to have produced.
	www.dreamscopes.com /pages/projects-04/ccvrc-08.htm (408 words)

	Isaac Newton - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		By grinding his own mirrors, using Newton's rings to judge the quality of the optics for his telescopes, he was able to produce a superior instrument to the refracting telescope, due primarily to the wider diameter of the mirror.
		The understanding of the world was now brought down to the level of simple human reason, and humans, as Odo Marquard argued, became responsible for the correction and elimination of evil.
		On the other hand, latitudinarian and Newtonian ideas taken too far resulted in the millenarians, a religious faction dedicated to the concept of a mechanical universe, but finding in it the same enthusiasm and mysticism that the Enlightenment had fought so hard to extinguish.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Isaac_Newton (4036 words)

	Chemicals Purchase - August 2000 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Newtonian behavior is found in all gases and in liquids and solutions of low molecular weight.
		The orienting influence is proportional to shear rate and is opposed by the randomly disorienting effects of Brownian movement, the extent of which is determined only by the temperature for a given fluid.
		For Newtonian fluids jn=1 and the shape factors are irrelevant to the pressure drop flow rate relationship.
	www.indianpurchase.com /magonline/chemicals/200008/article3.htm (2102 words)

	Hele-Shaw Flows (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The surface of the bubble is unstable (Saffman-Taylor instability) and this instability leads to fingering, which has been fairly well understood for the case of Newtonian fluids.
		On the other hand, very little is known about the influence of the viscoelastic properties of the driven fluid on the nature of developing instabilities.
		While the pressure distribution in the driven fluid for both Newtonian and non_Newtonian case is similar, the higher pressure gradient at the tips leads to large decrease of the viscosity.
	www.math.nyu.edu /research/kondic/heleshaw.html (578 words)

	Celestron -- Telescope Basics
		Newtonian and catadioptric telescopes have secondary (or diagonal) mirrors that obstruct a small percentage of light from the primary mirror.
		Some of the literature on amateur astronomy would lead you to believe that image contrast is severely reduced with Newtonians or catadioptrics because of this obstruction, but this is not the case.
		Powers lower than this are not useful with most telescopes and a dark spot may appear in the center of the eyepiece in a Catadioptric or Newtonian telescope due to the secondary or diagonal mirror's shadow.
	www.celestron.com /tb-trms.htm (2665 words)

	Newtonian Reflector Telescopes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Newtonian telescopes (also known as catoptrics) usually use a concave parabolic primary mirror (longer focal ratios may use spherical primaries) to collect and focus incoming light onto a flat secondary (diagonal) mirror.
		The 114mm (4.5") Newtonian equatorial telescope is the most popular size telescope for the more serious beginning or intermediate level astronomy enthusiast, and for good reason.
		Celestron offers five different 114mm Newtonian equatorial telescopes, making it a sure bet that one of them will have just the combination of features and performance you're looking for.
	www.catsanddogspa.com /reflect.html (275 words)

	Newtonian Reflectors (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Newtonian reflectors of 6" aperture or less are quite portable.
		The bulkiness of large Newtonians is one reason that more compact scope designs such as the Schmidt-Cassegrain have gained in popularity.
		Newtonian tubes can be supported on a variety of different mounts; the standard altazimuth mount, a cabinet-style "Dobsonian" altazimuth mount, or an equatorial "tracking" mount.
	www.twcac.org /Tutorials/newtonian_reflectors.htm (293 words)

	Celestron -- Telescope Basics
		All these designs have the same purpose, to collect light and bring it to a point of focus so it can be magnified and examined with an eyepiece, but each design does it differently.
		Newtonians (also known as catoptrics) usually use a concave parabolic primary mirror to collect and focus incoming light onto a flat secondary (diagonal) mirror that in turn reflects the image out of an opening at the side of the main tube and into the eyepiece.
		A Dobsonian is a simple altazimuth mounted Newtonian telescope which is excellent for beginners and in large sizes is an economical "Light Bucket."
	www.celestron.com /tb-2ref.htm (878 words)

	Anisotropic homogeneous cosmologies in the post-Newtonian approximation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		It will be shown that, unlike in the Newtonian case, the cosmological equations of the post-Newtonian approximation are much more in the spirit of general relativity with regard to the nine Bianchi types and issues of singularities.
		It is found in the Newtonian approximation that there are arbitrary functions that need to be given for all time if the initial value problem is to be well-posed, while in the post-Newtonian case there is no such need.
		For a shear-free anisotropic homogeneous cosmology the Newtonian theory of Heckmann and Schücking is explored.
	www.physics.adelaide.edu.au /mathphysics/abstracts/ADP-00-37-T420.html (224 words)

	Press Information \| The Newtonian Moment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		This section of The Newtonian Moment includes many of Newton's manuscripts from his undergraduate years, as well as documents from his tenure at Cambridge during the 35 years he remained there after graduation, including mathematical papers, optical experiments, his design for a small reflecting telescope, and early drafts of propositions for the Principia.
		The exhibition includes a rich sampling of the ingenuity of contemporary savants as they sought to modify Newtonian mechanics or optics, and even make it compatible with elements of Descartes' vortex theory of planetary motion, according to which the planets are carried around the sun in a huge whirlpool of subtle matter.
		The Newtonian Moment: Science and the Making of Modern Culture is on view October 8, 2004 through February 5, 2005, at The New York Public Library's Humanities and Social Sciences Library in the D. Samuel and Jeane H. Gottesman Exhibition Hall on the main floor.
	www.nypl.org /press/newton.cfm (1813 words)

	Newtonian Electrodynamics - Book Review
		Ampere's force equations are based on a model of a current element which is the electrical conductor, and on the concepts of Newtonian physics.
		In reading the book there were many important and new (to me) observations that should be of equal interest to both the professional and the intelligent lay reader.
		In the chapter on the railgun: "From this example it must be concluded that the magnetic force on the railgun armature cannot be produced by field-energy impact.
	www.padrak.com /ine/NEWELBOOK.html (1214 words)

	ObservatoryScope Folded Newtonian Systems
		Additionally, the Folded Newtonian is ideally suited for remote operation, via the Internet, where the instrument is located at a remote observatory facility and the operator is located elsewhere.
		The folded Newtonian optical system, consisting of a parabolic primary and an optical flat secondary, is the real secret to the affordability of these instruments.
		An optical flat is used not only to fold the conventional Newtonian design into a much more compact optical tube assembly, but also to allow for much more extensive baffling (as with a Cassegrain) than would ever be possible with a conventional Newtonian.
	www.observatoryscope.com /foldednewtonian/foldednewtonian.html (887 words)

	Computergram International: Clarify Buys Newtonian to Automate Sales
		Newtonian, a privately held company founded in 1989, brings Clarify a base of customers, including Miller Freeman, Raychem, Siemens and Sprint.
		Newtonian founder and president, Chaz Henry will join Clarify as a VP within the sales organization, responsible for knowledge and technology transfer to the Clarify team.
		Clarify said it expects all Newtonian's employees to move over into its sales and development arms once the acquisition is completed, in September 1999.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0CGN/is_3728/ai_55508301 (336 words)

	FAQ about Collimating a Newtonian telescope (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		But a good Newtonian is a great performer when it is well collimated, and can come out close to or maybe ahead of any other instrument of the same size (aperture).
		There are two optical axes in a Newtonian telescope: the optical axis of the main mirror, and the optical axis of the eyepiece.
		The distance along the mirror face from the center of the ellipse to the optical center is the offset multiplied by 1.414 (the square root of 2).
	www.atmsite.org /contrib/Carlin/collimation (7809 words)

	Fiction at a bifurcation point
		This is precisely a moment in which Newtonian beliefs have surpassed or even eradicated Newton's own unresolved doubts about the rigidity of his own mathematical laws to find the ultimate order of the Universe.
		Within this battle-field in which the Newtonian Universal Laws are gradually losing ground to a much more unpredictable apprehension of the world, the narrative voice likewise insists on the infinite--or rather, fractalic-- possibilities of interpretation which result from the unavoidably uncertain and relativistic condition of all human perception.
		Contrary to Newtonian philosophy, these two coordinates are considered in the novel simply as mental frames of reference to grasp external reality.
	tarlton.law.utexas.edu /lpop/etext/okla/perez24.htm (3317 words)

	5.4 Newtonian cosmology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		In this context it is also interesting to consider a slight generalization of Newtonian theory, the Newton-Cartan theory.
		The second[65] says that data which constitute a periodic (but not necessarily small) perturbation of a homogeneous and isotropic model which expands indefinitely give rise to solutions which exist globally in the future.
		The third[63] says that the homogeneous and isotropic models in Newtonian cosmology which correspond to a k =-1 Friedmann-Robertson-Walker model in general relativity are non-linearly stable.
	relativity.livingreviews.org /Articles/lrr-1998-4/node18.html (250 words)

	Newtonian Fluids (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Reentrant Corner Flows of Newtonian and Non-Newtonian Fluids...
		Newtonian Fluid -- from Eric Weisstein's World of Physics...
		Flow of a Newtonian fluid in a thin layer between two parallel disks...
	www.scienceoxygen.com /aviation/29.html (199 words)

	Exercise in Collimation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		They are simulations of views down the focuser of a Newtonian telescope (w/o eyepiece, of course) during the collimation procedure.
		This makes sense, as the secondary mirror and spider really are shifted away from the focuser (i.e., not centered within the tube), so we would expect to see the non-centered reflection of this.
		I have received a few e-mails from telescope owners stating that it is not important to offset the secondary mirror in Newtonian telescopes.
	www.fpi-protostar.com /collim.htm (1109 words)

	Newtonian (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Newtonian telescopes use a curved mirror to focus incoming light to a second, flat mirror which directs the light to a convenient viewing position on the side of the telescope.
		Looking down into the optical tube of a Newtonian you can see the large parabolic reflecting mirror at the bottom which sends light up to the "secondary mirror" located on the stalk sticking into the tube from the left.
		Newtonian telescopes must periodically have their mirrors aligned to keep the optics performing perfectly.
	www.starizona.com /basics/newt.html (306 words)

	NEWTONIAN ELECTRODYNAMICS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		It describes a series of important experiments, and new technologies based on these experiments, which cannot be explained by and analyzed with the modern relativistic electrodynamics of the twentieth century.
		The Newtonian electrodynamics of Coulomb, Ampere, Neumann, and Kirchhoff, which was current from 1750 to 1900, is fully reviewed and greatly extended to deal with contemporary research on exploding wires, railguns and other electromagnetic accelerators, jet propulsion in liquid metals, arc plasma explosions, capillary fusion, and lightning phenomena.
		If you are seriously interested in cold fusion and new energy developments, or if you are an electrical engineer, a scientist, or a teacher of science, this book is a must-read for you.
	www.worldscibooks.com /physics/2770.htm (354 words)

	Isaac Newton
		Cartesian dualism and Newtonian physics established a philosophical position that was quickly embraced as the reigning worldview for the modern age.
		This view further advocated an empirical skepticism in which nothing about the universe should be believed unless it was shown by quantitative experiment to exist without question.
		Newtonian physics is too simple to explain a set of predictions as complex and detailed as
	jahtruth.co.uk /newton.htm (1722 words)

	The Newtonian Moment - Mordechai Feingold
		The Newtonian Moment is essentially an exhibit-catalogue, to go with the exhibit Science and the Making of Modern Culture shown at the New York Public Library 8 October 2004 - 5 February 2005, curated by Feingold.
		The Newtonian Moment is both Newton-biography and then a record of the early reception of Newton's (scientific) ideas; focussed on the immediate reactions and influence, it does not, for example, try to trace the Newtonian influence as far as, for example, Patricia Fara does in her Newton: The Making of Genius.
		The Newtonian Moment is an introductory survey: just as the illustrations of individual pages from various 18th century texts makes one long to be able to see the rest of those texts, Feingold's descriptions leave one hungry to learn more.
	www.complete-review.com /reviews/scibio/newtoni3.htm (605 words)

	Newtonian Dynamics
		It is no wonder that the first successes of Newtonian mechanics were in the celestial realm, namely in the predictions of planetary orbits.
		In the Newtonian view, the tendency of objects to stop when we stop pushing on them is simply a consequence of frictional forces opposing the motion.
		Note that the principle of relativity is closely related to Newtonian physics and is incompatible with pre-Newtonian views.
	www.physics.nmt.edu /~raymond/classes/ph13xbook/node82.html (310 words)

	William Whiston: Honest Newtonian:0521524881:James E. Force:eCampus.com
		This is the first modern full-length study of Whiston's Newtonian rapprochement between science and religion.
		Professor Force examines the writings in which Whiston applies his Newtonian Biblical interpretation to social, political, and theological issues in the context of the Newtonian movement at the turn of the eighteenth century.
		The book revises the conventional view of Whiston as a figure peripheral to the Newtonian movement and reveals the nature of Whiston's 'Newtonianism' and his individual eccentricities.
	www.ecampus.com /bk_detail.asp?isbn=0521524881 (139 words)

	KVV Stage II Studies (Diploma): Non -Newtonian Fluids
		The behaviour of viscous effects of common fluids (water, gases, oil etc.) is called Newtonian.
		Hovever, a wide class of fluids which are important as well in the processing industry as in biomechanics cannot be charakterized by Newtonian relationships.
		In the lecture the most important fundamentals of non - Newtonian fluids are presented.
	www.rz.uni-karlsruhe.de /~hf65/KVV/eng-strnnmed.htm (188 words)

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