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Topic: Nguni languages

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	Nguni - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Zwangendaba (?-1848) leader of the Jere, a Nguni clan, who led his people on a migration of 1,600 km (1,000 mi) from what is now South Africa north...
		The Triple Z Nguni Stud was created out of respect for the hardiness of these animals and for their genetic adaptation to harsh and extreme climatic conditions in various...
		The Nguni cattle breed is endemic from the South of Africa.
	ca.encarta.msn.com /Nguni.html (180 words)

	Languages of South Africa - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The official languages of the Republic are Sepedi, Sesotho, Setswana, siSwati, Tshivenda, Xitsonga, Afrikaans, English, isiNdebele, isiXhosa and isiZulu.
		The majority of South Africans speak a language from either of the Sotho branch of Bantu languages (This includes Sesotho, Sesotho sa Leboa and Setswana) or of the Nguni branch of Bantu languages (Zulu, Xhosa, Siswati and Ndebele).
		As can be seen from the accompanying maps, the nine indigenous languages of South Africa can be divided into two geographical zones, with Nguni languages being predominant in coastal areas and the eastern half of the country and Sotho languages being predominant inland, in the western half (and of course, in Botswana and Lesotho).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Languages_of_South_Africa (672 words)

	Nguni - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Nguni (an older variant is Ngoni) commonly refers both to a group of clans and nations living in south-east Africa, and to a group of Bantu languages spoken in southern Africa including Zulu, Xhosa, Swati, and Ndebele.
		Today the kingdom encompasses many different clans who speak an Nguni language called Swati and are loyal to the king of Swaziland, who is also the head of the Dlamini clan.
		Nguni people can be Christians (whether Catholics or Protestants in Mozambique, South Africa, and Zimbabwe), or practitioners of African traditional religions, or practising forms of Christianity modified with traditional African values (such as the Shembe Church of Nazarites).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Nguni (370 words)

	South Africa - Ethnic Groups and Language
		Despite the diversity of these language groups, it is nonetheless possible to begin to understand this complex society by viewing language groupings as essentially the same as ethnic groupings.
		This is possible because, in general, most South Africans consider one of the eleven official languages, or a closely related tongue, to be their first language; and most people acquire their first language as part of a kinship group or an ethnically conscious population.
		Language boundaries are not rigid and fixed, however; regional dialects often assume characteristics of more than one language.
	countrystudies.us /south-africa/45.htm (874 words)

	South Africa - Nguni
		The Zulu and the Swazi are among the Northern Nguni.
		Four of South Africa's official languages are Nguni languages; isiZulu, isiXhosa, siSwati, and isiNdebele are spoken primarily by the Zulu, the Xhosa, the Swazi, and the Ndebele peoples, respectively.
		Before the nineteenth century, the dominant Nguni settlement pattern was that of dispersed households, as opposed to villages.
	countrystudies.us /south-africa/46.htm (2944 words)

	UCLA Language Materials Project Language Profiles Page
		It is also spoken as a dominant language in several districts away from the main Xhosa region: in Petrusburg near Bloemfontein, and in the mining districts of Oberholzer and Westonaria, southwest of Johannesburg.
		The Nguni languages are part of a much larger related group of Southeastern Bantu languages that includes Sotho (Northern, Southern, and Tswana), Tsonga, Venda, and Inhambane (Chopi and Tonga) along with the Nguni languages.
		As a Bantu language, Xhosa is related to a large number of languages spoken throughout much of Eastern, Southern, and Central Africa from South Africa to Cameroon in the west and Kenya in the east.
	www.lmp.ucla.edu /Profile.aspx?LangID=21&menu=004 (1230 words)

	South African English: Oppressor or Liberator?
		It took root as a southern African language as a result of the settlements of 1820 (in the Eastern Cape) and 1848-1862 (in Natal), and of the influx to the diamond mines of Kimberley (1870) and the gold mines of the Witwatersrand (1886).
		Despite the treatment of English as a ‘Cinderella’ language in official circles from 1948-94, English was too powerful to be adversely affected, and it retained its dominance as the language of higher education, commerce, science, and technology, and as the internal and international language of communication.
		Afrikaans became known as "the language of the oppressor": apartheid was enforced in Afrikaans, as it was the language of the bureaucracy and the police force.
	www.ru.ac.za /affiliates/dsae/MAVEN.HTML (2768 words)

	Zulu_language information. LANGUAGE SCHOOL EXPLORER
		The language is widely spoken in KwaZulu-Natal (81% of the province's population are Zulu first language speakers), Mpumalanga (26%) and Gauteng (21%).
		Ndebele, spoken in Zimbabwe, Swazi and the Nguni language formerly spoken in Malawi are all closely related to Zulu and developed from nineteenth century Zulu migrant populations.
		The mutual intelligibility of many Nguni languages, has increased the likelihood of Zulu becoming the lingua franca of the Eastern half of the country although the political dominance of Xhosa-speaking people on national level mitigates against this really happening.
	language.school-explorer.com /Zulu (3268 words)

	Xhosa
		Language: Xhosa is a Bantu language in the Nguni family of southeastern Bantu languages.
		Bantu languages are a part of the Benue-Congo division of the Niger-Kordofanian language group.
		The Nguni languages are unique among the Bantu languages in the use of click sounds as consonants.
	cesa.imb.org /peoplegroups/xhosa.htm (1145 words)

	South Africa Nguni
		Cattle were central to most Nguni economies, which ranged from almost complete dependence on herding to mixed pastoralism and crop cultivation, often supplemented by hunting.
		Nguni political organization generally consisted of small chiefdoms, sometimes only a few hundred people loyal to a person chosen by descent, achievement, or a combination of factors.
		The Ndebele language, isiNdebele, is classified among the Nguni languages, although Sotho influences are strong enough in some areas that isiNdebele is sometimes also classified as a variant of seSotho.
	www.country-studies.com /south-africa/nguni.html (2936 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The standard strategy in the Nguni languages involves the prefixation of a relative concord to the predicate of the relative clause.
		In contrast, Tsonga, Venda and the Sotho languages form relative clauses by means of clause-initial relative markers that are analysed as relative complementisers.
		The major claim of this paper is that the Nguni relative concords are the result of a grammaticalisation process that turned (early Nguni) relative complementisers into inflectional prefixes.
	www.ukzn.ac.za /department/publications/papers.asp?dept=linguistund&id=57 (154 words)

	The languages of South Africa - SouthAfrica.info
		The language of the Tswana people is spoken mostly in Botswana, a country on the northwestern border of South Africa, as well as in the Northern Cape province, the central and western Free State and in North West.
		SiSwati, the language of the Swazi nation, is spoken mainly in eastern Mpumalanga, an area that borders the country of Swaziland.
		Their language, Xitsonga, is spoken in eastern Limpopo and Mumalanga, areas near the border of the country of Mozambique, as well as in southern Mozambique and southeastern Zimbabwe.
	www.southafrica.info /ess_info/sa_glance/demographics/language.htm (2436 words)

	South African Languages \| Multilingualism in South Africa
		Firstly as language of political power it was seen in high regard by European colonists (apart from a strong Dutch/Afrikaans movement that existed at the same time).
		Secondly later as language of the struggle in resistance to Afrikaans which was seen as the language of Apartheid.
		English is also the language most often used in the media and even by politicians or government officials even though attempts have been made to promote multilingualism.
	salanguages.com /multilingualism.htm (580 words)

	Contact Languages in the Bantu Area
		Nonetheless, in both cases an indigenous language was adopted by exogenous populations who were kept on the margins and precluded by the circumstances of their immigration from participating in the regular lives of the natives.
		Many of their speakers are educated and experience the normal challenges of language contact in diglossic situations in which it is tolerated to mix the lower language with elements from the higher language, viz., English, French, or another European language, depending on the country.
		According to this, an exogenous language was appropriated by the local populations and others as a lingua franca and/or a vernacular and was restructured in the process.
	humanities.uchicago.edu /faculty/mufwene/mufw_bantucon.html (6659 words)

	South Africa Languages and Culture
		Afrikaans is a born language and attached is a fascinating history.
		The language of Sepedi is spoken by approximately 4,208,980 individuals and it is one of the eleven official languages in
		The language is usually spoken in Mpumalanga, Gauteng and...
	www.sa-venues.com /sa_languages_and_culture.htm (849 words)

	Nguni languages - the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Nguni is a group of languages spoken in southern Africa including
		A further, similarly artificial partitioning differentiated between the northern Nguni, consisting of Zulu and
		Swazi, and the southern Nguni among which are the Xhosa,
	www.free-web-encyclopedia.com /default.asp?t=Nguni (393 words)

	South Africa Holiday: Tribes & languages of South Africa (information for British Tourists in South Africa)
		Despite the diversity of the South African languages, it is possible to begin to understand this complex society by viewing language groups as essentially the same as ethnic groups.
		This is because most South Africans consider one of the eleven official languages to be their first language, and most people acquire their first language as part of a kinship or ethnic group.
		The Khoisan languages are not included in the 11 official languages in South African.
	www.southafricaholiday.org.uk /history/tnl_tribesnationslanguages.htm (522 words)

	Common phrases in different languages
		It is possible for tourists in a country whose language they do not understand to get along with a surprisingly short list of phrases, combined with pointing, miming, and writing down numbers on paper.
		The language family of every language is listed in parentheses.
		There is no generic word for "Hello" in the language, rather there are numerous options depending on the relative ages and/or race of the people involved, as well as singular and plural forms.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/he/Hello.html (2405 words)

	Zulu
		Languages of the World is brought to you by the National Virtual Translation Center.
		Zulu is one of the 11 official languages of the Republic of South Africa.
		Zulu is a Category II language in terms of difficulty for speakers of English.
	www.nvtc.gov /lotw/months/september/zulu.html (983 words)

	More About Ithemba!
		Nguni is the predominant language group and includes four languages: Zulu, Xhosa, Ndebele and Swati.
		This day to day language of the farmer should be accessible to the city child so that she doesn't lose all contact with her roots.
		Language is a living entity and Ithemba seeks to tread a careful path between historical accuracy and modern usage.
	www.icon.co.za /~firechildren/ithemba/more.htm (1879 words)

	Translate.org.za - What are the 11 official languages of South Africa?
		The government also works on a six language policy, which was formulated as some of the languages are part of distinct groups which are mutually intelligible.
		With the six language policy government is required to translate material into: English, Afrikaans, Tsonga, Venda, one of the Sotho languages and one of the Nguni languages on a rating basis.
		The languages are listed in English with their mother tongue name, their language group and the percentage of South Africa's population that speak that language.
	translate.org.za /content/view/14/63 (417 words)

	\|\|:: LANGUAGES ::\|\|
		IsiZulu, isiXhosa, SiSwati and isiNdebele are collectively referred to as the Nguni languages, and have a lot of similarities in syntax and grammar.
		It is a hybrid of Afrikaans, English and fl languages, and developed in urban areas to make communication easier among the different language groups.
		It is a dynamic language, with new words and phrases being invented on a regular basis.
	www.buffalocity.gov.za /visitors/languages.stm (324 words)

	Nguni languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The clan was based on male ancestry, formed the highest unit of the Nguni.
		Up to 1800, the southern Nguni culturally hardly differed from the northern Nguni.
		The southern Nguni living between the Ciskei and the Transkei remained a society of individuals.
	grupos.xasa.us /wiki/en/wikipedia/n/ng/nguni_languages.html (430 words)

	Nguni - Encyclopedia.com
		Refugees from Shaka, copying the military discipline and strategy of their Zulu conquerors, established themselves in the NDEBELE state in Zimbabwe, the Gaza state in Mozambique, the Swazi state in Swaziland, and a group of Nguni states in Tanzania, Zambia, and Malawi.
		Nguni people came into conflict with European settlers: the British in the Cape Colony moved into the lands of the Xhosa, precipitating the XHOSA WARS; Boer, and later British, settlers in Natal clashed with the Zulus.
		Deputy Agriculture Minister Sylvester Nguni, in a rare admission of failures in the nation's land redistribution...
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1O48-Nguni.html (1088 words)

	African Studies Institute
		For the time being, 3 languages, Swahili, Yoruba and Amharic are being taught at the elementary, intermediate, and advanced levels.
		The languages program is very popular with over 100 students a year.
		The goal is to increase the number of African languages taught at UGA by introducing additional languages from South Africa (preferably Shona) and one from West Africa (preferably Hausa).
	www.uga.edu /afrstu/languages/index.htm (199 words)

	safm (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Language, culture and our complex history are inextricably intertwined and each in their own way exerts an influence on the development and use of our languages.
		General consensus however is that the main point of dispersal of the Bantu language family was from north of the west African rain forests in the area of the Central Benue Valley and Nigeria.
		There has been a strong corpus of people that advocates that the languages should be recognised in their own right and as such that speakers, especially of English, should learn how to pronounce the languages in their original form.
	www.safm.co.za /columns/index.jsp?columnarticleid=882 (3374 words)

	IsiNdebele - UNESCO WORLD LANGUAGES REPORT SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE
		The South Ndebele Language Board was established in 1976 and its main aims were to standardise the written language by formulating spelling rules, to compile a vocabulary list for school, to promote the writing of books and to oversee the prescribing of school books.
		Traditionally the language is passed down and this was further strengthened by the re-awakening of a sense of pride in their own identity and the subsequent introduction of Ndebele as medium of instruction and subject at schools - 1970-1990.
		During this time the language board was established and people were eager to promote and develop the language, but this dwindled after 1994 and the popularity of the language among its speakers also diminished.
	www.cyberserv.co.za /users/~jako/lang/unesco/isindebele.htm (2960 words)

	African Languages
		Nguni languages are best known for their melodious sounds and clicks, and also for their rich oral praise poetry literary genre called Izibongo that is considered the most colorful and lofty of their literary expression.
		In addition to Mazrui and Mphande, there are 2 African languages specialists in the Department of Linguistics: Professor David Odden, a renowned scholar and expert on the phonology and grammar of several Bantu languages, and Professor Donald Winford, a sociolinguist with a strong interest in African languages.
		To fulfill the language requirements of their departments or colleges, students must demonstrate oral and written proficiency beyond the lower intermediate levels, which is demonstrated by successfully completing 4 quarters of instruction.
	cas.osu.edu /african_languages.htm (1192 words)

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