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Topic: Niagara Escarpment

	Niagara Falls: Just the facts... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Niagara Falls is renowned for its beauty, and is both a valuable source of hydroelectric power (additional info and facts about hydroelectric power) and a challenging project for environmental preservation (additional info and facts about environmental preservation).
		The original Niagara Falls were near the site of present day Lewiston, New York (additional info and facts about Lewiston, New York), but erosion ((geology) the mechanical process of wearing or grinding something down (as by particles washing over it)) of their crest has caused the waterfalls to retreat several miles southward.
		Along the Niagara River, the Niagara River Recreational Trail runs the 32km (50 miles) from Fort Erie to Fort George, and includes many historical sites from the War of 1812 (A war (1812-1814) between the United States and England which was trying to interfere with American trade with France).
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/n/ni/niagara_falls.htm (2852 words)

	Encyclopedia: Niagara Escarpment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Niagara Escarpment is a long escarpment or cuesta running through Ontario in Canada, New York State, Wisconsin, Michigan, and Illinois in the United States.
		In geology, an escarpment is a transition zone between different physiogeographic provinces that involves an elevation differential, often involving high cliffs.
		The Niagara Escarpment ranks with the Mona Lisa, the Grand Canyon, cathedrals, and the other Biosphere Reserves as part of the heritage of the human race and all living things.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Niagara-Escarpment (1025 words)

	Coalition on the Niagara Escarpment (CONE) - About the Escarpment
		The Geological Survey of Canada first referred to the Niagara Escarpment in 1864, identifying it as a "step in the countryside." It is a complex land form consisting of sedimentary bedrock of marine origin overlain by glacial deposits.
		The Niagara Escarpment is not the result of a fault (a fracture in the earth's crust), as some escarpments are, but instead is a "cuesta" which was formed by differential erosion.
		Parts of the Escarpment in Dufferin County are also buried, but by contrast to Caledon, the Escarpment slope is not visible in the glacial deposits over the slope in Dufferin.
	www.niagaraescarpment.org /page_the_niagara_escarpment.html (1838 words)

	WDNR - Description of Study Area - Niagara Escarpment Report
		The Niagara Escarpment is the steep face of a 650-mile sickle-shaped cuesta (bedrock ridge) that runs from the northeastern United States south of Rochester, New York, across portions of southeastern Canada, and then southward north and west of Lake Michigan to southeastern Wisconsin (Map 3).
		A good example of the variability of the Escarpment is on the Door Peninsula where the Escarpment is expressed as a prominent rock face and steep west-facing scarp with cliffs reaching 150 feet in height (Map 4).
		Farming along the Escarpment was difficult due to the shallow soils and steep slopes, and settlement patterns were affected by the bedrock-controlled topography.
	www.dnr.state.wi.us /org/land/er/publications/niagara/study_area.asp (1354 words)

	Niagara escarpment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The softer rocks between the Trenton limestone and the Niagara dolomite were eroded into a deep moat between the two resistant formations so that these two rock formationss stand like ramparts across the peninsula guarding the lands to the south.
		The eroded edge of these rocks forms an escarpment that can be traced almost continuously along the eastern part of Wisconsin, the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, and on east to New York State were Niagara Falls is formed by waters flowing off the Niagara dolomite onto the softer underlying shales.
		This escarpment is generally referred to as the Niagara Escarpment.
	www.geo.msu.edu /geo333/niagara.html (588 words)

	Town of Empire
		East of the Niagara Escarpment, which extends from the unincorporated community of Pipe to the Horicon Marsh, is the region known as the Eastern Ridges of Wisconsin.
		West of the Niagara Escarpment, the topography is nearly level to sloping and includes some of the best farming soils in the county.
		The base of the escarpment in the extreme western sections of the Town of Empire is composed of Maquoketa shale, a highly impermeable shale bed overlain by glacial drift consisting mainly of lacustrine (old lakebed) and red clays.
	www.empire-town.org /comp4.html (5548 words)

	Niagara Falls Origins - a Geological History
		The Niagara Region is located on a portion of a great plain which runs east to west from the northern Laurentian Highlands (Canadian Shield) approximately 161 kilometers north of Toronto, Ontario to the southern Allegheny Plateau which form the foothills of the Adirondack Mountains and the Appalachian Mountains.
		The Niagara Escarpment is the ultimate reason the Falls of Niagara was born.
		Between the Niagara Escarpment and the Onondaga Escarpment is a relatively flat and poorly drained lowland called the Tonawanda plain.
	www.iaw.com /~falls/origins.html (7391 words)

	Niagara Escarpment Planning and Development Act, R.S.O. 1990, c. N.2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The purpose of this Act is to provide for the maintenance of the Niagara Escarpment and land in its vicinity substantially as a continuous natural environment, and to ensure only such development occurs as is compatible with that natural environment. R.S.O. 1990, c.
		When the Niagara Escarpment Plan is amended, the Minister shall promptly provide a copy of the amendment to the Commission and to the clerk of every municipality that is affected by the amendment. 2000, c.
		When the Niagara Escarpment Plan is in effect, the Minister may, out of the money appropriated therefor by the Legislature, provide financial assistance to any person, organization or corporation, including a municipal corporation, undertaking any policy or program that implements the Plan. R.S.O. c.
	www.e-laws.gov.on.ca /DBLaws/Statutes/English/90n02_e.htm (5511 words)

	Exploring Wisconsin’s great cliff -- Wisconsin Natural Resources magazine
		A rocky outcrop of the Niagara Escarpment overlooking Lake Winnebago.
		The Niagara Escarpment is a 40- to 100-foot cliff that passes through the eastern third of our state, continues north of several of the Great Lakes, sometimes under water, into Canada, and down to Niagara Falls.
		You are descending or climbing the Niagara Escarpment.
	www.wnrmag.com /stories/2000/aug00/niagara.htm (2058 words)

	Niagara Escarpment
		An escarpment may be defined as a steep rock face of great length formed by an abrupt termination of strata.
		The Niagara Escarpment adds a unique visual quality to Ontario's landscape as it crosses the province from QUEENSTON, on the NIAGARA RIVER, through HAMILTON, Milton, ORANGEVILLE, COLLINGWOOD, OWEN SOUND and Tobermory to MANITOULIN ISLAND and ST JOSEPH ISLAND.
		The escarpment marks part of the shore of an ancient sea centered in Michigan, which extended west from Rochester, NY, across Ontario to Michigan, then down the west side of Lake Michigan into Wisconsin.
	www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com /index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&ArticleId=A0005729 (151 words)

	Niagara Falls - the Cataracts
		o stand beside the Falls of Niagara and to hear the incessant roaring thunder and to feel the earth moving to the vibration of the sheer volume of water is to understand the grandeur and dynamism of Niagara Falls.
		The average depth of the Niagara River upstream of Niagara Falls is 15 feet (4.5m).The deepest area of the Niagara River upstream of Niagara Falls is approximately 27 feet (8m).
		The width of the Niagara River at Niagara On the Lake is 915 meters (3000 feet).
	www.iaw.com /~falls/cataract.html (5524 words)

	Bruce Trail Association - About Us
		The Niagara Escarpment is known as one of the world's most unique natural wonders - a masterpiece of living art that has been recognized as a UNESCO World Biosphere Reserve because the residents of this significant ecosystem have successfully balanced conservation and preservation with surrounding development.
		The Niagara Escarpment Planning and Development Act established a planning process to ensure that the area would be protected for future generations.
		The Niagara Escarpment Plan, approved in 1985 and revised in 1994, serves as a framework of objectives and policies that strike a balance between development, preservation and the enjoyment of this important natural area.
	www.brucetrail.org /aboutus.asp?id={C5C83819-ECDF-4C10-8F5F-4837BAE17CCF} (475 words)

	Niagara Escarpment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		A cross-section of the Niagara Escarpment on the Bruce peninsula.
		The escarpment represents older rock pushed to the surface, where it was subject to erosion and other weathering processes.
		The Escarpment is surrounded by a variety of landforms created by the glaciers, such as moraines and till deposits.
	www.geocities.com /Yosemite/Trails/1551/niagara.htm (297 words)

	Niagara Bruce Trail Club
		The Niagara Bruce Trail Club is one of nine clubs that form the The Bruce Trail Association.
		The Bruce Trail Association is an organization dedicated to the preservation of nature and conservation of the environment, particularly of the Niagara Escarpment.
		Essentially, the Escarpment is a ridge of rock several hundred metres high in some locations, which forms the outer ring of the Michigan Basin; it was created through a long, complex geological process which includes its having been in the Silurian period, a sea.
	people.becon.org /~nbtc (752 words)

	What is the Niagara Escarpment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Ontario's Niagara Escarpment stretches over 700 km from Queenston on the Niagara River to Tobermory on the Bruce Peninsula.
		With the retreat of the glaciers, the Escarpment became a habitat for plants and animals.
		It is said that there has been more change to the Niagara Escarpment during the past 100 years than in the previous 450,000,000 years.
	www.escarpmentcentre.org /escarpment.htm (393 words)

	ipedia.com: Niagara Escarpment Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Niagara Escarpment, as a feature of physical geography is a long escarpment or cuesta running through southern and central Ontario, Canada.
		It is traceable starting in eastern New York State and along a westerly direction across the Niagara River into Ontario where it stretches along the Niagara Peninsula and northerly to Georgian Bay near Collingwood.
		Also, in some places thick glacial deposits conceal the Niagara Escarpment, such as north of Georgetown, where it actually continues underground and reappears farther north.
	www.ipedia.com /niagara_escarpment.html (563 words)

	Niagara Escarpment - A Special Place - Sierra Club (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Why: The Niagara Escarpment is a long limestone ridge running from Niagara Falls to Tobermory.
		The escarpment is constantly eroding to the ground.
		For example, ridges separated from the escarpment by deep fissures are slowly eroding to the ground.
	www.sierraclub.org /specialplace/yourplaces/niagaraescarpment.asp (166 words)

	About the Niagara Escarpment Commission
		The Niagara Escarpment is the most prominent topographical feature of the southern part of Ontario.
		An introduction to the Niagara Escarpment Plan, the Niagara Escarpment Biosphere Reserve and the Niagara Escarpment Commission.
		A few quick facts about the Niagara Escarpment, its recognition as a World Biosphere Reserve, and the Niagara Escarpment Plan, as well as data outlining the physical and biological features of the Niagara Escarpment biosphere reserve.
	www.escarpment.org /About/about_us.htm (205 words)

	WDNR - Overall Results - Niagara Escarpment Report (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Escarpment crosses a major climatic "tension zone" (Curtis, 1959), accounting for significant differences in the vegetation around and on the Escarpment.
		Farther south the natural vegetation is confined to the Escarpment itself, or may occur in small patches or extend in narrow strips along the Escarpment base or immediately above the rock.
		While not directly dependent on the Escarpment, numerous migratory birds use the Escarpment in some way during their spring and fall migrations because it is congruent to shoreline.
	www.dnr.state.wi.us /org/land/er/publications/niagara/Results.asp (2001 words)

	What is the Niagara Escarpment Tutorial
		It is traceable from the Niagara River to northern Michigan, forming the spine of the Bruce Peninsula and Manitoulin and other islands in northern Lake Huron.
		The Niagara Escarpment has origins dating back into geological history some 430 to 450 million years, a time when the area lay under a shallow warm sea.
		The Niagara Escarpment has a caprock of dolostone which is more resistant and overlies weaker, more easily eroded shale rocks.
	www.torontohiking.com /Tutorials/escarp/escarp.html (431 words)

	Info Niagara: Niagara Falls Tourist Information Guide
		Many of Niagara's accommodation establishments and attractions are serviced by either the Falls Shuttle or the Niagara Parks people mover system.
		When in Niagara don't forget to visit The Murals of Welland and the The Welland Canal where ships climb the mountain.To beautify the city of Welland town fathers commissioned artists from across Canada to paint murals on the sides of buildings.
		The Niagara Central Reservation system would like to thank visitors to the Niagara region who book their accommodations on-line through our network with special "Value Added Vouchers".
	www.infoniagara.com (315 words)

	The Niagara Escarpment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Niagara Escarpment is the edge of a thick series of dolomite layers of Silurian age.
		The term "Niagara Escarpment" is sometimes used in other places where the edge of the Silurian rocks form bluffs, especially in Iowa.
		The Niagara Escarpment owes its prominence to both the resistance of the Silurian dolomite layers and the relative softness of the Ordovician and Devonian rocks on either side.
	www.uwgb.edu /dutchs/geolwisc/niagesc.htm (459 words)

	Geology
		They are in fact "married" or connected to each other by the Niagara Escarpment, locally called, "the Ledge." Generally speaking, an escarpment is a steep ledge or bluff that separates two areas of differing elevation.
		So, the Niagara Escarpment was once the edge of a coral reef formed in the warm, clear, shallow, salt waters at the edge of the giant Michigan basin.
		One ancient tree on the edge of the escarpment near Oakfield and another with trunk pieces recovered from the edge of the Ledge near the marsh are only eight inches in diameter but almost 300 years old.
	www.fws.gov /midwest/horicon/hisgeolgy.html (2252 words)

	Geoscape Toronto - Niagara Escarpment (Part 1)
		Crushed rock from the escarpment is used to build roads and houses; blocks of sandstone were used to build Ontario's Parliament buildings.
		In 1985, in response to competing land uses on the escarpment, the government of Ontario enacted the Niagara Escarpment Plan, Canada's first large-scale environmental land-use plan.
		In Ontario, the Niagara Escarpment is a prominent cliff extending for over 500 kilometres from Niagara Falls, through the western part of the GTA and north past Manitoulin Island, following the rim of the Michigan Basin.
	geoscape.nrcan.gc.ca /toronto/escarp_e.php (328 words)

	Headwaters - Niagara Escarpment
		The Niagara Escarpment is one of Canada's most scenic landforms stretching 725 km from Niagara Falls north to the tip of the Bruce Peninsula on Lake Huron.
		Much of the escarpment is forested, habitat to a wide variety of mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, ferns and orchids; several of these species are designated as endangered threatened or rare.
		The Niagara Escarpment Plan and the Niagara Escarpment Commission provide for the maintenance of the Niagara Escarpment as a continuous natural environment and ensures development is compatible with the environment.
	thehillsofheadwaters.com /section.php?ssid=108 (367 words)

	Waterfalls of Ontario - Waterfallogy 101
		Before water was removed from the Niagara River for power generation, this process caused the waterfall to move upstream about 1 m per year.
		In Ontario, this form is found almost exclusively on parts of the Niagara Escarpment.
		Niagara Falls itself only receives half the water that it used to, since much of the river's flow is diverted through canals to power stations on either side of the border.
	www.start.ca /users/mharris/waterfalls/waterfallogy.html (1448 words)

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