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Topic: Nicaean Empire

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Empire of Nicaea

Theodore I Lascaris

John IV Lascaris

Theodore II Lascaris

Latin Empire

Michael VIII Palaeologus

Johannizza of Bulgaria

Nicaea

Andronicus II

Baldwin I of Constantinople

Fourth Crusade

Constantinople

Geoffrey of Villehardouin

Catalan Grand Company

Battle of Manzikert

	Empire of Trebizond - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		When Constantinople fell to the Fourth Crusade in 1204, the Empire of Trebizond was one of the three smaller Greek states that emerged from the wreckage, along with the Empire of Nicaea and the so-called Despotate of Epirus.
		While Epirus effectively disintegrated in the 14th century, and the Nicaean Empire succeeded in retaking Constantinople and extinguishing the feeble Latin Empire, only to be conquered in 1453 by the Ottoman Empire, Trebizond managed to outlive its competitors in Epirus and Nicaea.
		It was an empire more in title than in fact, surviving by playing its rivals against each other, and offering the daughters of its rulers for marriage with generous dowries, especially with the Turkmen rulers of interior Anatolia.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond (1160 words)

	Empire - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Generally, an empire is defined as a state that extends dominion over areas and populations that are culturally and ethnically distinct from the culture at the center of power.
		Empires predate the Romans by several hundred years: Egypt, for example, created an empire in the 16th century BC by invading and then incorporating Nubia and the ancient city-states of the Levant.
		Empires cannot reliably be explained as a result of the cost/benefit analysis of the elites.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Empire (2343 words)

	Empire of Nicaea - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Empire of Nicaea was the largest of the Byzantine Greek states founded by the nobility of the Byzantine Empire after Constantinople was conquered during the Fourth Crusade.
		The Latin Empire, Empire of Nicaea, Empire of Trebizond, and the Despotate of Epirus.
		The Latin Empire, which was established by the Crusaders in Constantinople, had poor control over former Byzantine territory, and Byzantine successor states sprang up in Epirus and Trebizond as well as Nicaea.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Nicaean_Empire (728 words)

	Trabzon
		It remained a city under the rule of one empire or another for some time, and gained importance under Roman rule in the 1st century AD because it was the nearest port to the Armenian frontier.
		It was an empire more in title than in action, surviving by playing its rivals against each other, and offering daughters of its rulers or marriage with generous dowaries.
		Sultan Murad II of the Ottoman Empire first attempted to take the capital by sea in 1442, but high surf made the landings difficult and the attempt was repulsed.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/tr/Trabzon.html (673 words)

	Trebizond, empire of - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		These were the empire of Nicaea, the despotate of Epirus, and the empire of Trebizond.
		The empire of Trebizond was further diminished when Sinope fell (1214) to the Seljuk Turks, and the emperor became a vassal of the sultan of Iconium; for the remainder of its existence Trebizond was restricted to the SE Black Sea coastal region.
		When the Byzantine Empire was restored (1261) under Nicaean leadership, Trebizond remained separate and independent, although it was often forced to pay tribute to the succeeding dominant powers of Asia Minor.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/T/Trebizemp.asp (605 words)

	The Age of Chivalry - Empire of Nicaea 1204-1261 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Of these three petty empires it was the Nicaean Empire that was the most powerful and would ultimately reclaim Constantinople from the Latins and restore the Byzantine emperor to the throne.
		Founded by Theodore I Laskaris, son-in-law of Alexios III Angelos Komnenos, the Empire of Nicaea was situated in north-western Anatolia and at its height controlled the western rim of Asia Minor as well as Thrace and southern Macedonia with the city of Nicaea (Iznik) as the capital.
		This effectively eliminated the Seljuk threat to the Nicaean Empire culminating in the Seljuk Sultan Kai Khosrou II signing a treaty of alliance with John.
	www.taoc.co.uk /content/view/33/45 (913 words)

	f. The Byzantine Empire. 2001. The Encyclopedia of World History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		After the recapture of Constantinople by the Greeks in 1261, the empire of the Paleologi was still a relatively small domain, consisting of the former Nicaean Empire, the city of Constantinople and its immediate surroundings, the coastal part of Thrace, Salonika (Thessalonica), and southern Macedonia with the islands of Imbros, Samothrace, Lesbos, and Rhodes.
		The city and the court reached their highest prosperity and brilliance under the Emperor Alexius II (1297–1330), whose reign was followed by a period of dynastic and factional struggle.
		The European territories of the earlier empire were divided between the Greek despotate of Epirus and the Greek duchy of Neopatras (Thessaly, Locris), the Latin duchy of Athens, the Latin principality of Achaea, and the Venetian duchy of the Archipelago.
	www.bartleby.com /67/564.html (582 words)

	Nicaean Empire info here at en.88of100c.info (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The Empire of Nicaea was the largest of the Byzantine Greek times founded by the nobility of the Byzantine Empire after Constantinople was conquered meanwhile the Fourth Crusade.
		Foundation The Latin Empire, Empire of Nicaea, Empire of Trebizond, the Despotate of Epirus.
		Nicaea, however, was the closest to the Latin Empire was in the supreme area to attempt to re-establish the Byzantine Empire.
	en.88of100c.info /Nicaean_Empire (846 words)

	Trabzon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Alexius I, a grandson of Byzantine emperor Andronicus I Comnenus, made Trebizond the seat of an empire, and because of this connection the polity was sometimes referred to as the Comnenan Empire.
		It was an empire more in title than in action, surviving by playing its rivals against each other, and offering daughters of its rulers or marriage with generous dowries.
		His son Alexius IV married two of his daughters to Cihanshah, khan of the Black Sheep Turkmen, and to Ali Beg, khan of the White Sheep Turkmen; while his eldest daughter Maria became the third wife of the Byzantine Emperor John VIII Palaeologus.
	bopedia.com /en/wikipedia/t/tr/trabzon.html (689 words)

	After Capitalism: The Last Empire
		An empire is defined as: “A set of regions locally ruled by governors in the name of an emperor; a large, multi-ethnic state ruled from a single center at least partly by coercion based on greed.”
		Empires began to appear soon after the first cities made the necessary administrative structures possible.
		The present-day country where the seat of the empire was located is included if not obvious from the name.
	proutaftercapitalism.blogspot.com /2006/05/last-empire_20.html (315 words)

	The Light & the Dark: Volume XIX - summary
		The subject of Volume XIX of The Light and the Dark, the fifth in the series on the Middle Ages, is the history of the Byzantine Empire from 642 to 1453.
		The general theme of the whole series is `dualism’, in short the impact of unsolvable oppositions on historical societies; this is also the subject of this volume: unsolvable oppositions in Byzantine history, in its interior policy as well as in the relationships with the surrounding nations and with Latin Europe.
		A Latin Empire (1204-1261) was founded in the European part of the Byzantine Empire, while a Greek Nicaean Empire was founded in Asia Minor.
	home.wanadoo.nl /piet.fontaine/volumes/vol19.htm (1198 words)

	All Empires History Forum: The Zenith and Decline of Byzantine Military Science
		Surely, there were people in the empire who questioned the use or overuse of mercenaries or atleast questioned the point in reconquering territory and not utilizing the population in the army.
		Afterall look at the last Roman empire, if there was ever a good example of how to ruin your army its there, fill the ranks with unreliable men (germans and other barbarians) who will probably turn on you the second they see profit elsewhere and almost never lose their born loyalty to their respective tribe.
		At the time of the Comneni the empire had suffered a major setback, but it was by no means terminal and the empire by the skill and ability of the Comneni was showing signs of recovery.
	www.allempires.com /forum/forum_posts.asp?TID=5086&PN=3 (2287 words)

	Empire of Trebizond
		The Empire of Trebizond was a successor state of the Byzantine Empire founded in 1204 immediately before the fall of Constantinople.
		When Constantinople fell to the Fourth Crusade in 1204, the Empire of Trebizond was one of the three smaller Greek states that emerged from the wreckage, along with the Empire of Nicaea and the Despotate of Epirus.
		It was an empire more in title than in action, surviving by playing its rivals against each other, and offering the daughters of its rulers for marriage with generous dowries, especially with the Turkmen rulers of interior Anatolia.
	www.mlahanas.de /Greeks/Medieval/LX/EmpireOfTrebizond.html (1058 words)

	ORB: The Online Reference Book for Medieval Studies
		Within the Empire, government rested on four main pillars: the army, the Greek Orthodox Church, the imperial bureaucracy, and a handful of noble families.
		Whoever controlled the city controlled the empire; similarly, no claimant to the throne could be successful until he had taken the city.
		Political disorder invites predators, and the Empire by mid-century found formidable enemies rising against it: the Slavs to the north, the Normans to the west, and the Turks from the east.
	www.the-orb.net /textbooks/crusade/byzantinecru.html (6537 words)

	The Age of Chivalry - Michael VIII Palaeologus, Byzantine Emperor 1261-1282 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Michael Palaeologus was the man who reunited the Byzantine Empire and founded the last imperial dynasty of Constantinople that would rule until the Ottoman Turks finally took the city in May 1453.
		Born in 1225 to a wealthy aristocratic family from Thessalonica, Michael was a great warrior and at the age of 21 became the commander of Nicaean forces in Macedonia.
		One of the enemy participants, the Principality of Archaea, was the strongest of the Latin states of Greece but was now reduced to Nicaean vassalage leaving the Duchy of Athens, another Latin state, to become the dominant Frankish enclave in the region.
	www.taoc.co.uk /content/view/34/43 (880 words)

	All Empires History Forum: Most Effective Palaeologan Emperor
		The empire was not just Constantinople, as hard as it may have been I think they'd of been better abandoning the great city rather than obsessing over it and thought more about their survival.
		I can fully understand why the Byzantines couldnt imagine an empire without their beloved capital, but the empire couldnt afford to have Emperors seduced by the lavish luxery of the court it needed Emperors who were rough and tough who had experienced the hardships of provincial life and were in touch with the people.
		The empire lost that hardened edge it had gained from the trauma it had suffered after the breaking up of the empire, constantly having to fight off invaders from west and east and always seemingly on the edge of destruction gave the empire some heart and unity again.
	www.allempires.com /forum/forum_posts.asp?TID=5446&TPN=1 (3656 words)

	John IV Lascaris peee.org (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		1305) was emperor of Nicaean Empire from August 18, 1258 to December 25, 1261.
		He was the last member of the Lascarid dynasty, which had done much to restore the Byzantine Empire after the capture of Constantinople by the Fourth Crusade in 1204.
		His Regent was originally the bureaucrat George Mouzalon, but that position was usurped by the aristocrat Michael Palaeologus, who later made himself co-emperor as Michael VIII Palaeologus on January 1, 1259.
	john.iv.lascaris.en.peee.org (326 words)

	The Nicaean Empire - Ancient Roman Empire Forums
		From what I've read, the whole point of the Lascarid empire of Nicaea was to preserve Byzantine sulture and continuity until Constantinople could be reconquered.
		The Nicaean Empire would have been threatened on two fronts whether they took Constantinople or not.
		Mistra, the capital of Moreea, was an important cultural center in the last decades of the empire, but I have no ideea about the economic development in the area.
	www.unrv.com /forum/index.php?showtopic=3455&mode=linearplus (833 words)

	1cThornbu_E_ZZZcgt.html
		The declining phase of the Roman empire is characterised on one hand by the increasing pressure of 'primitive' agrarian populations of Northern Europe, on the other hand this time is - clearly politically motivated - a phase of experiments with Oriental religions.
		The shifts of power in the declining phase of the West-Roman empire and later are not merely processes activated by certain historical figures.
		The heritage of Rome was the glory of an imperial metropolis, the once centre of a quasi worldwide empire with divinely legitimated emperors, in its glory equivalent to the ancient theocratic empires of the ancient East.
	home.worldcom.ch /~negenter/223cThornbu_E.html (4052 words)

	cab, ais, istanbul, mayreau, norwegian cruise line, villas, valuair, enkor, papua new guinea, meat (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The location of Byzantium attracted Constantine I of the Roman Empire and in 330 he refounded it as New Rome, or Constantinoupolis after himself (Constantinople, Greek language: Konstantinoupolis or ÎÏÎ½ÏÏÎ±Î½ÏÎ¹Î½Î¿ÏÏÎ¿Î»Î¹Ï) after a prophetic dream was said to have identified the location of the city.
		It was captured and sacked by the Fourth Crusade in 1204 and then re-captured by Nicaean Empire forces under the command of Michael VIII Palaeologus in 1261.
		With the fall of Rome and the Western Roman Empire, the name of the city was changed to Constantinople and became the sole capital of what historians now call the Byzantine Empire.
	aisyah.info /cabc.html (712 words)

	The Blog \| Deepak Chopra: The Peace Economy \| The Huffington Post
		The empire during that period served as a bulwark against invasion from the Turkic Sultanates of the Indo-Gangetic Plain; and remained in constant competition and conflict with the five Deccan Sultanates that established themselves in the Deccan to the north of it.
		The empire is generally considered to have reached its peak during the rule of Krishna Deva Raya.
		It is the empire of Christ the Lord.
	www.huffingtonpost.com /deepak-chopra/the-peace-economy_b_13509.html (3644 words)

	How did the Empire of Nicaea emerge as the front-runner of the Byzantine Successor States and eventually become the ...
		The second major Greek successor state, the Empire of Trebizond, was established in the month before the fall of Constantinople by two brothers, Alexius and David Comnenus, grandsons of Andronicus I, who had fled to Georgia following the deposition of their grandfather in 1185 and now wished to continue the family dynasty.
		It was during Vatatzes’s reign that the Byzantine Empire was virtually restored minus Constantinople and Vatatzes’s accomplishments made it possible for Michael Palaeologus to steal the spotlight as the restorer of the Byzantine Empire in 1261.
		With this stability maintained even after Vatatzes’s death, the Empire of Nicaea was able to watch as the competition in the race for Constantinople slowly fell by the wayside eventually leaving her as the only possible successor to the disintegrating Latin Empire.
	www.ancientworlds.net /aw/Article/398203 (5808 words)

	Army Variants: Later Byzantine Armies
		Within a generation the crusaders lost Northern Greece; by 1261 the Romanian Franks lost Constantinople to the resurgent Nicaean Empire, and by the early 14th century Byzantium seemed to have recovered, only to weaken itself further in a generation of civil war.
		In 1246 Thessaloniki fell to the Nikaian Byzantines.
		In 1318 the Despot of Thessaly died childless and his lands were divided between his powerful neighbours of the revived Byzantine Empire and the Catalan Duchy of Athens; when the Despot of Epiros was assassinated that same year Epiros was also absorbed by the Byzantine Empire.
	www.umiacs.umd.edu /~kuijt/dba153/ByzantineVariant.html (1749 words)

	Anatolia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Today the inhabitants of Anatolia are mostly native speakers of the Turkish language, which was introduced with the conquest of Anatolia by Turkic peoples and the rise of the Seljuk Empire in the 11th century.
		However, Anatolia remained multi-ethnic until the early 20th century (see Rise of Nationalism under the Ottoman Empire).
		Administrative structures during the Ottoman Period; the article Subdivisions of the Ottoman Empire.
	www.dublincaus.com /details/Anatolia (1407 words)

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