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Topic: Nicaraguan Democratic Force

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	Nicaragua Insurgency 1981-1990
		The Contras' brutal practices of attacks on rural cooperatives, villages, and clinics, often involving the deaths of civilians and the torture and killing of Sandinista officials and soldiers, brought accusations that the Contras were conducting a deliberate campaign of terrorism.
		Many Nicaraguan villagers in the war zones were evacuated to resettlement camps to give the government free-fire zones and to deny the Contras local support and intelligence.
		After internationally monitored Nicaraguan elections were set for February 1990, five Central American presidents agreed that a new organization, the International Support and Verification Commission of the Organization of American States, would oversee the voluntary demobilization, repatriation, or relocation of the Contra forces over a ninety-day period.
	www.onwar.com /aced/data/november/nicaragua1981.htm (994 words)

	Nicaragua 1984: Swirl In The Eye Of The Storm
		It was expected that a disciplined force could replace the armies tainted by corruption and local oppression, thus removing principal contributors to social turmoil, disorder and financial disorganization.
		Nicaragua Democratic Force (FDN) Adolfo Calero is a rebel leader who sits on the seven- man directorate of the Nicaragua Democratic Force (FDN), the largest and most organized of the Contra factions.
		Democratic Revolutionary Alliance (ARDE) The next most influential Contra group is the Democratic Revolutionary Alliance (ARDE) whose troops are led by Eden Pastora, the Sandinista hero of the 1979 revolution, and Alfonso Robelo, former moderate member of the Sandinista junta.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/library/report/1984/WJW.htm (17567 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The northern FDN (Nicaraguan Democratic Force or La Fuerza Democratica de Nicaragua) Contras, based in Honduras, were comprised primarily of former Samoza National Guards, reknown for their brutality and corruption.
		The southern ARDE Contra front, had bases of operations in Southern Nicaragua and Northern Costa Rica, was headed by Eden Pastora, a former Sandinista commander known as Commandante Zero.
		After an embarrassing episode where the CIA illegally mined one of Nicaragua's harbors, sinking a Russian freighter and sparking an international uproar, the U.S. Congress acted to restrict the Reagan Whitehouse from pursuit of the insurgent war against the Nicaraguan government.
	www.angelfire.com /id/ciadrugs/irancontrareview.html (394 words)

	Contra (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The earliest Contra groups formed in 1980-1981 in Honduras, Nicaragua's northern neighbour, allying in August 1981 as the Nicaraguan Democratic Force (Fuerza Democrática Nicaragüense, FDN) under the command of former National Guard (army) colonel Enrique Bermúdez.
		ARDE was formed by Sandinista dissidents and veterans of the anti-Somoza campaign who opposed the increased influence of Cuban officials in the Managua regime.
		Forced removal of at least 10,000 Native Americans from their traditional lands to relocation and re-education centers in the interior of the country, and subsequent burning of their villages
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/C/Contra.htm (1017 words)

	The CIA in Nicaragua from Wake Up
		The CIA ran anti-government propaganda in the Nicaraguan newspaper La Prensa, while pirate radio stations operating from Honduras and Costa Rica attacked the Sandinistas as "Marxist" and "atheists" bent on suppressing religion in the overwhelmingly Catholic country.
		By the autumn of 1983, 12,000 to 16,000 Contra troops of the so-called FDN (Nicaraguan Democratic Force) were operating along the Honduran border.
		This was designed to force the Sandinistas to divert resources from development projects to defence, and to disrupt their economy to such an extent that the government could not deliver its promises of a better life for the poor, and thus be discredited.
	www.doublestandards.org /wakeup1.html (2071 words)

	[No title]
		Nicaraguan rebels operating in northern Costa Rica have engaged in cocaine smuggling, using some of the profits to finance their war against Nicaragua's leftist government, according to U.S. investigators and American volunteers who work with the rebels.
		One American rebel backer with close ties to the Cuban- American smugglers described the operation: The cocaine is unloaded from planes at rebel airstrips and is taken to an Atlantic coast port, where it is concealed on shrimp boats to be unloaded in Miami.
		Last summer, a Nicaraguan rebel leader in Costa Rica informed U.S. authorities that his group was being paid $50,000 by Colombian traffickers for help with a 100-kilo cocaine shipment, U.S. law enforcement officials said.
	www.mosquitonet.com /~prewett/ciadope85.html (931 words)

	Gary Webb's The Dark Alliance
		After Nicaraguan police arrested Meneses on cocaine charges in Managua in 1991, his judge expressed astonishment that the infamous smuggler went unmolested by American drug agents during his years in the United States.
		Norwin Meneses, known in Nicaraguan newspapers as "Rey de la Droga" (King of Drugs), was then under active investigation by the DEA and the FBI for smuggling cocaine into the United States, records show.
		Sen. Lawton Chiles, a Florida Democrat (and now that state's governor), was pushing for tougher crack laws, and he asked Byck about testimony he had given previously that "some experts" believed crack was 50 times more addictive than powder cocaine.
	weekendinterviewshow.com /Darkalliance.html (7301 words)

	US Department of State Bulletin: Nicaragua: a threat to democracy - transcript (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		And apparently the communist rulers in that country have seen their opportunity and are now engaged in a major military effort to wipe out the armed democratic resistance to their regime once and for all.
		The democratic aspirations which fueled that first revolution in 1979 against Somoza still burn unsatisfied in the breasts of the Nicaraguan people.
		The entire political leadership of the freedom fighters--Alfonso Robelo and Adolfo Colero of the FDN [Nicaraguan Democratic Force] and Eden Pastora--were prominent political opponents of Somoza.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1079/is_v85/ai_3749141 (1332 words)

	MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base
		In a noteworthy twist of circumstances, a former terrorist organization, the Sandinistas, had reached the highest level of power in Nicaragua and were now forced to confront a new group of anti-state terrorists.
		The contras formed the Unified Nicaraguan Opposition, which comprised of four of the five biggest contra organizations.
		Some contras claimed that the Nicaraguan government did not properly distribute aid intended for the former rebels.
	www.tkb.org /Group.jsp?groupID=250 (446 words)

	ipedia.com: Contra Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The Contras were considered terrorists by the Sandinistas and many Nicaraguans, and many of their attacks targeted civilians.
		The earliest Contra groups formed in 1980-1981 in Honduras, Nicaragua's northern neighbour, allying in August 1981 as the Nicaraguan Democratic Force (Fuerza Democratica Nicaraguense, FDN) under the command of former National Guard (army) colonel Enrique Bermúdez.
		A third anti-Sandinista force, Misurasata, again with little in common with the FDN's founders, appeared among the Miskito, Sumu and Rama Amerindian peoples of Nicaragua's Atlantic coast, who in December 1981 found themselves in conflict with the revolutionary authorities following what the Sandanistan government conceded was an "ill-judged modernisation drive".
	www.ipedia.com /contra.html (1128 words)

	NORTHERN FRONT CONTRAS
		In the spring of 1981, Bermudez was identified as the Chief of the Military arm of the Nicaraguan Democratic Revolutionary Alliance (ADREN), the 15th of September Legion.
		Roger Herman Hernandez, a Nicaraguan citizen, was political director of KISAN, a resistance organization composed mainly of Indians and Creoles that operated on the Atlantic coast of Honduras and Nicaragua.
		The Embassy source also reportedly claimed that on two occasions the Nicaraguan diplomatic pouch had been used for this purpose and that the Haylocks were using one of their boats, originally modified to smuggle weapons to KISAN, to traffic in cocaine.
	www.fas.org /irp/cia/product/cocaine2/north.html (9753 words)

	GLOSSARY OF TERMS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Nicaraguan Coalition of Opposition to the Regime, an anti-Sandinista group based in Miami, Florida, and formed in 1985
		Nicaraguan Revolutionary Armed Force, the military arm of the anti-Sandinista Nicaraguan Democratic Union founded in 1980
		Nicaraguan Resistance, formed in 1987 by unification of BOS and the Unified Nicaraguan Opposition
	www.cia.gov /cia/reports/cocaine/glossary.html (298 words)

	Commentary Magazine - Letters (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		...he is a com- mitted democrat with social and political views in some ways more reformist than Jos6 Napol6on Du- arte's and most of the Christian Democratic party's, although he be- lieves in the institution of private property-as do most Salvadoran workers and peasants...
		...Several guerrilla and "popular force" groups tried to seize power by force (although they were already repre- sented in the cabinet) and they were put down by the security forces...
		...Under traditional ethical notions about the use of force, particularly those elaborated by the great Catholic theologians, the use of force cannot be justified if, among other conditions, it is unlikely to achieve its objective...
	www.commentarymagazine.com /Summaries/V79I1P4-1.htm (9339 words)

	[No title]
		The Indian forces have advantages of widespread civilian support, home terrain, and a gutsy resolve to defend for a projected 20 to 30 years against the invasion.
		The other war is between FSLN occupation forces and the Misurasata and KISAN Indian resistance and is over who will control Indian land and resources.
		Instead, the Indians say they are the true historical owners of their lands and waters, and that the Nicaraguan state has no bill of sale, no treaty with Indian peoples, no military victory, nor any vote that relinquishes Indian sovereignty and territory to Managua.
	www.cwis.org /fwdp/Americas/nicar-re.txt (1917 words)

	[No title]
		LOS ANGELES -- During the early 1980s, federal and local narcotics agents knew that a massive drug ring operated by Nicaraguan Contra rebels was selling large amounts of cocaine "mainly to fls living in the South-Central Los Angeles area," according to a search-warrant affidavit obtained by the Mercury News.
		The affidavit of Thomas Gordon, a former Los Angeles County sheriff's narcotics detective, is the first independent corroboration that the Contra army -- the Nicaraguan Democratic Force -- was dealing cocaine to gangs in Los Angeles' fl neighborhoods.
		At Ross' trial in March, Blandon -- the Nicaraguan government's director of wholesale markets under the U.S.-supported dictatorship of Anastasio Somoza -- testified that he was one of the founders of the Los Angeles branch of the FDN, and that he sold cocaine to raise funds for that army.
	ciadrugs.homestead.com /files/LAaffidavit.html (935 words)

	CONTRA ORGANIZATIONS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The new organization, the Nicaraguan Democratic Force (FDN), was established in September 1981.
		According to a December 1984 Headquarters report, Rivera was active, along with Perez, Villagra and the Cuban-American citizen, in a disinformation campaign that attempted to ferment distrust between the Honduran military leadership and the FDN in Honduras.
		Villagra moved to Miami and, according to a June 1984 Headquarters cable, became one of the leaders of the dissident Nicaraguan exile group that eventually became known as the CONDOR group.
	www.cia.gov /cia/reports/cocaine/orgs.html (1618 words)

	Sandinista National Liberation Front (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		To begin the task of establishing a new government, they created a Junta of National Reconstruction comprised of five members – Sandinista militants Daniel Ortega and Moises Hassan, novelist Sergio Ramírez Mercado (a member of "the Twelve"), businessman Alfonso Rebelo Callejas, and Violeta Barrios de Chamorro, the widow of Pedro Joaquín Chamorro.
		The armed resistance to the Sandinistas in Honduras initially called itself the Nicaraguan Revolutionary Democratic Alliance (ADREN) and was known as the 15th of September Legion.
		It later formed an alliance, called the Nicaraguan Democratic Force (FDN), which included other groups including MISURASATA and the Nicaraguan Democratic Union.
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/S/Sandinista-National-Liberation-Front.htm (3027 words)

	Contra - dKosopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The label was commonly used by the US press to cover a range of groups with little in the way of ideological unity; thus some references use the uncapitalized form, contra.
		They were considered terrorists by the Sandinistas and many Nicaraguans and many of their attacks targeted civilians.
		A second front in the war opened with the creation in Costa Rica in April 1982 of the Democratic Revolutionary Alliance (ARDE) and its armed wing, the Sandino Revolutionary Front (FRS), by Edén Pastora (Comandante Cero), former Sandinista hero of the August 1978 seizure of Somoza's palace.
	www.dkosopedia.com /index.php?title=Contra&printable=yes (828 words)

	CIA-Contras - Glossary
		Army of the Nicaraguan Resistance, a Contra organization formed in 1987 consisting of the
		Nicaraguan Resistance, formed in 1987 by unification of BOS and the Unified Nicaraguan
		the 1987 merger of the anti-Sandinista forces of KISAN, MISURA, and MISURASATA
	www.uhuh.com /bbks/ciacontras/glossary.htm (341 words)

	americas.org - Somozas Back (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Relatives and associates of former dictator Anastasio Somoza Debayle are making inroads into Nicaraguan life and politics after years of trying to recover properties seized after the 1979 Sandinista Revolution.
		Somoza Rivas named his party the Nicaraguan Democratic Force (FDN), hearkening to a U.S.-created paramilitary group, the Nicaraguan Democratic Forces, that fought in the 1980s to reverse the revolution.
		Vilma Nuñez, president of the Nicaraguan Center for Human Rights, said he would be subject to trial for National Guard crimes.
	www.americas.org /item_9450 (399 words)

	[No title]
		Bermudez was the FDN's military chief and, according to congressional records and newspaper reports, received regular CIA paychecks for a decade, payments that stopped shortly before his still-unsolved slaying in Managua in 1991.
		Despite that incident and a stack of law enforcement reports describing him as a major drug trafficker, Norwin Meneses was welcomed into the United States in July 1979 as a political refugee and given a visa and a work permit.
		A massive police raid on his cocaine operation in late 1986 nearly gave his wife a nervous breakdown, he testified recently, and by the summer of 1987 he was safely ensconced in Miami, with $1.6 million in cash.
	fraktali.849pm.com /text/big_0001.txt (7717 words)

	Commentary Magazine - With the Contras, by Christopher Dickey (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Christopher Dickey's book about the contras is a bloodflecked account of how in his view U.S. policy in Nicaragua has gone from debacle to depravity: from fumbling efforts to contain the anti- Somoza revolution to support for a brutal and futile anti-Communist insurgency.
		...Today the Nicaraguan resistance, of which the FDN is the main component, has grown, and increasingly reflects the spirit and values of Western democracy...
		...The true story of the rise of the Nicaraguan resistance would not only include a more fair-minded account of Sandinista treachery and repression, it would also include a more generous account of the efforts of the men who came together after the triumph of the Sandinistas to work to regain their country...
	www.commentarymagazine.com /Summaries/V81I5P66-1.htm (2218 words)

	Ronald Reagan page
		And to the degree then to which the Constitution forced them to do things like make a budget, run foreign policy and all that, they sort of did.
		In the case of nations to be rolled back (e.g., Nicaragua), governments were called terrorist and the insurgents were labeled democratic.
		In the case of countries to be supported against "communist" insurgencies (e.g., El Salvador and the Philippines), the governments were called democratic and the insurgents were labeled terrorists.
	www.thirdworldtraveler.com /Ronald_Reagan/RonaldReagan_page.html (669 words)

	City Newspaper: News & Views: Mail: Reader feedback 4.20.05
		They forced the nationalization of more than 50 percent of the nation's means of production.
		By then, 50 percent of the Sandinista budget was going for military expenses, as they found it harder and harder to force their Marxist policies on a resisting populace.
		They relinquished power by granting another election in which they were defeated by Democratic candidates, marking the first time in 160 years that power had been peacefully transferred in Nicaragua.
	www.rochester-citynews.com /gbase/Gyrosite/Content?oid=oid:3444 (1664 words)

	IRC \| RightWeb \| Group Watch: Council for Inter-American Security
		The Council was an ardent supporter of the Nicaraguan contras, and the group argued for continued pressure on the Sandinistas in three areas: the diplomatic front, the internal front represented by domestic opposition groups, and the military front as represented by the rebels.
		CIS distributed a Special Report in March of l986, prior to a congressional vote on aid to the Nicaraguan rebels, which argued for resumption of military aid to the contras.
		Francis Bouchey and David Hirschmann were invited by Nicaraguan president-elect Violeta Chamorro to attend her inauguration celebration in April 1990.
	rightweb.irc-online.org /groupwatch/cis.php (4532 words)

	TIME Magazine Archive Article -- Fighting the "Rabid Dogs" -- May. 14, 1984 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		On patrol with the contras in Nicaraguan territory As the Sandinistas struggle to preserve their revolution, U.S.-backed contras continue to harass the regime from across Nicaragua's northern and southern borders.
		The largest of the counterrevolutionary groups, the Nicaraguan Democratic Force (F.D.N.), based in Honduras, claims 8,000 troops.
		Although able to move freely over thousands of square miles of northern Nicaragua, the contras are worried that their operations will be restricted if U.S. aid is cut off.
	www.time.com /time/archive/printout/0,23657,955265,00.html (141 words)

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