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Topic: Nicaraguan Democratic Union

	Nicaraguan Democratic Force - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Nicaraguan Democratic Force (Fuerza Democrática Nicaragüense, or FDN) was one of the earliest Contra groups, formed in August 1981 in Guatemala City.
		It merged the 15th of September Legion, which comprised mostly former members of Somoza's National Guard, with the Nicaraguan Democratic Union, an émigré organization.
		The FDN was under the command of former National Guard colonel Enrique Bermúdez.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Nicaraguan_Democratic_Force (536 words)

	Contras - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		They received some support from Nicaraguans opposed to the Sandinistas' nationalization of their land, formation of large farming cooperatives, and mistreatment of dissenters.
		They were opposed by most Nicaraguans as well as foreign human rights organizations who viewed their tactics, which included the targeting of civilians, as brutal and indiscriminate.
		These militias were the majority of the first Contra groups formed in 1980-1981 in Honduras, Nicaragua's northern neighbour, allying in August 1981 as the Nicaraguan Democratic Force (Fuerza Democrática Nicaragüense, FDN) under the command of former National Guard (army) colonel Enrique Bermúdez and Jaime Irving Steidel, a Honduran-born Field Commander, later replaced by Oscar Sobalvarro.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Contras (1625 words)

	NDI - National Democratic Institute
		Nicaraguans from various walks of life expressed gratitude to NDI for its critical assistance in implementing military reforms in Nicaragua.
		Nicaraguan military officials conceded that the NDI seminars were allowing civilians to become more well-rehearsed in security and intelligence affairs.
		Nicaraguan ministry officials and members of the National Assembly believed that NDI's recommendations provided significant input for the subsequent legislation and the further development of the ministry.
	ndi.org /globalp/civmil/programscm/nicaragua/nicaraguacm_1992_97.asp (3086 words)

	Nicaraguan Americans
		President Reagan painted the Nicaraguan revolution in stark cold-war tones: the Sandinistas were Marxists and Communists who were going to destabilize the Central American isthmus through their close alignment with Communist Cuba and the Soviet Union.
		The Nicaraguans who left Nicaragua between 1979 and 1988 tended to be of working age and were more likely to have been employed in a white-collar occupation before leaving Nicaragua, according to a statistical study published in 1992.
		Nicaraguan Americans typically find work by word of mouth through family or friends who have established themselves in the community, and they tend to work in specific niches that are related to these unofficial word-of-mouth networks.
	www.everyculture.com /multi/Le-Pa/Nicaraguan-Americans.html (10240 words)

	Dec 2000 Union Labor News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		According to the union, Erstad was never disciplined for his work performance, nor was he afforded the representation he was entitled to during the course of his suspension and termination.
		Union members and blood donors in the community were extremely supportive during negotiations, said Grassl, and expressed their willingness to "roll down their sleeves" in the event of a strike.
		And finally, union voters were strong among the 86 percent of voters in 57 counties who voted for the state campaign finance reform referendum.
	www.scfl.org /uln12.htm (7010 words)

	Commentary Magazine - Nicaraguan Harvest (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Exactly six years ago Nicaraguan dictator Anastasio Somoza fled his country before the victorious onslaught of a popular revolution.
		Though some elements of the revolutionary leadership were troubling to the State Department and some members of Congress, the new regime in Nicaragua began its life with a generous legacy of optimism, hope, and good will, both at home and abroad.
		The "future" is now here, and by the reckoning of all but the most inflexible apologists for the Nicaraguan regime, it is perceptibly and measurably worse.
	www.commentarymagazine.com /Summaries/V80I1P23-1.htm (5914 words)

	Nicaragua - The National Opposition Union (UNO) Coalition
		A loose coalition of political parties, UNO traces its origins back to the Nicaraguan Democratic Coordinating Group (Coordinadora Democrática Nicaragüense--CDN), which was formed in 1982 by opposition groups that had protested actions of the Sandinista government as early as November 1980.
		In 1980 these groups had temporarily withdrawn their members from the corporatist legislature set up by the Sandinista government, the Council of State, to protest the imposition of three emergency decrees that restricted civil liberties and to call for municipal elections that the Sandinistas had stated would be held soon after the revolution.
		Of all the parties, the largest of the centrist group were the Democratic Party of National Confidence (Partido Demócrata de Confianza Nacional--PDCN), which was one of several breakaway factions of the Nicaraguan Social Christian Party (Partido Social Cristiano Nicaragüense--PSCN), and the PLI of Virgilio Godoy.
	countrystudies.us /nicaragua/48.htm (1226 words)

	SSHL: Collections: Latin American Studies: Elections
		Chinchilla 1994: “Nicaraguan women played an important role in the overthrow of the Somoza dictatorship, constituting some 20 percent of the armed combatants, with a large proportion of those in neighborhood organizations” (page 178).
		Pérez-Baltodano 2004: “During the revolutionary decade of the 1980s, the Nicaraguan Catholic Church opposed the centralist political project and materialistic philosophy of the FSLN and it became the most important institutional expression of the opposition against the Sandinista regime” (page 88).
		Payne 1985: “The Nicaraguan Democratic Union restructured its leadership and became the Nicaraguan Democratic Force (FDN) [in December 1982].
	sshl.ucsd.edu /collections/las/nicaragua/1971.html (11495 words)

	Bush's democratic charade in Iraq
		The two key figures anointed to carry out this democratic charade are the leader of the interim government, Iyad Allawi, and the US ambassador, John Negroponte.
		In his 2004 State of the Union address George W. Bush called for the doubling of NED's budget, from 40 million to $80 million US dollars, with virtually all of the new funding going to the Middle East and Iraq in particular.
		However, in Iraq the triumvirate of Allawi, Negroponte and the NED may flounder on the shoals of an empire that is overstretched and traumatized by its hubris.
	www.redress.btinternet.co.uk /rburbach22.htm (1552 words)

	Union
		Furthermore, a number of democratic nations have failed to respect the rights of their citizens and their neighbors.
		So, while there has been five-fold increase in the total number of democratic governments, if one measures in terms of overall percentage, it is an increase of barely 50%.
		The growing numbers of Democratic members of Congress who have belatedly called for a withdrawal of U.S. forces have done so in large part not out of their own initiative, but in response to the demands of their constituents who elected them to office and to whom they are accountable.
	www.twincitiesvfp.org /union.htm (3647 words)

	[No title]
		Democrats saw this as a violation of the Boland Amendment, while Republicans argued that it was not, since the funds involved were private.
		Therefore, although Wright was not only a Democrat, but also the Speaker of the House, the plan was immediately decried by many Democrats as a Reagan ploy to secure money for the Contras from Congress, on the assumption that no agreement was possible.
		Returning Nicaraguan capitalists were often fearful of losing any investments they might make, while the masses of the people were struggling to survive.
	www.ku.edu /~eceurope/communistnationssince1917/ch13.html (18467 words)

	Commentary Magazine - Nicaraguan Journey (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		...A Nicaraguan friend who was also watching told me that since they came back from Cuba after the Sandinista seizure of power, the Ortega brothers and Tomis Borge have affected the mannerisms, gestures, and even the accent, of Fidel Castro...
		...There is also the Nicaraguan Communist party, led by one Allan Zambrana, which seems to have attracted substantial elements among younger radicals and trade unionists disenchanted, for various reasons, with the Sandinista leadership...
		...press, the United Nicaraguan Opposition (UNO), the main armed grouping, is by no means a uniformly rightist organization, notwithstanding the presence in its Honduran-side leadership of the conservative Adolfo Calero and the former National Guard officer Enrique Bermfidez...
	www.commentarymagazine.com /Summaries/V82I5P66-1.htm (4577 words)

	Message to the Congress Transmitting a Request for Assistance for the Nicaraguan Democratic Resistance (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The $100,000,000 to be made available for assistance to the Nicaraguan democratic resistance would include funds that have been appropriated to remain available for obligation beyond September 30, 1986.
		We will also continue to look for flexibility in the Nicaraguan position and are prepared to respond with appropriate measures to encourage them to come to terms with their own people in a democratic framework.
		If the Nicaraguan democratic resistance is to continue its struggle, and if peace, democracy, and security in this hemisphere are to be preserved, the United States must provide what is necessary to carry on the fight.
	www.reagan.utexas.edu /archives/speeches/1986/22586c.htm (3396 words)

	The Black Vault - Allegations of Connections Between CIA and the Contras in Cocaine Trafficking to
		The article reported that Enrique Miranda, a relative of Meneses' and a former Nicaraguan military intelligence officer, had alleged during Meneses' trial that Norwin Meneses and his brother Luis Enrique had "financed the Contra revolution with the benefits of the cocaine they sold" with the help of Salvadoran military personnel.
		The efforts of the Nicaraguan Contra organizations to unseat the Sandinista Government in Nicaragua spanned much of the 1980s but had their roots in earlier events.
		Initially, the FDN in the north was primarily composed of former National Guardsmen, although its membership and leadership diversified as the war progressed.
	www.bvalphaserver.com /article7997.html (8087 words)

	Credit Union World
		As we learned more about the Nicaraguan system, we realized the need for board governance training is heightened in a system that lacks a regulatory framework and statutory guidance; confronts the socioeconomic and political challenges of a developing nation; and faces issues of continuity as a result of volunteer term limits.
		The meeting began with an introduction to the complex, well-supported and highly developed U.S. credit union system and how it contrasted with the Central, which is the sole collaborative entity in the Nicaraguan movement.
		Upholding democratic principles is of utmost importance to a people living in an emerging democracy.
	www.woccu.org /pubs/cu_world/article.php?article_id=383 (568 words)

	AllRefer.com - Nicaragua - The Nicaraguan Resistance \| Nicaraguan Information Resource
		Together referred to as the Nicaraguan Resistance, the two main antigovernment organizations were the Nicaraguan Democratic Force (Fuerza Democrática Nicaragüense-- FDN) and the Revolutionary Democratic Alliance (Alianza Revolucionaria Democrtica--Arde).
		Many Nicaraguan villagers in the war zones were evacuated to resettlement camps to give the government free-fire zones and to deny the Contras local support and intelligence.
		After internationally monitored Nicaraguan elections were set for February 1990, five Central American presidents agreed that a new organization, the International Support and Verification Commission of the Organization of American States, would oversee the voluntary demobilization, repatriation, or relocation of the Contra forces over a ninety-day period.
	reference.allrefer.com /country-guide-study/nicaragua/nicaragua115.html (1122 words)

	Chamorro,E. Packaging the Contras. 1987
		Their agenda dovetailed with the CIA's, so in August 1981 formal documents were signed in Guatemala City merging the UDN with the 15th of September Legion to form the Nicaraguan Democratic Force (FDN).
		The mining of Nicaraguan harbors by the CIA and the famous "assassination" manual hit the front pages in 1984, and in November Chamorro called it quits.
		This monograph is a case study of how the CIA shapes public opinion by manipulating the mass media.
	www.namebase.org /sources/KE.html (265 words)

	Leigh Chapter Five (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The contras and the right contend that their moral suasion won over the Nicaraguan people and their military prowess provided the electorate with the backing they needed to vote their conscience.
		What Nicaraguans voted for in the 1990 elections was not an end to the Sandinistas, but an end to the contra war, its violence and the misery it inflicted on the country.
		Nicaraguan kinship structures partially explain the underlying need to leave the war behind.
	www.polisci.wisc.edu /users/lpayne/leighchapterfour.htm (16704 words)

	The Democratic Party
		What you've got, though, is a sense that Washington isn't working, it isn't solving or dealing with the problems of ordinary people, and that is producing a very strong sense of disapproval of Congress; 35 percent approval rating, or lower, in polling 60 percent of the country saying we're on the wrong track.
		Democrats aren't winning any popularity contests either, but as the party in power, holding all the branches of government, Republicans clearly have the most to fear from that kind of tide.
		Negroponte supervised the construction of the El Aguacate air base where Nicaraguan Contras were trained by the U.S., and which some critics say was used as a secret detention and torture center during the 1980s.
	www.democrats.org /a/2006/02/bob_neys_distri.php (10990 words)

	Address to the Nation on Aid to the Nicaraguan Democratic Resistance (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		In their midst, however, lies a threat that could reverse the democratic tide and plunge the region into a cycle of chaos and subversion.
		You see, when it became clear the direction the Sandinistas were taking, many who had fought against the old dictatorship literally took to the hills; and like the French resistance that fought the Nazis in World War II, they have been fighting the Communist Sandinistas ever since.
		Their failure to do so, said the democratic leaders, was the biggest obstacle to peace in the region.
	www.reagan.utexas.edu /archives/speeches/1988/020288e.htm (2871 words)

	[No title]
		The sealed "frogman" papers also >reveal that when Nicaraguan Contra supporter, Horacio Periera, >was tried and convicted on narcotic charges, the Costa Rican >government having produced transcripts of tapped conversations >between Periera and Juan Sebastian Gonzales Mendiola, a close >associate of John Hull.
		By this time, Seal was using >small agricultural airstrips in southern Nicaragua to refuel, >without the knowledge of the Sandinista Government in Managua, >and had had a number of meetings with Pablo Escobar, who was >temporarily living near the Costa Rican border, having fled >Colombia when Medellin gunmen murdered the country's justice >minister.
		When the CIA learned of the DEA operation, and the >Nicaraguan "connection", the Company decided that the >information should be used to influence Congress to support aid >for the Contras.
	www.jammed.com /~jwa/subvert/cia.txt (3201 words)

	CIA-Contras -
		Nicaraguan Democratic Force (FDN), was established in September 1981.
		Nicaraguan exile group led by Hugo Villagra and the Cuban-American citizen that eventually became known
		as the Nicaraguan Coalition of Opposition to the Regime (CONDOR).
	www.uhuh.com /bbks/ciacontras/orgs.htm (1608 words)

	Chronology of Nicaraguan history
		FSLN restarts military activity a few days after the formation of the Democratic Liberation Union (UDEL), a 'popular front' of liberal capitalists and workers' organisations.
		FSLN majority expel the 'Proletarian Tendency' led by Jaime Wheelock which opposes all military adventurism and argued for the FSLN to root itself first in the proletariat.
		In November UDEL publish appeal calling for the creation of a democratic alternative to Somoza regime which should include FSLN.
	www.u.arizona.edu /~davido/nicaraguatorevolution.htm (634 words)

	NDI - National Democratic Institute
		To celebrate the inauguration of Liberian President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf—Africa’s first democratically elected female head of state—NDI and the Liberian Ministry of Gender and Development convened a forum to discuss women’s participation in African political life.
		With national elections in 2006 certain to be hotly contested, a new study finds Nicaraguan youth interested in politics, but many—as much as 14% of the electorate—lacking the necessary ID cards to vote.
		NDI works with democrats in every region of the world to build political and civic organizations, safeguard elections, and promote citizen participation, openness and accountability in government.
	www.ndi.org (976 words)

	CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy
		The primary drug seizure in the case occurred on January 17, 1983 when twelve persons, some of whom were dressed in wet suits, were arrested while attempting to unload 430 pounds of cocaine from a Colombian freighter in San Francisco Bay.
		With the exception of Rappaccioli, who is deceased, the OIG interviewed all those persons who appear to have had some involvement with the writing, procurement, or submission to the court of these documents.
		Francisco Aviles-Saenz (Aviles) is a Nicaraguan attorney who fled Nicaragua for Costa Rica in 1981 because "he was accused of being a right-wing terrorist with intentions of blowing up an oil refinery." Aviles was Political Secretary of the PCNE and Secretary of International Relations for the UDN-FARN.
	www.usdoj.gov /oig/special/9712/ch08p1.htm (3475 words)

	Scandals / Iran-contra
		Cockburn traces the contras from the fall of Nicaraguan dictator Anastasio Somoza in 1979 to their collapse when Eugene Hasenfus parachuted from his doomed airplane in 1986.
		Robinson, William I. A Faustian Bargain: U.S. Intervention in the Nicaraguan Elections and American Foreign Policy in the Post-Cold War Era.
		In Nicaragua, NED channeled millions through an array of cutouts and high- powered political strategists, for a spending level of about $20 per voter (George Bush spent less than $4 per voter in his own 1988 campaign).
	www.namebase.org /books58.html (2557 words)

	CIA-Contras - Glossary
		Nicaraguan Democratic Revolutionary Alliance, an anti-Sandinista group formed in 1980 and
		Nicaraguan Coalition of Opposition to the Regime, an anti-Sandinista group based in Miami,
		Nicaraguan Resistance, formed in 1987 by unification of BOS and the Unified Nicaraguan
	www.uhuh.com /bbks/ciacontras/glossary.htm (341 words)

	The Democratic Party
		The problem with today's Democratic "leaders" is that too many of them want to be like Reagan but would rather drag the party down with them than go over to the other side.
		Its time for the Democratic Leaders to give a History and Social Studies assignment,like a book report 'like we did in school,to the American people.We don't have reporters like we did when Nixon was in office.
		The BOXER is the one who fights, be many know it is the trainer that tells him what he needs to do to win the fight...If that analogy is true, then the DEM Representatives/Senators are taking punches in hopes of tiring out their oopponents rather than fight back.
	www.democrats.org /a/2006/03/open_thread_174.php (14488 words)

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