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	The Catholic Church in the Nicaraguan revolution: a Gramscian analysis. - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The hierarchy's stance was both a reflection of the positions held by the Nicaraguan bourgeoisie and a result of the bishops' desire to preserve the Church's influence in society.
		The Nicaraguan revolution(1) is unique because it was the first revolution in history which involved the active and continuing participation of large numbers of Christians as Christians.
		During the revolution, each of the two main factions in the Nicaraguan Church acted in a manner consistent with their political-economic alliances in the larger society and their institutional interests within the Church.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1G1-19360453.html (5839 words)

	History: Perspectives for the Nicaraguan revolution
		The failure of the international revolution left the USSR isolated, with a backward economy and horrendous shortages which, with the attempts to crush the revolution by imperialism, opened the way for a political counter-revolution in the 1920s.
		Compare this with the October revolution in Russia, which had been consciously prepared by the Bolsheviks under the leadership of Lenin and Trotsky and where the proletariat was imbued with the perspective of the international revolution to ensure the success of the revolution and allow for the construction of a socialist society.
		Were the Sandinistas to adopt a Marxist approach to the revolution through the expropriation of the commanding heights of the economy, the spreading of the revolution throughout Central America and a class appeal to the American workers and soldiers, they would ensure the defeat of American Imperialism.
	www.socialistworld.net /eng/2004/07/25nicaraguab.html (11088 words)

	The Sandinista Revolution
		The dynasty was overthrown after the National Sandinista Revolution, which took place when people from all sectors – workers, businessmen, peasants, students, and guerrillas – joined forces and finally defeated the Somoza dynasty and the National Guard on July 19, 1979.
		The symbol and direct precedent of the revolution is the struggle of General Augusto C. Sandino (1895-1934), a national hero who fought with bravery, supported by an army formed by farmers and workers.
		The leftist characteristics of the new Nicaraguan government were not accepted by the United States, due to its affinities with the Cuban communist leader Fidel Castro.
	www.vianica.com /go/specials/15-sandinista-revolution-in-nicaragua.html (2432 words)

	Nicaragua (by L. Proyect)
		To put the problem of "socialist revolution" in Nicaragua in proper perspective, let's compare Nicaragua and the USSR in 1921, another country with a working-class that was a small percentage of the population.
		The tempo of the Nicaraguan revolution was dictated by the level of development of the Nicaraguan working-class materially and in its consciousness.
		The defeat of the Sandinista revolution should not prompt questions of "what wrong moves they made." It should, on the other hand, lead to a discussion of "how imperialism triumphed." Defenders of the Nicaraguan revolution have tended to fixate on the Contra army and the backing the US gave it.
	www.columbia.edu /~lnp3/mydocs/state_and_revolution/nicaragua.htm (10398 words)

	Linkogle: The Revolution and the Virgin Mary
		Because of this experience Nicaraguans, 'like the rest of Latin Americas are marked by this original violence and therefore obsessed with a feeling of impurity and stigma by virtue of their birth' (Montenegro, 1992: p.
		Nicaraguan newspaper coverage in 1992 of the festival tended to reinforce the perception of the festival as a point of national unity.
		One of the most recent attempts is the present Nicaraguan governments efforts to create a Ministry of the Family which would support the 'traditional family' described as 'a man, a woman and their children' in its efforts to instill and protect 'inherent moral values' (Hadgipateras, 1997: p.
	www.socresonline.org.uk /3/2/8.html (7414 words)

	Ten years of Sandinismo
		Above all else, blame for the sorry state of the Nicaraguan economy must be placed where it belongs: at Washington’s doorstep.
		Nicaraguans’ ability to withstand these hardships is testament to their desire for self-determination.
		For whatever its limitations, the 1979 Nicaraguan revolution showed that it was possible to break the chain of U.S.-backed dictatorships in Central America.
	www.socialistworker.org /2004-2/500Supp/500S_198908_Sandinismo.shtml (1186 words)

	[No title]
		There are many questions as to the causes of the Nicaraguan Revolution, yet none are as important as that of the role the United States played in the conflict, specifically, its involvement in the politics and economic matters of Nicaragua and the Nicaraguan government.
		The Cuban Revolution overthrew the Batista regime in 1959.
		As the Nicaraguan countryside was leveled and thousands of Nicaraguan people were killed in the final moments of the revolution the United States government was busily trying to figure out how to overthrow the new FLSN government.
	www.wou.edu /las/socsci/history/anderson499paper.doc (5017 words)

	Nicaraguan Revolution: Marxism and the Nicaraguan revolution
		Because of the obvious and important gains represented by the revolution, which we fully support, many comrades, particularly among the youth, have tended to develop an entirely idealised conception both of the nature of the Nicaraguan revolution, and of the class character and role of the Sandinista leadership.
		By contrast, the consciousness of the peasant, the intellectual, the, student or the lumpenproletarian, steeped in individualism and moulded in the psychology of the small proprietor, or the army officer, used to the system of command and blind obedience, is least of all fitted for the task of organising society along democratic collectivist lines.
		The utterly counter-revolutionary nature of the Nicaraguan capitalists is seen in the original refusal of their main political alliance, the CDN, to take part in the elections scheduled for November unless the Sandinistas agree to negotiate with the armed bands of `Contras'; attacking the country.
	www.socialistworld.net /eng/2004/07/25nicaragua.html (5594 words)

	Trotskyism and the Defense of the Nicaraguan Revolution
		The analysis of the Nicaraguan revolution ignores the lessons of the colonial and neocolonial revolutions of the last seventy years.
		The Nicaraguan revolution was, more than anything else, a national, popular, democratic, and anti-imperialist revolution where the class-struggle demands were not the central ones.
		To think that the Sandinista revolution did not qualitatively modify the type of state that existed under Somoza is not to understand anything about the revolution in the colonial and semicolonial world.
	home.igc.org /~itofi/usfi/wc13_nic.html (4463 words)

	Revolution in Nicaragua
		THE CONTRAS sought to destroy the Nicaraguan economy and terrorize the population through landmines, kidnapping, rape, torture and murder.
		By 1990, more than 40,000 Nicaraguans had died at the hands of the contras--and the country was compelled to spend 62.5 percent of the government budget on defense.
		While the U.S. and its contra butchers are to blame for the destruction of the Nicaraguan economy, the contradiction at the heart of the FSLN’s politics was instrumental in its downfall.
	www.socialistworker.org /2004-2/506/506_08_Nicaragua.shtml (1123 words)

	Gabriel García Márquez and Nicaragua:
		There were cases of strong identification and solidarity with the Nicaraguan Revolution between non Nicaraguan Spanish American authors, like Julio Cortázar,[i] Antonio Skármeta [ii] and Eduardo Galeano, who wrote fiction and non fiction texts on the Revolution and Revolutionary Nicaragua.
		Several Nicaraguan authors, Gioconda Belli and Sergio Ramírez for example, have characterized the literature produced within the literary boom of the Nicaraguan Revolution, as a heroic, epic literature.
		He also states that the Sandinistas' is a revolution without a blueprint, that the Sandinistas are pragmatists who are being forced into the Soviet Block in their desperation to survive.
	jan.ucc.nau.edu /~ewh/GGMREVOL.htm (2656 words)

	The End of Sandinista `Third Road' - Nicaraguan Revolution in Retreat
		The survival of the Nicaraguan revolution depends on its extension to the tens of millions of oppressed workers and poor peasants in the rest of Latin America.
		But this is not a reason to limit the scope of the revolution as the FSLN leadership claims—for a workers state in Nicaragua which expropriated the national oligarchy and repudiated the national debt to Wall Street, would set an example that could detonate a vast revolutionary conflagration throughout the region.
		The revolution must be spread beyond the boundaries of Nicaragua to the desperately exploited workers throughout the region.
	www.bolshevik.org /1917/no5/no05nic.html (3625 words)

	Nicaraguan Revolution - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Nicaraguan Revolution - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Nicaraguan Revolution, uprising and civil war, beginning in 1978, that overthrew the long dictatorship of the Somoza family in Nicaragua and...
		Search for books about your topic, "Nicaraguan Revolution"
	encarta.msn.com /Nicaraguan_Revolution.html (110 words)

	Matilde Zimmermann - Sandinista
		His break with the Nicaraguan Socialist Party and endorsement of armed revolution, she argues, was not the product of youthful impatience with the progress of the anti-Somoza opposition but a reflection of the larger Nicaraguan political culture that had already embraced violence as a legitimate revolutionary method.
		Indeed, given the backwardness and uneven development of Nicaraguan society, a popular revolution would have made gigantic strides had it instituted a radical redistribution of the land to individual peasants, permitted unfettered development of unions and other popular forms of organizations and called for early democratic elections.
		For this very reason, the significance of the Nicaraguan revolution will grow rather than fade, since the FSLN will almost certainly go down in history as the only group of revolutionaries in the hemisphere who were able to reproduce the Cuban road to state power and social transformation.
	pages.slc.edu /~mzimmermann/sandinista.html (2495 words)

	CSUCI > Events - Nicaraguan Author to Appear at CSU Channel Islands
		Camarillo, Calif., April 21, 2003 - Award-winning Nicaraguan poet, novelist, and political activist Gioconda Belli will read from The Country Under My Skin, her memoir of her life as a Sandinista revolutionary, at California State University Channel Islands on Tuesday, May 6, at 7 p.m.
		Born into an upper-class family, Belli came of age during the Nicaraguan Revolution.
		Her memoir, named a "Best Book" by the Los Angeles Times, is a lush account of the dichotomies between her birthright and the life she has chosen, between motherhood and activism, the failures and triumphs of the Revolution, and much more.
	www.csuci.edu /News/events/Nicaraguan_Author_to.htm (178 words)

	Twenty years since the Nicaraguan revolution
		Yet in 1990, the Sandinistas were defeated in "free" elections, supervised by the Americans The election of the US-backed, "free enterprise friendly," right-wing UNO party, led by Violetta Chamorro stunned the world.
		The contours of Nicaraguan history, then, were shaped by American imperialism working in consort with corrupt local landowners to safeguard the region for the rich, and to brutally repress any who resisted.
		"The result, by 25 February 1990, was that the mass of Nicaraguans had come to realize that this state for which they had fought, and the sacrifices that they had made and were continuing to make, would not come to their own benefit...
	www.web.net /sworker/En/SW1999/315-09-nicaragua.html (1367 words)

	"Under Fire" by Marjorie Woodford Bray
		Had the authors looked to the real Nicaraguan past for sources, they could have drawn, for example, on the story of other U.S. citizens who lived in Nicaragua at the time of the Revolution — such as the Maryknoll nuns in Leon.
		Having cast their lot with the Nicaraguan poor in their religious base communities, these women could not leave when the government offered to evacuate foreigners during the final weeks of intense fighting.
		These nuns could have demonstrated to the screenwriters how the Revolution was a popular movement, fought by people who had learned to trust themselves, who would not have been paralyzed by a leader's death, no matter how beloved, and who would vindicate such martyrdom by more intense struggle to win.
	www.ejumpcut.org /archive/onlinessays/JC29folder/UnderFire.html (1516 words)

	Women's Role in the Sandinista Struggle
		The Sandinista Revolution was marked by an unprecedented level of women's participation.
		In "Women Challenge the Myth," Patricia Flynn argues that "(Nicaraguan) women held important leadership positions, commanding everything from small units to full battalions." As evidence, she points to the key final battle of León, where four of the seven high-ranking commanders were women.
		Or explore the depth of the FSLN commitment to women's equality and the current state of the Nicaraguan women's movement.
	www.stanford.edu /group/arts/nicaragua/discovery_eng/women (719 words)

	An Account of the Nicaraguan Revolution
		“So you want to know about the Revolution,” he utters as if from a distance, his appearance acquiring a thoughtful expression that unveils a man who, asked to recall unsettling events, is forced to evoke the pain caused by wounds healed long before.
		The rapid tone of his speech invokes a certain ease of being and his accent, with its habitual neglecting of the S, reveals a trace of the uncomplicated spirit of the people who inhabit our coasts.
		I ask why the thought of the Revolution is difficult to conjure, and he responds by saying that if it were to remain with him, it could well interfere with his fulfillment of certain daily obligations, such as the sustaining of a wife and two daughters.
	www.gwu.edu /~english/kaleidoscope/Essaypages2003/Essay14.htm (3113 words)

	Trotskysm and the defense of the Nicaraguan Revolution
		10, an analysis of the revolution and the Sandinista regime which ignores the role of the working class, the international context of the revolution, and the balance of class forces.
		The C! ivil Defense Committees formed spontaneously in the revolution were curbed and bureaucratically incorporated into the Sandinista Defense Committees, and the neighborhood militias which had been formed in many areas were incorporated into the army.
		The brutal attacks of imperialism and the betrayals of the Stalinists have been the principal enemies of the Nicaraguan revolution.
	www.progettocomunista.it /91XIIIWCUSFINicaragua.htm (4462 words)

	Post-Sandinista Nicaragua: The Legacy of the Nicaraguan Revolution
		Post-Sandinista Nicaragua: The Legacy of the Nicaraguan Revolution
		It is a sad fact that the Nicaraguan Army has sent members to the School of the Americas, but this small and miserable participation has not resulted in violence against the poor in Nicaragua.
		Arnoldo Aleman was the opposite, and actively prosecuted one US woman health worker, a famous case you may have heard about (Dorothy Granada), and he periodically threatened to tax the income of nonprofits working in Nicaragua, but he did not ever actually do that, or stop our work or anyone else’s.
	www.dissidentvoice.org /Articles7/Harper_Nicaragua.htm (2663 words)

	The Catholic Church in the Nicaraguan revolution: a Gramscian analysis Sociology of Religion - Find Articles
		The Catholic Church in the Nicaraguan revolution: a Gramscian analysis
		The Nicaraguan revolution(1) is unique because it was the first revolution in history which involved the active and continuing participation of large numbers of Christians as Christians.
		Thus, some appear to assume that post-Vatican II innovations and liberation theology were chiefly responsible for the participation of the base in the revolution.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0SOR/is_n1_v58/ai_19360453 (873 words)

	The Daily Texan - 'Rojo y Negro' exhibit depicts Nicaraguan revolution
		As the name implies, the art pieces are from the early '80s to the early '90s period of the Sandinista revolution in Nicaraguan.
		Gordon spoke on the history of Nicaragua, artistic context and individual artists outside of the center, which was followed by a lively discussion of what these art pieces meant.
		Gordon emphasized that these art pieces marked a distinct period in Nicaraguan artistic history, because this was a time when Nicaraguans were trying to develop their cultural identity.
	www.dailytexanonline.com /home/index.cfm?event=displayArticlePrinterFriendly&uStory_id=559baabf-7d40-4670-a20b-b065631295d2 (455 words)

	Nicaragua: The Making of U.S. Policy, 1978-1990 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The collection provides a centralized source of documentation for primary research and analysis of U.S. policy toward the Nicaraguan revolution from beginning to end.
		It is composed of documents dating from 1978, when widespread opposition to the Somoza family dynasty became visible, through the decade of the 1 980s, when Nicaragua emerged as a hotly debated foreign policy issue in the United States and abroad.
		Materials on the U.S. role in the Nicaraguan elections of February, 1990, which unseated the Sandinista party, complete the set.
	www.gwu.edu /~nsarchiv/nsa/publications/nicaragua/nicaragua.html (809 words)

	Nicaragua Revolution 1978-1979
		As fighting increased, the Nicaraguan economy faced a severe economic crisis, with a sharp decline in agricultural and industrial production, as well as high levels of unemployment, inflation, defense spending, and capital flight.
		On June 18, a provisional Nicaraguan government in exile, consisting of a five-member junta, was organized in Costa Rica.
		The former Nicaraguan dictator then established residence in Paraguay, where he lived until September 1980, when he was murdered, reportedly by leftist Argentine guerrillas.
	www.onwar.com /aced/data/november/nicaragua1978.htm (874 words)

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