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	Nicephorus II
		Nicephorus II (Phocas), Byzantine emperor 963-969, belonged to a Cappadocian family which had produced several distinguished generals.
		Thanks to his popularity with the army, Nicephorus was crowned emperor by the side of Romanus's infant sons, and in spite of the patriarch's opposition married their mother Theophano.
		Nicephorus was the author of an extant treatise on military tactics which contains valuable information concerning the art of war in his time.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ni/Nicephorus_II.html (527 words)

	John I Tzimisces
		Nicephorus means "Bringer of Victory" and Phocas justified his name with a series of victories, moving the borders further east with the capture of about 60 border cities including Aleppo.
		Joseph was afraid that Nicephorus could claim the throne with the support of both the army and the aristocracy.
		After helping his maternal uncle to obtain the throne as Nicephorus II and to restore the empire's eastern provinces, he was deprived of his command by an intrigue, upon which he retaliated by conspiring with Nicephorus' wife Theophania to assassinate him.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/by/Byzantine_Emperor_John_I.html (808 words)

	Roman Emperors - DIR Phocas
		Phocas was, and to a certain extent remains, one of the most maligned of all Byzantine emperors.
		Thus, the empire that Phocas seized from Maurice was one whose authority in the provinces was represented by an unpopular minority and enforced by military power.
		Phocas immediately sought to silence those who might voice concerns over his lack of dynastic ties by requiring the previous emperor's father-in-law to renounce his own claim to the throne.
	www.roman-emperors.org /phocas.htm (5264 words)

	Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, page 1179 (v. 2)
		Nicephorus, proud of his success, rejected the request; but the barbarian king now rose with all the energy of despair, and, as often happens in such cases, ruined the man who was too sure of ruining him.
		Inflated with success Nicephorus had made himself odious to many of his subjects, and, although he was still popular with the army, the people in general, especially in Constantinople, were tired of his severity.
		Nicephorus Phocas was without doubt a most energetic man and a first-rate general, but his
	www.ancientlibrary.com /smith-bio/2287.html (969 words)

	[No title]
		Phocas remained general in the East till 987, when he rebelled and was proclaimed emperor by his troops.
		It seems that the minister Basileios was privy to this act, and the cause was dissatisfaction at the energy which was displayed by the emperor, who showed that he was determined to take the administration into his own hands and personally to control the army.
		Phocas, just as he prepared to face him, fell from his horse and was found to be dead.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /correction/edit?locale=en&content_id=7343 (873 words)

	Basil II - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Because he and his brother, the future Emperor Constantine VIII of the Byzantine Empire (ruled 1025-1028), were too young to reign in their own right, Basil's mother Theophano married one of Romanus' leading generals, who took the throne as the Emperor Nicephorus II Phocas in 963.
		Nicephorus was murdered in 969, only to be succeeded by another general, who became Emperor John I Tzimisces and reigned for seven years.
		Although Nicephorus Phocas in particular had proven to be a brilliant military commander during his reign, both generals had proven to be lax administrators.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Basil_II (1684 words)

	"NICEPHORUS II PHOCAS" (963--969 A. D.)--(WITH GRAPHICS)
		Nicephorus Phocas was born sometime in the year 912 to the wealthy and aristocratic Phocas family of Cappadocia.
		Nicephorus was so grieved by the deaths of his wife and son that he vowed never to drink wine, chase women, or eat meat for the rest of his life.
		Therefore, she decided to send an appeal to Nicephorus Phocas, who had now become the most popular man in the empire, thanks to his military victories, and who was with the army on the frontier, to come and protect herself and her children.
	www.ancientworlds.net /aw/Post/181016 (1423 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for Nicephorus,
		Nicephorus, Saint NICEPHORUS, SAINT [Nicephorus, Saint], 758?-829?, patriarch of Constantinople (806-15), Byzantine historian and theologian.
		Nicephorus attended the Second Council of Nicaea as lay representative of the emperor.
		Nicephorus II NICEPHORUS II [Nicephorus II] (Nicephorus Phocas), c.912-969, Byzantine emperor (963-69).
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=Nicephorus,&StartAt=1 (607 words)

	John I Tzimisces - Free net encyclopedia
		Nicephorus means "bearer of victory" and Phocas justified his name with a series of victories, moving the borders further east with the capture of about 60 border cities including Aleppo.
		After helping his maternal uncle to obtain the throne as Nicephorus II and to restore the empire's eastern provinces, he was deprived of his command by an intrigue, upon which he retaliated by conspiring with Nicephorus' wife Theophano to assassinate him:
		The murder was protracted by insult and cruelty: and as soon as the head of Nicephorus was shown from the window, the tumult was hushed, and the Armenian was emperor of the East.
	www.netipedia.com /index.php/John_Tzimisces (849 words)

	Rodolphe Guilland, "Les Eunuques dans l'Empire Byzantin" (English)
		The eunuch Nicephorus, not the same as the aforementioned eunuch Nicephorus, the former protovestiary of Constantine VIII (1025-1028) and titled proedrus, put on the monk's habit under the reign of Michael IV the Paphlagonian (1034-1041) and retired to the celebrated monastery of Stoudios (Cedr.
		In the expedition of 964, Nicephorus II Phocas sent the Byzantine fleet to Sicily under the command of the eunuch patrician Nicetas, navarchos or drungaire of the fleet, who was defeated and taken prisoner (Leo the Deacon 65-67; Cedr.
		By skill, Nicephorus Phocas succeeded in putting to rest the suspicions of the prime minister and he was able to rejoin his army (Cedr.
	www.well.com /user/aquarius/guilland-eunuques.htm (13232 words)

	Nicephorus II
		Nicephorus II Phocas was one of the most brilliant generals in the history of Byzantium who rose to become a mediocre emperor in 963.
		In 967 he made peace with the Saracens of Kairawan and turned to defend himself against their common enemy, Otto I, who had proclaimed himself Western emperor and attacked the Byzantine possessions in Italy; but after some initial successes his generals were defeated and driven back upon the southern coast.
		Last of all, he was forsaken by his wife, and, in consequence of a conspiracy which she headed with his nephew and her lover John Tzimisces, was assassinated in his sleeping apartment.
	www.mlahanas.de /Greeks/Medieval/Bio/NicephorusII.html (632 words)

	Nicephorus I
		Nicephorus I Logothetes (Greek: Νικηφορος, Bringer of Victory), (died July 26, 811) was a Byzantine emperor (802-811).
		But Nicephorus gained over the latter two, and by inducing the rebel army to disperse achieved the submission of Bardanes, who was relegated to a monastery.
		In 811 Nicephorus invaded Bulgaria and this campaign drove Krum to ask for terms, but at the Battle of Pliska on July 26, Krum surprised and slew Nicephorus along with a large portion of the Byzantine army.
	www.mlahanas.de /Greeks/Medieval/Bio/NicephorusI.html (398 words)

	Patron Saints Index: Saint Athanasius the Athonite
		Athananius helped his old friend from Constantinople, Nicephorus Phocas, prepare an expedition against the Saracens in 961, serving as almoner to the fleet.
		Phocas gave Athanasius part of the money raised, and the hermit used it to found a monastery on Athos in 963.
		Phocas found him, assured the monk that he would be allowed to continue his religious life in peace, and helped finish work on the monastery.
	www.catholic-forum.com /saints/saintagt.htm (245 words)

	SparkNotes: High Middle Ages (1000-1200): Byzantium Triumphant, Byzantium Faltering: 960-1071
		Nicephorus was occupied on three fronts: 1) the Eastern, Islamic; 2) the Northern, Bulgar-Russian; and 3) the internal front, comprising the Church, the Anatolian landed aristocracy, and the smallholding peasant-soldier class.
		Regarding the former, though Nicephorus was rigorously puritanical, he was incensed by the large tracts of Anatolian land monasteries and churches controlled in such a way as to put them beyond state, Theme, and landholder access.
		As regards the masses, though the backbone of the Themes was the mass of smallholding peasant soldiers, Nicephorus actually facilitated the large Anatolian landholders' expansion of their holdings in his effort to help the state treasury.
	www.sparknotes.com /history/european/middle2/section2.rhtml (3755 words)

	Early life
		Nicephorus Phocas was born on December 10/11 912 in Cappadocia, the son of Bardas Phocas, an important Byzantine general in Anatolia, on the borders of the empire.
		Nicephorus proceeded to restructure the army to reinforce discipline and improve recruiting.
		Aided by the monks, among whom was Athanasius, his spiritual director and founder of the Greek Orthodox monastery on Mt. Athos, Nicephorus achieved the reconsolidation of Christianity.
	members.tripod.com /phocas_family/early_life.htm (388 words)

	Medieval Sourcebook: Michael Psellus: Chronographia: Book I
		Phocas, dumbfounded at the [15] unexpectedness of this stroke, momentarily lost control of his reins, but collecting his wits again, he returned the blow, on the same part of his adversary's body.
		When Phocas discovered that Basil and Constantine were in the enemy's ranks, he no longer put off the battle.**13 That day, he decided, was to be the turning-point of the war, the day which was to determine the future of the Empire.
		Phocas, however, was not the man to give way once he had set himself to a task, so, riding at the head of his army, and being already somewhat near the emperor's forces, he gathered about him some foot-soldiers.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/basis/psellus-chrono01.html (7865 words)

	Constantinople
		Nicephorus took the always unpopular but highly commendable course of maintaining a resolute neutrality between the image worshippers and the iconoclasts.
		Nicephorus fell in a Bulgarian campaign against the Bulgar Khan Krum, who after defeating him, had his skull lined with silver and used it as a drinking cup.
		The victorious general Nicephorus returned, married the widow, and associated himself on the throne with the infants after the precedent of Romanus I. He recovered Cyprus, and his armies overran half Syria.
	www.roman-empire.net /constant/constantinople.html (13388 words)

	Nicephorus Phocas
		Nicephorus Phocas was the son of Bardas Phocas, an important Byzantine general in Anatolia, on the borders of the empire.
		On Aug. 16, 963, Nicephorus entered through Golden Gate and was crowned in Hagia Sophia in a magnificent ceremony, by patriarch Polyeuctus, and on September 20 he celebrated his marriage to Theophano.
		Phocas was indeed a Nicephorus (Bringer of Victory) for the empire.
	members.fortunecity.com /fstav1/emperors/niceph.html (1864 words)

	CoinArchives.com Search Results
		The Byzantine Empire Nicephorus II Phocas and colleagues, 963-969 No.: 676 Estimate: CHF 2000 d=21 mm Histamenon nomisma circa 963-969, AV 4.41 g.
		The Later Roman Empire, Byzantium and the Successo Phocas Estimate: CHF 400.00 Phocas, 602-610.
		The Later Roman Empire, Byzantium and the Successo Phocas Estimate: CHF 500.00 -.
	www.coinarchives.com /a/results.php?results=100&search=Phocas (2224 words)

	A HISTORY OF THE CHURCH To the Eve of the Reformation : L.5, C.2.
		Great soldiers now rule, like Nicephorus Phocas (963-969) and Basil II (963-1025), who reform the State, throw back the Bulgarians and the Saracens, and regain the ancient hold on southern Italy too.
		It was Nicephorus Phocas who made this stand, and it was doubtless only the revolution in 969 which staved off a new schism.
		In that year Nicephorus was murdered, and his assassin, John Zimisces, took his place as emperor-regent for the boy emperors Basil II and Constantine VIII.
	www.franciscan-sfo.org /ap/hu/hb5-2.htm (3353 words)

	(146) Nicephorus II Phocas and Basil II (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		At the premature death of Romanus II, his mother, Theophano, married the famous general Nicephorus II Phocas in order to ward off threats to her remaining two young sons.
		Nicephorus is shown to be the senior emperor by his position on the left, his more elaborate dress, and his slightly larger scale.
		On the obverse is a depiction of Christ Pantokrator done in a naturalistic style that contrasts greatly with the stylized imperial portraits of the reverse.
	www.lawrence.edu /dept/art/buerger/catalogue/146.html (295 words)

	Basileios o Megas: The life of the bulgar slayer - www.ezboard.com
		While the Phocas family were probably deprived of public office for the rest of Basil's reign, several of their allies, including Leo Melissenus, were restored to command.
		Having supported Phocas, he was forced in the aftermath of the rebels' defeat to make the emperor Basil II the legatee of his princedom of Tao.
		It was led by Nicephorus Xiphias and Nicephorus Phocas in 1021-2.[[98]] So serious was this revolt that when it was eventually crushed by Theophylact Dalassenus, the strategus of the Anatolicon, Basil had the head of Phocas brought to the imperial camp on the Georgian border and paraded among the troops.
	pub18.ezboard.com /fbalkansfrm48.showMessage?topicID=108.topic (13085 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: The Byzantine Empire
		The centurion Phocas (602-10) seized the helm of the Byzantine state.
		Nicephorus, as husband of Theophano ascended the throne, and as emperor he achieved his victorious campaign against the Arabs.
		These measures against the Church were one of the causes of the fall of old Nicephorus and of the elevation of light-hearted young John Zimisces to the throne.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/03096a.htm (16914 words)

	Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, page 470 (v. 1)
		Having marched back into Thessaly, in order to meet with the Greeks, who advanced in his rear, he was routed on the banks of the Sperchius, and hardly escaped death or captivity; his army was destroyed.
		In 999, the lieutenant of Basil, Nicephorus Xiphias, took the towns of Pliscova and Parasth-lava in Bulgaria Proper.
		Being incumbered on his march by a band of 15,000 prisoners, Basil gave the cruel order to put their eyes out, sparing one in a hundred, who was to lead one hundred of his blind companions to their native country.
	www.ancientlibrary.com /smith-bio/0479.html (896 words)

	Encyclopedia
		Of Armenian descent, John Tzimisces was a successful general under Emperor Nicephorus Phocas (912–69) and came to the throne by assassinating Nicephorus.
		He defeated the Russians (970–71), began the conquest of Bulgaria, campaigned against the Muslims in Mesopotamia and Syria (972–75), and improved Byzantine relations with the West by arranging the marriage (972) of the Holy Roman emperor Otto II to the Byzantine princess Theophano (955?–91).
		Except as otherwise permitted by written agreement, uses of the work inconsistent with U.S. and applicable foreign copyright and related laws are prohibited.
	www.historychannel.com /encyclopedia/article.jsp?link=FWNE.fw..jo025400.a (464 words)

	Coins of the Byzantine Empire
		He continued the impressive successes of his predecessor, Nicephorus II Phocas, and prepared the way for the brilliant Basil II.
		Excellent as Nicephorus may have been on the battlefield, his wife wanted someone younger and better looking.
		Nicephorus had invited the Russian strongman Svjatoslav into the Balkans to help fight the Bulgars, but with Nicephorus' death the Russian soon proved himself a loose cannon on Imperial soil.
	www.wegm.com /coins/johni.htm (604 words)

	Theophano - Phantis
		She was the wife of Romanus II; wife and murderer of Nicephorus Phocas; lover of John I Tzimisces ; the mother of Basil II and Constantine VIII.
		However she realized that to secure power she needed to align her interest with the strongest general at the time, Nicephorus Phocas.
		As the army had already proclaimed him as a Emperor in Cesarea, Nicephorus entered Constantinople on August 15, broke the resistance of Joseph Bringas (a eunuch palace official who had become Romanus' chief council) in bloody street fights, and on 16 August he was crowned in Hagia Sophia.
	wiki.phantis.com /index.php/Theophano (334 words)

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