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| | Nicholas I, czar of Russia |
 | | Nicholas strove to serve his country's best interests as he saw them, but his methods were dictatorial, paternalistic, and often inadequate. |
 | | The motto “autocracy, orthodoxy, and nationality,” expressing the principles applied to a new system of education, was also used by Nicholas in suppressing liberal thought, controlling the universities, increasing censorship, persecuting religious and national minorities, and strengthening the secret police. |
 | | Under Nicholas, Russia gained control of part of Armenia and the Caspian Sea after a war with Persia (1826–28). |
| www.infoplease.com /ce6/people/A0835585.html (458 words) |
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