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	Lorraine - LoveToKnow 1911
		The original kingdom of Lorraine was the northern part of the territories allotted by the treaty of Verdun (August 843) to the emperor Lothair I., and in 855 formed the inheritance of his second son, King Lothair.
		This kingdom of Lorraine was situated between the realms of the East and the West Franks, and originally extended along the North Sea between the mouths of the Rhine and the Ems, including the whole or part of Frisia and the cities on the right bank of the Rhine.
		The majority of the municipal charters of Lorraine were derived from the charter of Beaumont in Argonne, which was at first extended to the Barrois and was granted by Ferri, in spite of the hostility of his barons, to La Neuveville in 1257, to Frouard in 1263 and to Luneville in 1265.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Lorraine (3557 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Nicholas II, Duke of Lorraine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Nicholas II (December 12, 1612 – January 25, 1670), was Duke of Lorraine between 1634 and 1661, when he abdicated for his son.
		He was the youngest son of duke Francis II of Lorraine, destined to the church.
		(1409-1480), duke of Anjou, of Lorraine and Bar, count of Provence and of Piedmont, king of Naples, Sicily and Jerusalem, was born at Angers on the 16th of January 1409, the second son of Louis II., king of Sicily, duke of Anjou, count of Provence, and of Yolande of Aragon.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Nicholas-II%2C-Duke-of-Lorraine (435 words)

	846. 2001. The Encyclopedia of World History
		In the battle of Licosa, Duke Sergius of Naples defeated the Muslims at sea.
		He forced Lothair II of Lorraine to take back his first wife, Theutberga, whom he had divorced, and deposed the archbishops of Trier and Cologne for endorsing the divorce; affirmed the right of suffragan bishops to appeal directly to Rome over their metropolitan in a case involving the powerful Hincmar, archbishop of Reims; encouraged Sts.
		Decline of the papacy, after the pontificate of Nicholas and the death of Louis II.
	www.bartleby.com /67/409.html (357 words)

	Nicholas II, Duke of Lorraine - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Nicholas II (December 12, 1612 – January 25, 1670), was Duke of Lorraine between 1634 and 1661, when he abdicated for his brother.
		Nicholas François de Lorraine-Vaudemont was the youngest son of duke Francis II of Lorraine, and as it appeared unlikely that he would succeed to the duchy, he was destined to the church.
		Nicholas was named abbot in commendatio—a lucrative sinecure—of several abbeys and was sent on several embassies by his brother, Charles, duke of Lorraine and by Louis XIII.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Nicholas_II,_Duke_of_Lorraine (378 words)

	Nicholas II, Duke of Lorraine Information
		Nicholas II (December 12 1612 – January 25 1670), was Duke of Lorraine between 1634 and 1661, when he abdicated for his brother.
		Nicholas François de Lorraine-Vaudemont was the youngest son of duke Francis II of Lorraine, and as it appeared unlikely that he would succeed to the duchy, he was destined to the church.
		Nicholas was named abbot in commendatio—a lucrative sinecure—of several abbeys and was sent on several embassies by his brother, Charles, duke of Lorraine and by Louis XIII.
	www.bookrags.com /Nicholas_II%2C_Duke_of_Lorraine (340 words)

	Pope Nicholas II
		To this end Nicholas II held in the Lateran at Easter, 1059 a synod attended by one hundred and thirteen bishops and famous for its law concerning papal elections.
		Duke Robert Guiscard was invested with the sovereignty of Apulia, Calabria, and Sicily in case he should reconquer it from the Saracens; he bound himself, in return, to pay an annual tribute, to hold his lands as the pope's vassal, and to protect the Roman See, its possessions, and the freedom of papal elections.
		The pope's answer was a repetition of the decree concerning elections at the synod of 1061, at which the condemnation of simony and concubinage among the clergy was likewise renewed.
	www.catholicity.com /encyclopedia/n/nicholas_ii,pope.html (1370 words)

	Bar-Le-Duc - LoveToKnow 1911
		In this quarter are the remains (16th century) of the château of the dukes of Bar, dismantled in 1670, the old clock-tower and the college, built in the latter half of the 16th century.
		In the IIth century its lords were only counts by title; they belonged to the house of Mousson (which also possessed the countships of Montbeliard and Ferrette), and usually fought in the French ranks, while their neighbours, the dukes of Lorraine, adhered to the German side.
		Yolande of Anjou, who in 1444 had married Ferri of Lorraine, count of Vaudemont, became heiress of Nicholas of Anjou, duke of Calabria and of Lorraine, in 1473, and of Rene of Anjou, duke of Bar, in 1480; thus Lorraine, with Barrois added to it, once more returned to the family of its ancient dukes.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Bar-Le-Duc (688 words)

	Francia Media: Lorraine & Burgundy
		Upper Lorraine bordered, to the east, on Alsace, part of the Duchy of Swabia, to the south, on the Free County of Burgundy, and to the west, on Champagne.
		Isabel, the Heiress of Lorraine, marries a grandson of Duke Louis I of Anjou, son of King John II of France.
		The genealogy of the Dukes of Savoy is continued in the section on the Kings of Sardinia.
	www.friesian.com /lorraine.htm (11823 words)

	33rd Generation (cont.) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Marc di Apulia, Prince of Antioch and Duke of Calabria "Bohemund" was born circa 1052 or 1058 in Antioch, Syria.
		Their independence soon became apparent in the elections of Stephen IX and Nicholas II, which were not influenced (as under Henry III) by the German court; in the new procedure for the election of the popes (1059); and in the defensive alliance with the Normans in southern Italy.
		The marriage, arranged by Urban in 1089, of the 17-year-old Welf V of Bavaria with the 43-year-old countess Matilda of Tuscany, a zealous adherent of the cause of reform in the church, allied Henry's opponents in southern Germany and Italy.
	www.boazfamilytree.com /jbourchier/aqwg42.htm (4288 words)

	John II, Duke of Lorraine - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		John II of Anjou (1425 - 1470, in Barcelona) was Duke of Lorraine from 1453 to his death.
		He inherited the duchy from his mother, Duchess Isabelle, during the life of his father, duke Rene of Anjou, also Duke of Lorraine and titular king of Naples.
		He was better known as the Duke of Calabria, and spent most of his time engaging in plots for Angevin recovery of Naples.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/John_II%2C_Duke_of_Lorraine (104 words)

	Duke of Lorraine - Education - Information - Educational Resources - Encyclopedia - Music
		The Duchy, as well as the modern region of Lorraine, was the focus of centuries of dispute between France and Germany.
		The penultimate duke of Lorraine, Francis III, abdicated from his possessions in 1737 in order to become Emperor of Austria, by his marriage with Maria Theresa of Austria.
		The last Duke of Lorraine was Stanislaus Leszczynski, former king of Poland.
	www.music.us /education/D/Duke-of-Lorraine.htm (514 words)

	LORRAINE - Online Information article about LORRAINE
		Louvain, a descendant of the Lotharingian dukes of the beginning of the loth century.
		Brabant, as the dukes of Lower Lorraine came to be called.
		Charles died on the 14th of May 16o8, and was succeeded by his eldest son Henry II., called the Good, who rid Lorraine of the German bands and died in 1624 without issue.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /LOB_LUP/LORRAINE.html (3953 words)

	The State Hermitage Museum: Hermitage History
		The Hermitage collection was significantly enlarged during the reign of Nicholas I. In 1831 and 1834 a number of paintings by Spanish artists were acquired from the collections of Manuel de Godoy, minister of Spanish King Carlo IV, and of Paez de la Cadena, the Spanish ambassador in St Petersburg.
		Nicholas I exhibited a warm interest in archaeological finds, which was characteristic of the epoch of Historicism.
		In 1852 Nicholas I's son-in-law, Duke Maximilian of Leuchtenberg, presented to the Museum two huge stone sarcophagi and a sculptural family portrait of Amenemhet.
	www.hermitagemuseum.org /html_En/05/hm5_4_2_2_1.html (923 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Henry I, Duke of Lorraine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Henry I (November 8, 1563 – July 31, 1624), was Duke of Lorraine from 1608 until his death.
		Nicoletta of Lorraine (1608-1657), married Charles III, Duke of Lorraine
		Claudia of Lorraine (1612-1648), married Nicholas II, Duke of Lorraine
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Henry-I%2C-Duke-of-Lorraine (151 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Pope Nicholas II
		Pope Nicholas II Nicholas was born at Chevron, in what is now Savoy;
		To this end Nicholas II held in the Lateran at Easter, 1059 a
		Duke Robert Guiscard was invested with the sovereignty of Apulia, Calabria, and Sicily in case he should reconquer it from the Saracens; he bound himself, in return, to pay an annual tribute, to hold his lands as the pope's vassal, and to protect the Roman See, its possessions, and the freedom of
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/11055a.htm (1258 words)

	Henry II, Duke of Lorraine Information
		Son of Charles III, Duke of Lorraine and Claude of Valois.
		Nicolette of Lorraine (1608–1657), married Charles IV, Duke of Lorraine
		Claude of Lorraine (1612–1648), married Nicholas II, Duke of Lorraine
	www.bookrags.com /Catherine_of_Navarre%2C_Duchess_of_Lorraine (110 words)

	Maurice Paléologue. An Ambassador's Memoirs. 1925. Contents.
		Nicholas II gives me his views on the terms of the future peace.---The Battle of Lodz: a victory is prematurely announced by the Russians who let it slip from their grasp.---A forerunner of Rasputin; the magician Philippe; the canonization of Saint Seraphin and the birth of the Tsarevitch.
		Russian churches and church music.---The Grand Duke Sergius and the munitions crisis.---A Pushkin joke; the proportion of German and Russian blood in the family of the Romanovs.---The question of the Ukraine.---The Russian armies begin their general offensive in the direction of Silesia.
		Nicholas ll's notion of his autocracy.---General Gourko acquaints the conference with the strategic intentions for 1917 of the High Command; great offensives to be postponed.
	www.lib.byu.edu /~rdh/wwi/memoir/FrAmbRus/palTC.htm (2019 words)

	World War I
		A terrible diplomat and worse politician, Wilhelm II largely impeded the aging Chancellor Bismarck's attempts to preserve the diplomatic balance of power that kept France isolated, and hampered Bismarck's domestic realpolitik that kept conservative parties in relative power in the Reichstag.
		Shortly thereafter he died, having been made a duke by his thankful Empire, and perhaps fortunately for him, he died before he could watch Wilhelm II destroy the diplomatic and military gains that he had achieved.
		Petersburg culminated in the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II and the appointment of a weak centrist provisional government, which shared power with the socialists of the Petrograd Soviet[?].
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ww/WWI.html (4363 words)

	René II, Duke of Lorraine - Definition, explanation
		René II (May 2 1451–December 10 1508) was count of Vaudemont from 1470, Duke of Lorraine from 1473, and Duke of Bar and titular King of Aragon, Naples, Sicily and Jerusalem from 1483 to his death.
		His father was a member of the Vaudemont family, a junior branch of the Lorraine ducal family, descending from John I, Duke of Lorraine.
		When his mother Yolande of Anjou died in 1483, he succeeded as Duke of Bar, and in her claims to the kingdoms of Aragon, Naples, Sicily and Jerusalem (his great-grandparents' Four Kingdoms).
	www.calsky.com /lexikon/en/txt/r/re/rene_ii__duke_of_lorraine.php (302 words)

	Pope Nicholas II
		Nicholas II, Roman Catholic Pope from December 1058 to July 1061, was a Burgundian named Gérard, who at the time of his election was bishop of Florence.
		He was set up by Hildebrand, with the support of the empress-regent Agnes and of the powerful Duke Godfrey of Lorraine, against Benedict X, the nominee of the Roman nobles, and was crowned at Rome, after the expulsion of Benedict, on the 24th of January 1059.
		Pope Nicholas, moreover, had offended the German bishops by what they regarded as arbitrary interference with their rights: he had refused to send the pallium of Archbishop Siegfried of Mainz; he had sent a sharp letter of admonition to Archbishop Anno of Cologne.
	www.nndb.com /people/517/000103208 (423 words)

	Harvard University Press/Florence/Chronology
		Duke Cosimo marries the younger daughter of the Spanish viceroy of Naples, Eleonora di Toledo.
		Purchase by the duchess of the Palazzo Pitti, subsequently the residence of all the grand dukes.
		Bartolini's monument to Nicholas Demidoff inaugurated; arrival and death in Florence of the Maharajah of Kohlapur.
	www.hup.harvard.edu /features/levflo/chronology.html (1844 words)

	Paradox Interactive Forums - EEP Anjou (Provence/Lorraine/Naples/Sicily/etc)
		Jean II was recognised by the HRE as duke of Lorraine and count of Provence.
		Louis II was King of Naples, and disputed it with the Durazzo branch of the Family.
		René obtained to be released in 1437 and recognized as duke of Lorraine in exchange of a marriage with Vaudéont family and territorial concessions to Burgundy.
	forum.paradoxplaza.com /forum/showthread.php?t=88348 (7583 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: House of Guise
		Lorraine, to the detriment of his elder brother Antoine, whom he declared illegitimate, inasmuch as he was born during the lifetime of Marguerite d'Harcourt, the (divorced) first wife of René II, but he was obliged to be content with the Countships of
		Lorraine, Duke of Guise, and Antoinette de Bourbon.
		Philip II of Spain granted the League a subsidy of 50,000 crowns a month; moreover the clergy and lower middle classes of Paris organized for the Catholic defence, although the municipality was hostile to the League.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/07074a.htm (6632 words)

	A BOOK REVIEW
		Nazhivin goes on to say about his Grand Duke, “he had been made commander of all the cavalry in the Russian army.” The real Grand Duke was the Inspector General of the Russian cavalry from 1895 until 1905.
		One was to appoint the Grand Duke Nicholas Dictator and then have him crush the revolution with force.
		The Grand Duke is interviewing a young woman who has accused one of the Grand Duke’s soldiers of raping her.
	personal.palouse.net /valeska/a-book-review.htm (1018 words)

	Nicholas I Duke of Lorraine Duke of Lorraine Dukes of Lorraine family tree Nancy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Nicholas I Duke of Lorraine Duke of Lorraine Dukes of Lorraine family tree Nancy
		In 1651 he went on a deputation to the Duke of Lorraine to solicit his assistance against Cromwell, and...
		King Heinrich made Giselbert Duke of Lorraine in 928 and let him marry his daughter Gerberga in order to...
	en.powerwissen.com /Mv56beWeJRYYgBcttsCDwQ%3D%3D_Nicholas__Duke_of_Lorraine.html (156 words)

	41st Generation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Lothaire Carolingian II, King of Lorraine was born circa 835 in Alsace-Lorraine région, France.
		Waldrada de Lorraine was born circa 835 in Lorraine, France.
		BIOGRAPHY: Eberhard III was a Count in the Nordgau, Northern Hamaland, the Ortengau and Argau, and Duke of Friesland in Hamaland.
	www.boazfamilytree.com /jharcourt/aqwg78.htm (721 words)

	News \| Gainesville.com \| The Gainesville Sun \| Gainesville, Fla. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The first dynasty of Bar were in fact dukes of Upper Lotharingia out of the house of the counts of the Ardennes, descendants of count palatine Wigeric of Lotharingia.
		Theobald I of Bar, was an ally of Philip Augustus, as was also his son Henry II of Bar, who distinguished himself at the Battle of Bouvines in 1214.
		Yolande of Anjou, who in 1444 had married Frederick of Lorraine, count of Vaudémont, became heiress of Nicholas of Anjou, duke of Calabria and of Lorraine, in 1473, and of Rene of Anjou, duke of Bar, in 1480; thus Lorraine, with Barrois added to it, once more returned to the family of its ancient dukes.
	www.gainesville.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Duchy_of_Bar (490 words)

	Pretenders (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		In 1688, James II was deposed for attempting to establish Roman Catholicism in Great Britain; he and his heirs maintained a rival court on the continent until the latter half of the 18th century.
		Based on the fact that Frederick II held Sicily and southern Italy, a claim that was assumed by his illegitimate son Manfred, the Kingdom of Naples has normally included Jerusalem as a adjunct title within its collection.
		Citing persistent rumours that Isabel II had been unfaithful to her husband, they regarded Alfonso XII as illegitimate and recognised the next male stem, the House of Bourbon-Parma, as Carlist kings.
	www.hostkingdom.net /pretends.html (6464 words)

	Ancestry of Arundell, Nance and Crouch
		Emengarde of Lorraine child of Charles and Bonne, md. Albert I, Count of Namur, son of Robert I, Count of Lomme.
		Albert III, Count of Namur, child of Regilinde and Albert, md. Ida of Saxony, daughter of Bernard II, Duke of Saxony, and Bertrade (daughter of Harold II, King of Norway (950-963)).
		Nicholas Arundell of Trerise married the daughter and heir to Edward St. John of Sommersetshire.
	patriot.net /~crouch/0thers/arun.html (722 words)

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