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Topic: Nicholas Metropolis

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Metropolis algorithm

Stanislaw Marcin Ulam

Stochastic tunneling

Monte Carlo method

Importance sampling

Donohue Syndrome

Random walk Monte Carlo

Josiah Willard Gibbs

Monte Carlo

Genetic algorithm

VEGAS algorithm

Manhattan Project

Richard Feynman

John von Neumann

Hans Bethe

	Nicholas Metropolis - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Nicholas Constantine Metropolis (June 11, 1915 – October 17, 1999) was a Greek-American mathematician, physicist, and computer scientist.
		Metropolis was a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics and the American Mathematical Society.
		Metropolis was also awarded the Pioneer Medal by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, and was a fellow of the American Physical Society.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Nicholas_Metropolis (383 words)

	Orthodox Icon St Nicholas Stocking 6" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		At intervals Nicholas did the same for the second and third; at the last time the father was on the watch, recognized his benefactor and overwhelmed him with his gratitude.
		Devotion to St. Nicholas was known in the West long before his relics were brought to Italy, but this happening naturally greatly increased his veneration among the people, and miracles were as freely attributed to his intercession in Europe as they had been in Asia.
		At Rome the basilica of St. Nicholas in the Jail of Tully (in Carcere) was founded between the end of the sixth and the beginning of the seventh centuries.
	www.marketworks.com /storefrontprofiles/DeluxeSFItemDetail.aspx?sid=1&sfid=78319&c=261728&i=12013479 (2092 words)

	AHEPA Articles - Nicholas Metropolis, a Maker of the A-Bomb and Computers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Nicholas C. Metropolis, a mathamatician who was one of the initial team of scientists involved with the Manhatten project and who later became a pioneer in computer science, died at a nursing home in Los Alamos, NM.
		Metropolis was best known for his contributions to the Monte Carlo mathematical method, which applies the laws of probability to scientific research.
		Metropolis became a senior fellow of the laboratory in 1980, and in1987 became the first Los Alamos employee given emeritus status by the University of California, which had operated the laloratory since its creation in 1943.
	www.greece.org /ahepa/Nick_Metro.html (427 words)

	St. Nicholas of Myra - All About Turkey
		Nicholas, called "of Bari", Bishop of Myra (Fourth Century), is the Patron of bakers, pawnbrokers, sailors, children, Greeks and Russians and his Feast day is December 6th.
		The accounts are unanimous that St. Nicholas died and was buried in his Episcopal city of Myra, and by the time of Justinian there was a basilica built in his honor at Constantinople (Istanbul).
		Nicholas is venerated as the patron saint of several classes of people, especially, in the East, of sailors and in the West of children.
	www.allaboutturkey.com /nicholas.htm (1732 words)

	Physics Today September 2000
		Nicholas Constantine Metropolis, one of the pioneers in scientific computing, died in Los Alamos, New Mexico, on 17 October l999.
		Metropolis returned to Chicago at the end the war, but went back to Los Alamos in 1948 to take on the challenge of building a computer that would implement the rapidly developing concepts in digital computation.
		Metropolis also was active in organizing the data and storing the results on nuclear structure, which was a rapidly developing field of physics at the time.
	www.aip.org /pt/vol-53/iss-10/p100.html (1107 words)

	St. Nicholas of Myra
		The accounts of Nicholas given us by the Greek Church all say that he was imprisoned in the reign of Diocletian, whose persecutions, while they lasted, were waged with great severity.
		It happened that Nicholas was in the city of Myra when the clergy and people were meeting together to elect a new bishop, and God directed them to choose him.
		At Rome the basilica of St. Nicholas was founded as early as the end of the sixth or the beginning of the seventh century.
	www.ewtn.com /library/MARY/NICHOLAS.htm (1320 words)

	Saint Nicholas - Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The Greek histories of his life agree that he suffered imprisonment for the faith and made a glorious confession in the latter part of the persecution by Diocletian, and that he was present at the Council of Nicaea and there condemned Arianism.
		As against Arianism so against paganism, St. Nicholas was tireless and took strong measures: among other temples he destroyed was that of Artemis, the principal in the district, and the evil spirits Hew howling before him.
		O GOD, Who didst adorn blessed Nicholas, the Bishop, with miracles unnumbered, grant, we beseech Thee, that by his merits and prayers we may be delivered from the fires of hell.
	www.sspx.ca /Angelus/1981_December/Saint_Nicholas.htm (819 words)

	Metropolis Series Analysis - Nano See, Nano Do (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Nicholas will learn throughout the story that this is actually a past life of his, and hints are given that Nicholas was actually Victoria in that life.
		Nicholas believes at this moment that he knows the truth, or at least enough of the truth to be content with.
		Nicholas is starting to wonder if she might have broken up harshly with him, and if that could have played a role in the murder.
	nanobox.chipx86.com /blog/2004/11/metropolis-series-analysis.php (5164 words)

	MANIAC I - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The MANIAC I (Mathematical Analyzer, Numerical Integrator, and Computer or Mathematical Analyzer, Numerator, Integrator, and Computer, according to one reference) was an early computer built under the direction of Nicholas Metropolis at the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory.
		It was based on the von Neumann architecture of the IAS, developed by John von Neumann.
		Metropolis chose the name MANIAC in the hope of stopping the rash of silly acronyms for machine names.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/MANIAC_I (156 words)

	Metropolis of Detroit Summer Camp - History
		The Metropolis of Detroit Summer Camp (MDSC) was founded in 1951 by Father Nicholas Harbatis, and named the "St. Nicholas Church Camp".
		The Camp Board works closely with His Eminence, Metropolitan Nicholas, the Metropolis clergy, and the Metropolis Youth Director throughout the year to plan, coordinate and administer the programs and activities needed to run the camp each summer.
		The Camp Board is always planning for the future, to guarantee that this "jewel" of our Metropolis is around to provide the same experiences to current and future youth that it did for their parents and grandparents.
	www.detroit.goarch.org /mdsc/history (1153 words)

	Metropolis, Nicholas Constantine (1915-1999)
		Nicholas Constantine Metropolis, or Nick the Greek, born on 11 June 1915, Greek-American physicist, grew up in Chicago and earned his bachelor's degree (1936) and doctorate (1941) in experimental physics from the University of Chicago.
		Metropolis returned to the University of Chicago in 1957 as professor of physics, founded and directed the university's Institute for Computer Research, but came back to Los Alamos in 1965.
		Metropolis also coined the terms "Monte Carlo" and "MANIAC." The latter was proposed in hope of putting at end to an emerging fad for naming computers with acronyms but, as Metropolis often lamented, it instead had the opposite effect.
	www.mlahanas.de /Greeks/new/Metropolis.htm (1056 words)

	Supercomputing Online
		The 300,000-square-foot Nicholas C. Metropolis Center features a 43,500-square-foot computer room (about three-fourths the size of a football field) that will be home to the Q supercomputer, capable of performing 30 trillion computing operations each second.
		The center is named in honor of Nicholas C. Metropolis (1915-1999) who is best known for developing mathematical methods for solving large-scale physical problems.
		"Nicholas Constantine Metropolis was a pioneer in computer science and played a pivotal role in securing a leadership position for Los Alamos in the field of scientific computing, Browne stated.
	www.supercomputingonline.com /print.php?sid=2054 (560 words)

	Simulated Annealing
		By using this acceptance probability one can prove that the average of any property, such as the energy, over the ensemble is equal to the Boltzmann average of this property as determined by the Boltzmann Distribution Law, for a sufficiently large ensemble.
		As described in more detail in the discussion of a Metropolis Monte Carlo simulation, a more difficult aspect is to determine who long to run this simulation at each temperature.
		While a pure Metropolis Monet Carlo simulation attempts to reproduce the correct Boltzmann distribution at a given temperature, the inner-loop of a Simulated Annealing optimization only needs to be run long enough to explore the regions of search space that should be reasonably populated.
	members.aol.com /btluke/simann1.htm (1092 words)

	The Real Saint Nicholas - Christian History
		Supposedly, Nicholas was born to a wealthy family in Patara, Lycia.
		After a couple of miracles (he's sometimes called Nicholas the Wonder-Worker) performed while he was still a boy, Nicholas was chosen by the people of Myra to be their new bishop.
		As the story goes (and this should be taken as fantasy because there are pretty good records of the council, and Nicholas isn't mentioned), the other bishops at Nicea were shocked at such rude behavior and relieved him as bishop.
	www.christianitytoday.com /history/newsletter/christmas/nick.html (760 words)

	Team Ministry, St.Nicholas' Parish Church, Halewood (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The great veneration with which Saint Nicholas has been honored for many ages and the number of altars and churches which have been everywhere dedicated in his memory are testimonials to his holiness and of the glory which he enjoys with God.
		The histories of his life agree that he suffered imprisonment of the faith and made a glorious confession in the latter part of the persecution raised by Dioletian, and that he was present at the Council of Nicaea and there condemned Arianism.
		Methodius asserts that “thanks to the teaching of St. Nicholas the metropolis of Myra alone was untouched by the filth of the Arian heresy, which it firmly rejected as death-dealing poison”, but says nothing of his presence at the Council of Nicaea in 325.
	freespace.virgin.net /h.royden/sainthistory/sainthistory.htm (1722 words)

	St. Nicholas Ranch and Retreat Center
		St. Nicholas Ranch and Retreat Center is a ministry of the Greek Orthodox Diocese of San Francisco.
		Perhaps the best summation of the mission of St. Nicholas Ranch is to be found hanging on the mantle in our dining hall: the large icon of the Hospitality of Abraham and Sarah.
		Our mission at St. Nicholas Ranch is therefore one of hospitality and service in the name of Christ, who said "Inasmuch as you did it to the least of these my brothers and sisters, you did it to Me" (Mt. 25:40).d
	www.stnicholasranch.org (220 words)

	Saint Nicholas ::: My Kind of Santa Claus
		Little solid historical information is known about Nicholas except that he was Bishop of Myra and died around A.D. Much exaggerated legendary material is connected with his life and ministry, but if nothing else, the legends tell us what values and beliefs the church held as important as they were projected onto Nicholas.
		The story goes that Nicholas was born in A.D. 280 of pious and wealthy parents who raised him in the fear and admonition of the Lord and taught him "sacred books" from the age of 5.
		Bishop Nicholas was also said to have intervened on behalf of unjustly charged prisoners and actively sought to help his people survive when they had experienced two successive bad harvests.
	www.stnicholascenter.org /Brix?pageID=465 (1082 words)

	Nicholas C. Metropolis Center for Modeling and Simulation dedication \| The Newsbulletin \| May 20, 2002 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		John Gordon, director of the National Nuclear Security Agency, right, talks to Katharine Metropolis, daughter of Laboratory computer legend Nicholas C. Metropolis, on Friday during the dedication of the new Nicholas C. Metropolis Center for Modeling and Simulation.
		The Metropolis Center, the Nonproliferation and International Security Center and the planned Administration Building improve Los Alamos' ability to perform its mission by boosting morale, aiding recruitment and making it easier to improve physical security, he added.
		Nicholas C. Metropolis Center for Modeling and Simulation dedication more...
	www.lanl.gov /orgs/pa/newsbulletin/2002/05/20/text01.html (413 words)

	Metropolis Monte Carlo Simulation
		In 1953, Nicholas Metropolis and coworkers [1] proposed a new sampling procedure which incorporates a temperature of the system.
		Now that all of the formalisms associated with a Metropolis Monte Carlo simulation have been presented, we are left with the basic problem of how is this simulation carried out in practice.
		The answer to this is simply that a good simulation must effectively sample all of the states of the system that are accessible at the given temperature.
	members.aol.com /btluke/metro01.htm (838 words)

	a tale of two supercomputers
		To satisfy its needs, the Metropolis center can be upgraded to provide as much as 30 megawatts — enough to power a small city.
		While Q was attracting most of the attention, researchers from a project called Supercomputing in Small Spaces gathered nearby in a cramped, stuffy warehouse to show off their own machine — a compact, energy-efficient computer whose processors do not even require a cooling fan.
		And that does not count housing expenses — the $93 million Metropolis center that provides the temperature-controlled, dust-free environment Q demands.
	www.beowulf.org /pipermail/beowulf/2002-June/007513.html (1525 words)

	SignOnSanDiego.com > News > Technology/Computing -- Supercomputing center dedicated at Los Alamos
		The Nicholas C. Metropolis Center for Modeling and Simulation will house one of the world's largest supercomputers – named Q – that will be able to perform 30 teraops, or 30 trillion operations per second.
		It's named after Metropolis, one of the original Manhattan Project scientists who helped build the first atomic bomb during World War II.
		Metropolis also is known for carrying forward the principle used to develop one of the world's first high-speed electronic digital computers, named MANIAC.
	www.signonsandiego.com /news/computing/20020517-1804-supercomputingcenter.html (492 words)

	History - Los Alamos - From Calculators to Computers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The new IBM punched-card machines were devoted to calculations to simulate implosion, and Metropolis and Feynman organized a race between them and the hand-computing group.
		Metropolis and Frankel traveled to the University of Pennsylvania early in 1945 to discuss the problem with the developers of ENIAC, John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert.
		Inspired by his example, Los Alamos had Metropolis build the mathematical analyzer, numerical integrator and computer, or MANIAC, which was completed in 1952 and was responsible for the calculations of Mike, the first hydrogen bomb.
	www.childrenofthemanhattanproject.org /HISTORY/H-06c18.htm (1616 words)

	Metropolis of Denver Parish Directory
		The Metropolis of Denver covers the area illustrated in the imagemap below.
		The remainder of Louisiana is within the Metropolis of Atlanta.
		Although North Dakota lies within the Metropolis of Denver, there are currently no parishes there.
	www.denver.goarch.org /parishes (65 words)

	Nuclear Research Supercomputer 'Q' To Get Bigger, Faster - NewsFactor Network
		The Nicholas C. Metropolis Center for Modeling and Simulation, named for a senior fellow of the national laboratory who died in 1999, houses "Q," one of the world's largest and fastest supercomputers.
		The Metropolis Center and Q, part of the National Nuclear Security Administrations trib-lab coalition between Los Alamos, Lawrence Livermore and Sandia national laboratories, will have the ability to expand up to 100 teraOps, researchers said.
		Housed inside the Metropolis Center, which is surrounded by a grounding ring and includes a "signal reference grid" to reduce electrical noise, Q eventually will have 33 terabytes of memory —- equivalent to 55,000 CDs.
	www.newsfactor.com /perl/story/18969.html (729 words)

	The American Experience \| Race for the Superbomb \| Super Conference
		According to the theory, the atom bomb would heat one end of the pipe sufficiently to start a burning wave in the deuterium that would proceed down the tube.
		At the conference, mathematicians Nicholas Metropolis and Anthony Turkevich explained the results of some very crude calculations they'd done on the thermonuclear reaction earlier on the year.
		They conceded that in order to make the calculations manageable, they had simplified them which had the effect of producing more ideal conditions than would really exist.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/amex/bomb/peopleevents/pandeAMEX71.html (393 words)

	Monte Carlo Simulation
		Working with John von Neuman and Nicholas Metropolis, he developed algorithms for computer implementations, as well as exploring means of transforming non-random problems into random forms that would facilitate their solution via statistical sampling.
		It was Metropolis who named the new methodology after the casinos of Monte Carlo.
		Ulam and Metropolis published the first paper on the Monte Carlo method in 1949.
	www.riskglossary.com /articles/monte_carlo_method.htm (1715 words)

	Inside the most capable simulation facility in the world
		The newly constructed 303,000-square-foot, $93 million Nicholas C. Metropolis Center for Modeling and Simulation was built to house "Q," one of the world's largest and most capable computers (initially 30 teraOps, or 30 trillion floating point operations per second).
		The enormous calculations that researchers run on the Q machine require new methods of understanding and seeing the data generated.
		The Metropolis Center's visualization environment consists of two immersive visualization theaters that represent the best available capability for data viewing and analysis, along with a 200-seat auditorium.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2002-08/danl-itm080802.php (681 words)

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