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Topic: Nicholas Steno

	Nicolas Steno - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Nicolas Steno (in Danish, Niels Steensen or Niels Stensen) (January 10, 1638 - November 26, 1686) was a pioneer both in anatomy and in geology.
		Steno's work on shark teeth led him to the question of how any solid object could come to be found inside another solid object, such as a rock or a layer of rock.
		Steno is credited with the law of superposition, the principle of original horizontality, and the principle of lateral continuity: three defining principles of the science of stratigraphy.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Nicolas_Steno (863 words)

	Siris: Meet Nicholas Steno
		At one such demonstration (at Innsbruck in June) he dissected the head of a hydrocephalic calf, showing that the deformity was caused by a disease, and thus providing a strong argument against the view that it was caused by maternal fantasies, a view that was still being used in the early nineteenth century.
		Steno became more involved in theological discussions, and on the publication of Spinoza's Tractatus Theologico-Politicus in 1670, he wrote a letter to his old acquaintance urging him to become Catholic.
		Steno went to Hanover at the invitationof Duke Johann Friedrich of Brunswick-Lüneburg.
	branemrys.blogspot.com /2005/08/meet-nicholas-steno.html (1607 words)

	Principle of original horizontality - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Proposed by the Danish geological pioneer Nicholas Steno (1638-1686).
		From these observations is derived the conclusion that the earth has not been static and that great forces have been at work over long periods of time, further leading to the conclusions of the science of plate tectonics; that movement and collison of large plates of the earth's crust is the cause of folded strata.
		The proponents of creation science attempt to use the violation of Steno's Laws as proof that geological science is founded on erroneous facts and thinking and that therefore higher reasoning in geology, namely Evolution and the Age of the Earth are invalid.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Principle_of_original_horizontality (339 words)

	Tas Walker's Biblical Geology - Geological pioneer
		Steno is using his Principle of Superposition here to show that the separate strata speak of two inundations of the globe, and to determine which strata are older.
		Steno is probably referring to the fact that the Bible describes the fountains of the deep breaking up (Genesis 7:11) as the source of the floodwaters.
		It seems that Steno is speaking of post-Flood processes such as the erosion of the continents, the carrying of sediment to the ocean, and increasing the area of land.
	www.biblicalgeology.net /past_features/steno_creationist.html (2760 words)

	Nicholas Steno
		Steno was born as Niels Stensen, but he is better known by the Latinized forms of his name, Nicholas Stenonis or Nicholas Steno.
		Steno's anatomical studies focused at first on the muscular system and the nature of muscle contraction -- for example, he used geometry to show that a contracting muscle changes its shape but not its volume.
		Steno's work on shark teeth led him to the more general question of how any solid object could come to be found inside another solid object, such as a rock or a layer of rock.
	www.ucmp.berkeley.edu /history/steno.html (1488 words)

	CA114.28: Steno as a creationist. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Nicolai Stenonis, known also as Nicolaus Steno, made important advances in anatomy and stratigraphy; he is credited with founding geology as a scientific field.
		Steno (1631-1686) lived long before the theory of evolution was proposed, when the Bible was universally accepted as history.
		Steno's theories were founded on entirely "naturalistic" rules of inference.
	www.talkorigins.org /indexcc/CA/CA114_28.html (143 words)

	F.Sobiech, "Blessed Nicholas Steno (1638–1686): Natural-History Research and Science of the Cross."
		Steno was a regular visitor in the social circle that met at the Florentine palace of the Arnolfinis.
		The bonds“, Steno reflected in a later letter to his Protestant friends in Amsterdam (1672-77), consisted in his being too much taken up by his natural research, and in the fact that he had become so "material"-minded as to be oblivious to the voice of God.
		Steno’s two manuscripts dealing exclusively with physico-theology were written in his last years in order to convince atheists and ’political ones‘ of the existence of a personal, loving Creator. Unfortunately, they are lost, so that one cannot reconstruct his original point of view in any detail.
	dlibrary.acu.edu.au /research/theology/ejournal/aejt_5/Sobiech.htm (4031 words)

	Amazon.ca: The Seashell on the Mountaintop: Story Sci Sainthood Humble Genius Who Discovered New Hist EA: Books (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Steno's genius for anatomy provided him the tools to work on the mystery of fossils and the question of how seashells could be found in the rocks of mountains far from the sea.
		Steno argued that "tongue stones" looked like sharks' teeth because they were sharks' teeth that had been buried in sediment, the sediment subsequently hardening into stone.
		Steno was a deeply religious man, and Cutler doesn't miss the irony involved with his formulating theories that were at odds with the officially sanctioned explanations of the earth.
	www.amazon.ca /exec/obidos/ASIN/0525947086 (2064 words)

	Fossils and the Birth of Paleontology: Nicholas Steno
		Steno made the leap and declared that the tongue stones indeed came from the mouths of once-living sharks.
		Steno argued that the corpuscles in the teeth were replaced bit by bit, by corpuscles of minerals.
		Steno was not the only naturalist of his day to propose that fossils belonged to living creatures.
	evolution.berkeley.edu /evolibrary/article/0_0_0/history_04 (600 words)

	Geology - ProvenceBeyond
		Nicholas Steno devised the basic principles of the geological timescales at the end of the 17th century.
		Steno was the first person to pay attention to the strata of rock layers containing evidence of the past, and determined what now seems to be the obvious idea that the lower strata are the oldest, and each higher level was created more recently.
		Steno realized that two similar strata represented the same geological time, even if one widely-separated part was tilted, twisted, buckled or inverted with respect to the other part.
	www.beyond.fr /history/geology.html (1304 words)

	Geologic time scale - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The principles underlying geologic (geological) time scales were laid down by Nicholas Steno in the late 17th century.
		Steno argued that rock layers (or strata) are laid down in succession, and that each represents a "slice" of time.
		He also formulated the principle of superposition, which states that any given stratum is probably older than those above it and younger than those below it.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Geologic_timescale (1927 words)

	Fossil evidence
		Nicholas Steno's anatomical drawing of an extant shark (left) and a fossil shark tooth (right).
		Steno made the leap and declared that the fossil teeth indeed came from the mouths of once-living sharks.
		In the 17th century, Nicholas Steno shook the world of science, noting the similarity between shark teeth and the rocks commonly known as "tongue stones." This was our first understanding that fossils were a record of past life.
	evolution.berkeley.edu /evolibrary/article/0_0_0/lines_02 (399 words)

	Geological pioneer was a biblical creationist
		This was Steno’s pioneering geological work that established the foundation of, and set the course for, modern geology.
		It is clear from Steno’s diagrams that his description of the earth as a plane refers to its shape locally.
		Steno’s speculations about the possible mechanism for the Flood, include internal heat, slipping of strata, water enclosed in subterranean cavities welling up, and the bottom of the sea being raised up, making the surface of the earth less uneven.
	www.answersingenesis.org /docs2005/1005steno.asp (3219 words)

	do20 - Life In Space? Not On Your Life!
		Steno's Worst Misconception was the claim, now falsified experimentally, that separate sedimentary strata (or banks) were formed individually and separately, one 'after' another, many years apart, with the alleged result that they would have different ages.
		Steno's Misconception should perhaps be called Steno's Myth, or Steno's Lie, depending on what his real intent was in promulgating it, since the resulting deception has been so great.
		Steno may have been laughing at the world from his grave since he had taught men that each of the strata were formed "one at a time, in different times", and men used that idea to mislead themselves about the creatures whose remains were entombed in the simultaneously- (but they thought sequentially-) formed sedimentary strata.
	www.myzipaddress.com /Creation/geol10.html (3120 words)

	GEOL 105 Sample Lesson - History of the Earth
		A great leap forward resulted from the original ideas of Nicholas Steno, the first person to understand that the earth's history is a suitable subject for study.
		Steno was also among the first to realize that fossils were deposited with the sediment that forms rock rather than having grown in the rock at a later time, an idea fashionable in Steno's time and unfortunately persistent despite his additional discoveries.
		In addition, Steno's three principles of stratigraphical geology provide the framework by which we still interpret the geological history of all layered rocks.
	www.kuce.org /isc/previews/geol/geol105_lesson.html (2922 words)

	The Seashell on the Mountaintop: A Story of Science, Sainthood, and the Humble Genius Who Discovered a New History of ...
		Steno began his career as an anatomist who refused to apply mere deductive reasoning to his experiments, insisting instead on empirical observation: Rather than fitting the facts to preconceived ideas, he adjusted his ideas to fit observable facts.
		The most astounding twist in Steno's story was his decision to enter the priesthood just as his hypotheses began to cast doubt on the Bible's veracity as to the age of the earth.
		Steno￯﾿ﾽs later years--hevowed poverty and self-denial and died in his mid-40s--play out against church corruption and lay indifference, with science a memory seemingly as distant in time as his fossils.
	www.powerbooksearch.com /booksearch0525947086.html (1892 words)

	Home
		Nicholas Steno: (Danish) Critically examined the current belief among intellectuals that fossils were not the remains of organisms but, rather, "sports of nature" whose resemblance to living things was coincidental.
		Steno concluded that fossils were, indeed, the remains of organisms.
		More importantly, Steno was the first to grasp that rocks could be formed from fragments of preexisting rocks that had been transported as sediments and that different rocks formed at different times.
	www.geol.umd.edu /~jmerck/honr219d/notes/02.html (1829 words)

	The Seashell on the Mountaintop (Alan Cutler)
		Steno observed that in the rock high on many mountains in Europe fossilized seashells could be found.
		Steno was, in fact, a doctor whose anatomical discoveries made him famous initially He had such a delicate touch with the scalpel that he discovered glands never before known about and it was said that he could count the bones of a flea, if fleas had bones.
		Steno was one of the first to believe that fact had to be distinguished from speculation and blind belief.
	www.truefresco.org /bookshop/viewproduct.php?country=uk&asin=0099421496 (880 words)

	Fossils and Time
		Steno, along with his contemporaries John Ray and Robert Hooke, recognized "tongue stones" as the teeth from ancient sharks.
		Steno's Principle of Superposition states that in undisturbed strata the layer on the bottom is oldest.
		Steno noted that sediment layers extended laterally in all direction until they thinned, pinched out or met the edge of the depositional basin.
	www.cartage.org.lb /en/themes/Sciences/Paleontology/FossilsAndFossilisation/FossilsandTime/FossilsandTime.htm (2502 words)

	Rocky Road: Niels Stensen
		Niels Stensen (also known as Nicolaus Steno) was born in 1638, in staunchly Lutheran Copenhagen.
		His youth was rough, marked by illness, his father's untimely death, financial instability, and the loss of many of his friends to the plague.
		An alarmed friend described Steno's state as "without a house, without a servant, devoid of all life's comforts, lean, pale and emaciated." He wasted away to almost nothing and died, possibly from a kidney stone, at the age of 48.
	www.strangescience.net /stensen.htm (855 words)

	DLESE description of Nicholas Steno (1638-1686)
		This site provides information about Nicholas Steno, the Father of Stratigraphy, whose work on the formation of rock layers and the fossils they contain was crucial to the development of modern geology.
		Steno along with contemporaries Robert Hooke and John Ray was able to link tongue stones with sharks teeth and thus argued that fossils were the remains of once-living organisms.
		No part of the referring document residing on the server may be reproduced or stored in a retrieval system without prior written permission of the publisher, except for educational purposes, and in no case for profit.
	www.dlese.org /dds/view_resource.do?description=DLESE-000-000-005-216 (440 words)

	Amazon.fr : The Seashell on the Mountaintop: A Story of Science, Sainthood, and the Humble Genius Who ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Despite his conversion to Roman Catholicism, Steno was undeterred from his scientific quest to understand why petrified sharks' teeth--and other remains of sea creatures--frequently appeared in rocks high in the Tuscan mountains.
		With his publication of the principle of superposition, Steno gave scientists a key to reading the history of the planet in its rock layers, a premise still central to modern geology.
		The extraordinary story of the 17th century Danish geologist Steno, who was the first man to claim that the earth must be older than the Bible claimed, forever changing Western civilisation's ideas of time and undermining biblical authority, yet ended his life a Catholic bishop.
	www.amazon.fr /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/english-books/0525947086/reviews (1047 words)

	Freeman-Lynde GLY116 Founders & Principles Questions
		Nicolaus Steno is noted for the development of the concept of Neptunism.
		Nicolaus Steno is known as the founder of Catastrophism.
		Nicholas Steno is credited with clearly setting forth the Principle of _______________.
	www.arches.uga.edu /~rfreeman/founders_&_principles_questions.html (2018 words)

	Berthault (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Nicolaus (Nicholas) Steno originally derived many of these ideas in the 17th century.
		Berthault's descriptions of Steno's principles strongly resemble English translations (in Acrobat(R) Reader) of Steno's original works rather than the more refined definitions which field geologists now use.
		Because Berthault criticizes Steno's original ideas rather than the modified principles used by modern geologists, his arguments are largely strawperson fallacies.
	home.austarnet.com.au /stear/henke_steno.htm (2762 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Nicolaus Steno
		An eminent Danish anatomist and geologist, convert and saintly bishop, born at Copenhagen, 1 January, 1638; died at Schwerin in Germany, 25 November, 1686.
		For many years the name of Steno was almost forgotten; in science he was centuries in advance of his time.
		MAAR, To uudgivne Arbejder af Nicolaus Steno fra Biblioteca Laurentiana (Copenhagen, 1910); PLENKERS, Der Däne Niels Stensen (Freiburg, 1884); JÖRGENSEN, Nils Steensen (Copenhagen, 1884); ROSE, Nicolaus Stenos Liv og Död.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/14286a.htm (576 words)

	Fossils, Rocks, and Time: Rocks and Layers
		An idealized view of a modern landscape and some of the plants and animals that could be preserved as fossils.
		As early as the mid-1600's, the Danish scientist Nicholas Steno studied the relative positions of sedimentary rocks.
		Steno's Law of Original Horizontality states that most sediments, when originally formed, were laid down horizontally.
	pubs.usgs.gov /gip/fossils/rocks-layers.html (512 words)

	The Seashell on the Mountaintop (Unabridged) -- Audio book (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The brilliant and enigmatic Nicholas Steno - the man whom Stephen Jay Gould called "the founder of geology" - explored beyond the pages of the Bible, to look directly at the clues left in the layers of the Earth.
		Steno challenged the religious and scientific thinking of his own time, and set the stage for the modern science that came after him.
		As the groundbreaking ideas gains acceptance, Steno entered the priesthood and rose to become a bishop, ultimately becoming venerated as a saint.
	www.cyberjaz.com /audiobooks/science/scientists/the-seashell.html (292 words)

	Home
		He recognized them to be composed of lithified remains of sediment deposited in layers (or strata) and proposed a set of principles of stratigraphy by which one coud distinguish younger and older sediments.
		Remember, Steno still thought that all of this deposition took place during Noah's flood.
		Using Steno's and Hutton's priciples of stratigraphy, it began to be possible to say what order the separate rock layers had formed in, provided they could be seen in association.
	www.geol.umd.edu /~jmerck/stratigraphy/strat.html (644 words)

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