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Topic: Nichols radiometer

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	Mary Ann Nichols
		Mary Ann "Polly" Nichols is widely believed to be the first victim of the notorious unidentified serial killer "Jack the Ripper," who killed and mutilated prostitutes in the Whitechapel area of London during the late summer and autumn of 1888.
		Nichols' body was discovered at about 3:40 in the early morning of Friday, August 31, 1888, on the ground in front of a gated stable entrance in Buck's Row (since renamed Durward Street), a back street in Whitechapel two hundred yards from the London Hospital.
		William Nichols in turn was accused at her inquest of leaving her for an affair with a nurse, though he claimed to have proof that their marriage had continued for at least three years after the date alleged for the affair, and that his wife had repeatedly deserted him.
	www.kiwipedia.com /en/mary-ann-nichols.html (571 words)

	Encyclopedia: Crookes radiometer
		The radiometer is made from a glass bulb from which much of the air has been removed to form a partial vacuum.
		The first experiment to disprove this theory was done by Arthur Schuster in 1876, who observed that there was a force on the glass bulb of the Crookes radiometer that was in the opposite direction to the rotation of the vanes.
		Finally, if light pressure were the motive force, the radiometer would spin in the opposite direction as the photons on the shiny side being reflected would deposit more momentum than on the fl side where the photons are absorbed.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Crookes-radiometer (1393 words)

	Crookes radiometer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Crookes radiometer was invented by the chemist Sir William Crookes as the byproduct of some chemical research.
		One misconception (often seen in explanatory leaflets packaged with the device) is that the radiometer is demonstrating the pressure of light, but this is not the case.
		The reason for the motion of the radiometer was determined by James Clerk Maxwell and Osborne Reynolds in the later portions of the 1800s.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Crookes_radiometer.html (950 words)

	Encyclopedia: Radiometer
		A Radiometer is a device used to measure the radiant flux or power in Electromagnetic radiation.
		The radiation detector within a radiometer is most often a bolometer which aborbs the radiation falling on it and as a result rises in temperature which can be mesured by a thermometer of some type.
		An early detector of infrared and visible radiation (light) was the Crookes radiometer The Crookes radiometer, also known as the light mill or solar engine, consists of an airtight glass bulb, in a partial vacuum, with a set of vanes inside which are mounted on a spindle.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Radiometer (238 words)

	Nichols radiometer -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		A Nichols radiometer is the apparatus used by Nichols and Hull in 1901 for the measurement of (The minute pressure exerted on a surface normal to the direction of propagation of a wave) radiation pressure.
		The torsion head to which the fiber was attached could be turned from the outside by means of a ((physics) a device that attracts iron and produces a magnetic field) magnet.
		With this apparatus the experimenters were able to obtain an agreement between observed and computed radiation pressures within about 0.6 of 1%.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/n/ni/nichols_radiometer.htm (241 words)

	Nichols, South Carolina - Encyclopedia Glossary Meaning Explanation Nichols, South Carolina (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Nichols is a town located in Marion County, South Carolina.
		Nichols is located at 34°13'58" North, 79°8'55" West (34.232779, -79.148513).
		Out of the total population, 8.9% of those under the age of 18 and 4.1% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.
	www.encyclopedia-glossary.com /en/Nichols-South-Carolina.html (445 words)

	How does a light-mill work?
		In 1873, while investigating infrared radiation and the element thallium, the eminent Victorian experimenter Sir William Crookes developed a special kind of radiometer, an instrument for measuring radiant energy of heat and light.
		When this was realised other explanations for the radiometer effect were sought and some of the ones that people came up with are still mistakenly quoted as the correct one.
		To explain the radiometer, therefore, one must focus attention not on the faces of the vanes, but on their edges.
	math.ucr.edu /home/baez/physics/General/LightMill/light-mill.html (1520 words)

	Nichols (town), New York - Encyclopedia Glossary Meaning Explanation Nichols (town), New York (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Nichols is a town located in Tioga County, New York.
		The town is named after Colonel Nichols, an early landowner.
		Out of the total population, 18.8% of those under the age of 18 and 6.2% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.
	www.encyclopedia-glossary.com /en/Nichols-town-New-York.html (503 words)

	EZGeography - Radiation pressure (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The fact that electromagnetic radiation exerts a pressure upon any surface exposed to it was deduced theoretically by James Clerk Maxwell in 1871, and proven experimentally by Lebedev in 1900 and by Nichols and Hull in 1901.
		The pressure is very feeble, but can be detected by allowing the radiation to fall upon a delicately poised vane of reflective metal (Nichols radiometer).
		It may be shown by electromagnetic theory, by quantum theory, or by thermodynamics, making no assumptions as to the nature of the radiation, that the pressure against a surface exposed in a space traversed by radiation uniformly in all directions is equal to 1/3 the total radiant energy per unit volume within that space.
	www.ezgeography.com /encyclopedia/Radiation_pressure (587 words)

	Crookes radiometer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Crookes radiometer was invented by the chemist Sir William Crookes as the byproduct of some chemical In the course of very accurate quantitative work he was weighing samples in a evacuated chamber to reduce the effect of currents and noticed the weighings were disturbed sunlight shone on the balance.
		The radiometer consists of a glass bulb which much of the air has been to form a partial vacuum.
		One misconception (often seen in explanatory leaflets with the device) is that the radiometer demonstrating the pressure of light but this is not the case.
	www.freeglossary.com /Crookes_radiometer (849 words)

	D.3.40 Crookes radiometer (camera)
		When the radiometer is lit or heated the vanes rotate with the fl side away from the source.
		The radiometer is sensitive, even the cold water will work to spin it in the opposite direction.
		If you run the radiometer with sunlight it does not stop, because it never comes to equilibrum with the temperature of the incident light, that is the temperature of the Sun's surface.
	demo.pa.msu.edu /showDemo.asp?DID=DID251 (386 words)

	Radiometer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Der Begriff Radiometer wird in der Physik nicht ganz einheitlich verwendet.
		Häufig wird jedoch aus historischen Gründen ein Radiometer als ein Gerät zur Strahlungsdruckmessung definiert, d.h.
		Eine von William Crookes stammende Spielzeugversion eines beleuchteten, sich drehenden Rädchens wird ebenfalls oft als Radiometer oder Lichtmühle bezeichnet, obgleich es im eigentlichen nicht den Strahlungsdruck des Lichtes in die Bewegung eines mechanischen Rädchens umsetzt, sondern mittels komplizierterer thermischer Prozesse funktioniert.
	toshare.dynup.net /de/Radiometer.htm (148 words)

	Crookes radiometer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Crookes radiometer was invented by the chemist SirWilliam Crookes as the byproduct of some chemical research.
		In the course of very accurate quantitative chemical work, he wasweighing samples in a partially evacuated chamber to reduce the effect of air currents, and noticed the weighings were disturbedwhen sunlight shone on the balance.
		This effect, called thermal transpiration, gives the vanes their force away from the hot side and thus is the cause ofthe motion of the radiometer.
	www.therfcc.org /crookes-radiometer-104247.html (619 words)

	RE: Crooke's Radiometer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Quantitative measurements, especially in the infrared, were made well into this century using instruments where vanes were suspended by a fiber that produced a restoring torque, and deflection was measured as in the light beam galvanometer.
		Thus - "radiometer." As far as I can tell by a brief survey, this development followed directly from the Crookes Radiometer.
		The Nichols radiometer was considered a reliable instrument in the 1890s.
	www.vanderbilt.edu /radsafe/9904/msg00096.html (134 words)

	NICHOLS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Search the NICHOLS Family Message Boards at Ancestry.com (if available).
		Search the NICHOLS Family Resource Center at RootsWeb.com (if available).
		Find graves of people named NICHOLS at Find-a-Grave.com (or add one that you know).
	www.worldhistory.com /surname/US/N/NICHOLS.htm (73 words)

	Nichols Field - Encyclopedia Glossary Meaning Explanation Nichols Field (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Nichols Field - Encyclopedia Glossary Meaning Explanation Nichols Field.
		Nichols Field (Luzon, the Philippines), during the World War II era, was the location of the Far East Air Force's U.S. 20th Air Base Group.
		Nichols Field was located south of Manila, and is now the site of the Villamor Air Base and the Ninoy Aquino International Airport.
	www.encyclopedia-glossary.com /en/Nichols-Field.html (152 words)

	PIRA 6B30.00 RADIATION PRESSURE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The deflection of a quartz fiber radiometer is measured statically under high vacuum.
		Focus a beam of light intermittently on a vane of the quartz fiber radiometer at the frequency of oscillation.
		Brings attention to a paper that devotes six pages to describing errors in the "classical work by Nichols and Hull".
	www.physics.ncsu.edu /pira/6optics/6B30.html (63 words)

	Chronology of Science in the United States (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		It was produced by Edward L. Nichols (1854-1937) at Cornell University, with a subsidy from the University and was American physicists' first research journal.
		During these years, Ernest Fox Nichols (1869-1924) was a student in Berlin.
		Assisted by Ernst Pringsheim, he constructed an improved radiometer (the Nichols radiometer).
	home.earthlink.net /~claelliott/chron1890.htm (3078 words)

	Photonics Dictionary, Definitions, Abbreviations, Illustrations, Terms Listed by Letter N - (Items 41 thru 80) - The ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Excerpt: A telescope with a concave paraboloidal objective mirror and...
		Excerpt: An instrument devised by Nichols and Hull for use in the mea...
		Excerpt: A prism invented by William Nicol in 1828 that is made of ca...
	www.photonics.com /dictionary/listbyletter/XQ/ASP/url.listbyletter/termtotalpages.3/letter.n/totalterms.115/start.41/termpagenum.2/listed.term/pu./QX/listbyletter.htm (524 words)

	Photonics Dictionary: Definition for word(s) Nichols radiometer - The Photonics Directory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Photonics Dictionary: Definition for word(s) Nichols radiometer - The Photonics Directory
		An instrument devised by Nichols and Hull for use in the measurement of radiation pressure.
		The device has two small silvered, glass mirrors that are suspended, in the way of a torsion balance, by a fine fiber of quartz that is surrounded by an enclosure where the air pressure is controlled.
	www.photonics.com /dictionary/lookup/XQ/ASP/url.lookup/entrynum.3491/letter.n/pu.Yes/QX/lookup.htm (194 words)

	Crookes radiometer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Amazon.com reports that it carries about 9,730 items relevant to Crookes radiometer
		You can click on this message to see their list of those items.
		Sorry, no screened links relevant to Crookes radiometer were found:
	www.omniknow.com /common/wiki.php?in=en&term=Crookes_radiometer (1172 words)

Crookes radiometer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)

Crookes radiometer

Crookes radiometer
article at Free Euro Online Encyclopedia

It uses material from the wikipedia article Crookes radiometer.

www.eurofreehost.com /cr/Crookes_radiometer.html (364 words)

Nichols radiometer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)

Nichols radiometer

Nichols radiometer
article at Free Euro Online Encyclopedia

It uses material from the wikipedia article Nichols radiometer.

www.eurofreehost.com /ni/Nichols_radiometer.html (279 words)

	physics - Crookes radiometer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Crookes radiometer was invented by the chemist Sir William Crookes as the by-product of some chemical research.
		Radiometers are now commonly sold worldwide as an interesting household novelty ornament, no batteries needed, just light to get the veins to turn; strong light gets them spinning furiously.
		Kennard, Earle H. Kinetic Theory of Gases; McGraw-Hill Book Company; pp 327-337
	www.physicsdaily.com /physics/Crookes_radiometer (939 words)

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Topic: Nichols radiometer

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