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Nicolas Chuquet

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	Nicolas Chuquet (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Chuquet was, however, the original author of the first published use of a systematic, extended ''series" of names ending in -illion or -yllion.
		Chuquet, however, refers to these names only in passing, and, oddly enough, in one place he uses them to mean powers of a million, and in another he uses them in the "American style:"
		Chuquet's work had little direct influence because his work was not published until the 1870s, but most of it was copied (without attribution) by Estienne de la Roche for a portion of his 1520 book, Larismetique.
	pedia.newsfilter.co.uk /wikipedia/n/ni/nicolas_chuquet.html (451 words)

	Smart Computing Encyclopedia Entry - Nicolas Chuquet (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Nicolas Chuquet, a French mathematician who lived in the 15th century, is credited with being the first researcher to use raised numbers in notation to represent exponents and to use powers of positive, negative, and zero power numbers.
		Chuquet also is credited with authoring the first book of algebra written by a French mathematician, called “Triparty en la science des nombres.” Unfortunately, his book wasn’t published until 1880, so he received little notoriety for it at the time of its writing.
		Chuquet was born in 1445 in Paris and died in 1488 in Lyon, France, according to most experts.
	smartcomputing.com /editorial/dictionary/detail.asp?guid=&searchtype=&DicID=18330&RefType=Encyclopedia (245 words)

	Nicolas Chuquet - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Nicolas Chuquet (born 1445 (some sources say c.
		Chuquet's thinking was brilliant and far ahead of its time.
		Chuquet was, however, the original author of the earliest work using of a systematic, extended series of names ending in -illion or -yllion.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Chuquet (420 words)

	Nicolas Chuquet Biography / Biography of Nicolas Chuquet History of Scientific Discovery Biography
		Chuquet's accomplishments are known mainly from a book published in 1520 by a fellow Frenchman, Etienne de la Roche, who also went by the name Villefranche.
		Chuquet was born in Paris, France, where he pursued many studies, concentrating specifically in the field of medicine.
		Chuquet was not as progressive in his treatment of negative numbers, referring to them as "absurd numbers." However, Chuquet's many other improvements of algebraic methods helped influence future mathematicians, particularly Italian Luca Pacioli (1445?-1514?), who published a work on bookkeeping by double entry entitled Summa de arithmetica, geometria, proportioni et proportionalita in 1494.
	www.bookrags.com /biography-nicolas-chuquet-wsd (348 words)

	Search Encyclopedia.com
		Chuquet, Nicolas Chuquet, Nicolasnēkôlä´ shükā´, c.1450-1500, French mathematician, probably b.
		Bourbaki, Nicolas Bourbaki, Nicolas, pseudonym under which a group of 20th cent.
		Soult, Nicolas Jean de Dieu Soult, Nicolas Jean de Dieunēkôlä´ zhäN de dyö soolt, 1769-1851, marshal of France.
	www.encyclopedia.com /searchpool.asp?target=Nicolas+Chuquet (364 words)

	Nicolas Chuquet History Summary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Chuquet was born in Paris in 1445, and from about 1480 worked in Lyon as a medical doctor and copyist or master of writing.
		Chuquet became one of the first to offer symbols—though these bore little resemblance to the ones in use today—for what he called, respectively, plus,moins,multiplier par, and partyr par.
		Chuquet even came close to the idea of an imaginary number—e.g., the square root of a negative integer—but failed to recognize how this could be of practical value.
	www.bookrags.com /history/sciencehistory/nicolas-chuquet-scit-03123 (556 words)

	References for Chuquet (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		G Beaujouan, The place of Nicolas Chuquet in a typology of fifteenth- century French arithmetics, in C Hay (ed.), Mathematics from manuscript to print 1300-1600 (Oxford, 1988), 73-88.
		P Benoit, The commercial arithmetic of Nicolas Chuquet, in C Hay (ed.), Mathematics from manuscript to print 1300-1600 (Oxford, 1988), 96-116.
		H L'Huillier, Concerning the method employed by Nicolas Chuquet for the extraction of cube roots, in C Hay (ed.), Mathematics from manuscript to print 1300-1600 (Oxford, 1988), 89-95.
	www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk /~history/References/Chuquet.html (171 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Chuquet theorized that given two ratios, a/b and c/d, the ratio (a+c)/(b+d) would fall between the two original ratios.
		Chuquet realized that square roots that are not integers are irrational, and he acknowledged that his method would never allow him to find a square root exactly.
		In the second part, Chuquet applies his fraction rule to the calculation of square roots of numbers which are not perfect squares.
	coyote.csusm.edu /public/DJBarskyWebs/330CollageOct15.html (1541 words)

	Chuquet (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Nicolas Chuquet describes himself as a Parisian and says that he is a bachelor of medicine.
		For example in the registers of 1485 and 1487 he is described as "Nicolas Chuquet, algoriste".
		When Chuquet's manuscript was found it was seen at once that La Roche had copied Chuquet's Triparty en la science des nombres.
	www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk /~history/Mathematicians/Chuquet.html (319 words)

	Talk:Names of large numbers - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Third, neither Adam nor Chuquet claimed authorship, and apparently the context of their references to the names suggests they were in use earlier.
		Chuquet intended the names to represent powers of 1000 as the quote above clearly shows.
		Chuquet proposed names for specific numbers up to a decillion centuries ago, and with small variations they've made it into the dictionaries.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Talk:Names_of_large_numbers (4396 words)

	AllRefer.com - Nicolas Chuquet (Mathematics, Biography) - Encyclopedia
		Nicolas Chuquet[nEkOlA´ shUkA´] Pronunciation Key, c.1450–1500, French mathematician, probably b.
		Topics that might be of interest to you:
		More articles from AllRefer Reference on Nicolas Chuquet
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/C/Chuquet.html (193 words)

	Earliest Uses of Symbols of Operation and Grouping
		Nicolas Chuquet (1445?-1500?) used raised numbers in Le Triparty en la Science des Nombres in 1484.
		Negative integers as exponents were used by Nicolas Chuquet (1445?-1500?) in 1484 in Le Triparty en la Science des Nombres.
		Chuquet wrote "12 on the baseline and a superscript of 1m with a bar over the m" to indicate 12x^-1 (Cajori vol.
	www.veling.nl /anne/templars/operation.html (2019 words)

	names of big numbers
		Nine years later, in 1484, a French mathematician, Nicolas Chuquet (1445 – 1488), completed a treatise entitled Le Triparty en la science des nombres.
		Chuquet's treatise was not published in his lifetime, but a man who may have been his pupil, Éstienne de la Roche (1470–1530), used it as the first part of a textbook he published in 1520
		Chuquet's practice of dividing a number into groups of six is almost unique, even in its own time, though it is used by John Locke (1690):
	www.sizes.com /numbers/big_numName.htm (2248 words)

	Nicolas Chuquet -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Nicolas Chuquet -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article
		Most of it, however, was copied without attribution by (Click link for more info and facts about Estienne de La Roche) Estienne de La Roche in his 1520 textbook, Larismetique.
		In the (The decade from 1870 to 1879) 1870s, scholar A Aristide Marre discovered Chuquet's manuscript and published it in 1880.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/N/Ni/Nicolas_Chuquet.htm (739 words)

	The Galileo Project
		There is no evidence that he attended a university or that Chuquet taught at any university.
		In 1880 Aristide Marre published Chuquet's Triparty which only existed in manuscript form and suddenly La Roche was a plagiarist.
		Graham Flegg, Cynthia Hay, and Barbara Moss, (eds.), Nicolas Chuquet, Renaissance Mathematician, (Dordrecht, 1985).
	galileo.rice.edu /Catalog/NewFiles/laroche.html (276 words)

	physics - Names of large numbers
		Nicolas Chuquet's book Triparty en la science des nombres was not published during his lifetime, but most of it was copied by Estienne de la Roche for a portion of his 1520 book, Larismetique.
		Chuquet is sometimes credited with "inventing" the names million, billion, trillion, quadrillion, and so forth.
		One obvious possibility is that words similar to "billion" and "trillion" were already in use and well-known, but that Chuquet, an expert in exponentiation, did extend the naming scheme and invent the names for the higher powers.
	www.physicsdaily.com /physics/Names_of_large_numbers (2131 words)

	No Title
		Chuquet wrote Triparty en la science des nombres (1484), a work on algebra and arithmetic in three parts.
		The mathematics in Triparty was known to the Islamic algebraists, but Triparty is the first detailed algebra in French.
		It overshadowed Chuquet's Triparty but was not mathematically significant.
	www.math.tamu.edu /~don.allen/history/renaissc/renassc.html (2580 words)

	Encyclopedia: Chuquet (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Later, England joined the USA and other countries in using the short scale system; whereas, France rejoined Germany, the rest of Europe and most of the world in the Chuquet-Pelletier, or long scale, system.
		What is undeniable is that Chuquet was the author of the first published system (published in the work Triparty en la science des nombres, not by Chuquet, but by Estienne de la Roche) of names for large numbers by combining Latin-derived prefixes with the suffix -illion.
		Click for other authoritative sources for this topic (summarised at Factbites.com).
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Chuquet (541 words)

	Naming Large Numbers
		Nicolas Chuquet (1445-1488) devised a naming system for large numbers that combined a Latin-based numeric prefix with the suffix "-yllion" (later "-illion") to denote an
		In the Seventeenth Century, a mutation of the Chuquet naming system evolved in which the Latin-based numeric prefix denoted an integer power of
		Modified Chuquet System, in which the suffix "-illiard" is used to denote a number one thousand times greater than the corresponding number with the "-illion" suffix, met with limited success.
	home.comcast.net /~igpl/NWS.html (245 words)

	FreisslerSoft Books Nicolas
		Nicolas Chuquet, Renaissance Mathematician: A Study With Extensive Translation of Chuquet's Mathematical Manuscript Completed in 1484
		The Poet's Africa: Africanness in the Poetry of Nicolas Guillen and Aime Cesaire (Contributions in Afro-American and African Studies)
		Nicolas de Basily, diplomat of Imperial Russia, 1903-1917: memoirs
	www.freisslersoft.com /ni/Book_Nicolas.html (682 words)

	Large Numbers at MROB (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		century, in writing by Nicolas Chuquet, a French mathematician living in Lyons from 1480 until his death in 1488.
		Chuquet's manuscript was discovered by Aristide Marre in the late 1870s and published in 1880
		Chuquet left it to others to work out the details of extending the names beyond nonillion.
	home.earthlink.net /~mrob/pub/math/largenum.html (3896 words)

	Find in a Library: Nicolas Chuquet, Renaissance mathematician : a study with extensive translation of Chuquet's ...
		Find in a Library: Nicolas Chuquet, Renaissance mathematician : a study with extensive translation of Chuquet's mathematical manuscript completed in 1484
		Nicolas Chuquet, Renaissance mathematician : a study with extensive translation of Chuquet's mathematical manuscript completed in 1484
		by Graham Flegg; Cynthia Hay; Barbara Moss; Nicolas Chuquet
	worldcatlibraries.org /wcpa/ow/beaec3d7486ad297a19afeb4da09e526.html (101 words)

	TP: Corrigendum
		Geprägt wurden sie von dem französischen Mathematiker Nicolas Chuquet in seinem Werk Triparty en la science de nombres (1484):
		Chuquet verwendet also nicht das heutige amerikanische System, sondern das deutsche: Eine Billion ist 10 hoch 12, nicht 10 hoch 9.
		A study with extensive translation of Chuquet's mathematical manuscript completed in 1484.
	www.heise.de /tp/deutsch/inhalt/co/17069/1.html (430 words)

	Names for Large Numbers
		The French physician and mathematician Nicolas Chuquet (1445-1488) apparently coined the words byllion and tryllion and used them to represent 10
		This usage became common in France and in America, while the original Chuquet nomenclature remained in use in Britain and Germany.
		The French decided in 1948 to revert to the Chuquet ("European") system, leaving the U.S. as the chief standard bearer for what then became clearly an American system.
	www.unc.edu /~rowlett/units/large.html (670 words)

	History, scientific terms, nomenclature, etc. - Numericana
		This word pattern was devised around 1484 by Nicolas Chuquet (1445-1488), who authored the first treatise of algebra ever written by a Frenchman.
		However, since the original Chuquet system is still used in the UK, it's probably best to avoid such names in international communications, if there is any risk of ambiguity whatsoever.
		The trend seems to be that the Chuquet system is used in all languages but English, where the American system is increasingly dominant (especially in a financial context).
	home.att.net /~numericana/answer/culture.htm (8316 words)

	Chuquet
		When Chuquet's manuscript was found it was seen at once that La Roche had copied Chuquet's
		Rue Nicolas Chuquet is in the 17th Arrondissement in Paris.
		You can see a list of Paris streets named after mathematicians in our archive.
	sfabel.tripod.com /mathematik/database/Chuquet.html (278 words)

	CHUQUET
		"CHUQUET" is a common misspelling or typo for: Cumquat.
		Some non-English speaking countries are exceptions to the above rule and match the U.S. usage.
		In 1484 the French mathematician Nicolas Chuquet wrote in his article "Triparty en la science de nombres":
	www.websters-online-dictionary.org /definition/CHUQUET (559 words)

	Earliest Uses of Grouping Symbols (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The first use of the vinculum was in 1484 by Nicolas Chuquet (1445?-1500?) in his Le Triparty en la Science des Nombres.
		The bar was placed under the parts affected (Cajori vol.
		The earliest example of the modern system of simply separating the numeral into groups of three with commas shown by Cajori is in 1795 in the article "Numeration" in Mathematical and Philosophical Dictionary by Charles Hutton.
	members.aol.com /jeff570/grouping.html (478 words)

	Math words page 15
		The same set was also frequently referred to as the Counting Numbers and, usually in more advanced papers, some times referred to as the cardinal numbers.
		In 1484, Nicolas Chuquet referred to the set as the "Natural Progression".
		Jeff Miller points out in web page on the first Use of some mathematical words that the Encycolpedia Britannica defined the Natual Numbers as not including zero in the 1771 edition.
	www.pballew.net /arithm15.html (4028 words)

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